Severe viral respiratory infections: Are bugs bugging+

Mucosal Immunology

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 227-238

  Vissers, M ^a   De Groot, R ^a   Ferwerda, G ^a  

^a RADBOUD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; BACTERIAL COLONIZATION; COMMENSAL; DISEASE SEVERITY; ENTERIC VIRUS; HUMAN; INFECTION RISK; INNATE IMMUNITY; INTESTINE FLORA; LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; MICROBIOME; MUCOSAL IMMUNITY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA; VACCINATION; VIRAL RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; VIRAL UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; VIRUS PATHOGENESIS;

ANIMALS; ANIMALS, NEWBORN; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; MICROBIOTA; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; VIRUS DISEASES;

EID: 84908125882     PISSN: 19330219     EISSN: 19353456     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.93     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Kieny, M.P. & Girard, M.P. Human vaccine research and development: An overview. Vaccine 23, 5705-5707 (2005).
2. Mizgerd, J.P. Lung infection-A public health priority. PLoS Med. 3, e76 (2006).
3. Hall, C.B. et al. The burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in young children. N. Engl. J. Med. 360, 588-598 (2009).
4. Sly, P.D. et al. Role of respiratory viruses in acute upper and lower respiratory tract illness in the first year of life: A birth cohort study. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 25, 680-686 (2006).
5. Canducci, F. et al. Two-year prospective study of single infections and coinfections by respiratory syncytial virus and viruses identified recently in infants with acute respiratory disease. J. Med. Virol. 80, 716-723 (2008).
6. Brand, H.K. et al. Infection with multiple viruses is not associated with increased disease severity in children with bronchiolitis. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 47, 393-400 (2012).
7. Simoes, E. Environmental and demographic risk factors for respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract disease. J. Pediatr. 143 (5 Suppl), S118 (2003).
8. Wang, E.E., Law,B.J. & Stephens, D. Pediatric Investigators Collaborative Network on Infections in Canada (PICNIC) prospective study of risk factors and outcomes in patients hospitalized with respiratory syncytial viral lower respiratory tract infection. J. Pediatr. 126, 212-219 (1995).
9. Tregoning, J.S. & Schwarze, J. Respiratory viral infections in infants: Causes, clinical symptoms, virology, and immunology. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 23, 74-98 (2010).
10. Boyce, T.G., Mellen, B.G., Mitchel, E. Jr,Wright, P.F. & Griffin, M.R. Rates of hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus infection among children in medicaid. J. Pediatr. 137, 865 (2000).
11. Chiba, E. et al. Immunobiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus improves resistance of infant mice against respiratory syncytial virus infection. Int. Immunopharmacol. 17, 373-382 (2013).
12. Hooper, L.V., Midtvedt, T. & Gordon, J.I. How host-microbial interactions shape the nutrient environment of the mammalian intestine. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 22, 283-307 (2002).
13. Ba+ckhed, F., Ley, R.E., Sonnenburg, J.L., Peterson, D.A. & Gordon, J.I. Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine. Science 307, 1915-1920 (2005).
14. Ley,R.E., Peterson, D.A. &Gordon, J.I. Ecological and evolutionary forces shaping microbial diversity in the human intestine. Cell 124, 837-848 (2006).
15. Honda, K. & Littman, D.R. The microbiome in infectious disease and inflammation. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 30, 759-795 (2012).
16. Turnbaugh, P.J. et al. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 444, 1027-1131 (2006).
17. Clemente, J.C., Ursell, L.K., Parfrey, L.W. & Knight, R. The impact of the gut microbiota on human health: An integrative view. Cell 148, 1258-1270 (2012).
18. Goldszmid, R.S. & Trinchieri, G. The price of immunity. Nat. Immunol. 13, 932-938 (2012).
19. Hooper, L.V., Littman, D.R. &Macpherson, A.J. Interactions between the microbiota and the immune system. Science 336, 1268-1273 (2012).
20. Chinen, T. & Rudensky, A.Y. The effects of commensal microbiota on immune cell subsets and inflammatory responses. Immunol. Rev. 245, 45-55 (2012).
21. Maynard, C.L., Elson, C.O., Hatton, R.D. & Weaver, C.T. Reciprocal interactions of the intestinal microbiota and immune system. Nature 489, 231-241 (2012).
22. Clarke, T.B. et al. Recognition of peptidoglycan from the microbiota by Nod1 enhances systemic innate immunity. Nat. Med. 16, 228-231 (2010).
23. Lee, Y.K., Menezes, J.S., Umesaki, Y. & Mazmanian, S.K. Proinflammatory T-cell responses to gut microbiota promote experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108 (Supplement 1), 4615-4622 (2011).
24. Wu, H.-J. et al. Gut-residing segmented filamentous bacteria drive autoimmune arthritis via T helper 17 cells. Immunity 32, 815-827 (2010).
25. Atarashi, K. et al. Induction of colonic regulatory T cells by indigenous Clostridium species. Sci. Signal. 331, 337 (2011).
26. Mazmanian, S.K., Liu, C.H., Tzianabos, A.O. & Kasper, D.L. An immunomodulatory molecule of symbiotic bacteria directs maturation of the host immune system. Cell 122, 107-118 (2005).
27. Noverr, M.C. & Huffnagle, G.B. Does the microbiota regulate immune responses outside the gut+ Trends Microbiol. 12, 562-568 (2004).
28. Oyama, N., Sudo,N., Sogawa,H. & Kubo,C. Antibiotic use during infancy promotes a shift in the TH1/TH2 balance toward TH2-dominant immunity in mice. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 107, 153-159 (2001).
29. Bogaert, D. et al. Variability and diversity of nasopharyngeal microbiota in children: A metagenomic analysis. PLoS One 6, e17035 (2011).
30. Dominguez-Bello, M.G. et al. Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 107, 11971-11975 (2010).
31. Hilty, M. et al. Nasopharyngeal microbiota in infants with acute otitis media. J. Infect. Dis. 205, 1048-1055 (2012).
32. Frank, D.N. et al. The human nasal microbiota and Staphylococcus aureus carriage. PLoS One 5, e10598 (2010).
33. Lemon, K.P. et al. Comparative analyses of the bacterial microbiota of the human nostril and oropharynx. MBio 1, e00129-10 (2010).
34. Allen, E.K. et al. Bacteria in the nose of young adults during wellness and rhinovirus colds: Detection by culture and microarray methods in 100 nasal lavage specimens. Proc. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol., Wiley Online Library 3, 731-739 (2013).
35. Chaban, B. et al. Characterization of the upper respiratory tract microbiomes of patients with pandemic H1N1 influenza. PloS One 8, e69559 (2013).
36. Ling, Z. et al. Pyrosequencing analysis of the human microbiota of healthy Chinese undergraduates. BMC Genomics 14, 390 (2013).
37. Charlson, E.S. et al. Topographical continuity of bacterial populations in the healthy human respiratory tract. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 184, 957-963 (2011).
38. Garzoni, C. et al. Microbial communities in the respiratory tract of patients with interstitial lung disease. Thorax; doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012- 202917 (e-pub ahead of print) (2013).
39. Hilty, M. et al. Disordered microbial communities in asthmatic airways. PloS One 5, e8578 (2010).
40. Erb-Downward, J.R. et al. Analysis of the lungmicrobiome in the healthy smoker and in COPD. PloS One 6, e16384 (2011).
41. Morris, A. et al. Comparison of the respiratory microbiome in healthy nonsmokers andsmokers.Am. J.Respir.Crit.CareMed. 187, 1067-1075 (2013).
42. Gollwitzer, E.S. & Marsland, B.J. Microbiota abnormalities in inflammatory airway diseases-potential for therapy. Pharmacol. Ther.; doi:10.1016/ j.pharmthera.2013.08.002 (e-pub ahead of print) (2013).
43. Huang, Y.J. et al. The role of the lung microbiome in health and disease: A National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Workshop Report. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 187, 1382-1387 (2013). (ja).
44. Goddard, A.F. et al. Direct sampling of cystic fibrosis lungs indicates that DNA-based analyses of upper-airway specimens can misrepresent lung microbiota. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 109, 13769-13774 (2012).
45. Beck, J.M., Young, V.B. & Huffnagle, G.B. The microbiome of the lung. Transl. Res. 160, 258-266 (2012).
46. Rogers, G.B. et al. Assessing the diagnostic importance of nonviable bacterial cells in respiratory infections. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 62, 133-141 (2008).
47. Henriksson, G., Helgeland, L., Midtvedt, T., Stierna, P. & Brandtzaeg, P. Immune response to Mycoplasma pulmonis in nasal mucosa is modulated by the normal microbiota. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 31, 657-662 (2004).
48. Herbst, T. et al. Dysregulation of allergic airway inflammation in the absence of microbial colonization. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 184, 198-205 (2011).
49. Nguyen, D.T. et al. The synthetic bacterial lipopeptide Pam3CSK4 modulates respiratory syncytial virus infection independent of TLR activation. PLoS Pathogens 6, e1001049 (2010).
50. Larsen, J.M. et al. Divergent pro-inflammatory profile of human dendritic cells in response to commensal and pathogenic bacteria associated with the airway microbiota. PLoS One 7, e31976 (2012).
51. Kuss, S.K. et al. Intestinal microbiota promote enteric virus replication and systemic pathogenesis. Sci. Signal. 334, 249 (2011).
52. Kane, M. et al. Successful transmission of a retrovirus depends on the commensal microbiota. Sci. Signal. 334, 245 (2011).
53. Ganal, S.C. et al. Priming of natural killer cells by nonmucosal mononuclear phagocytes requires instructive signals from commensal microbiota. Immunity 37, 171-186 (2012).
54. Abt, M.C. et al. Commensal bacteria calibrate the activation threshold of innate antiviral immunity. Immunity 37, 158-170 (2012).
55. De Vrese, M. et al. Probiotic bacteria reduced duration and severity but not the incidence of common cold episodes in a double blind, randomized, controlled trial. Vaccine 24, 6670-6674 (2006).
56. Vouloumanou, E.K., Makris, G.C., Karageorgopoulos, D.E. & Falagas, M.E. Probiotics for the prevention of respiratory tract infections: A systematic review. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 34197, e1-10 (2009).
57. Maeda, N. et al. Oral administration of heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum L-137 enhances protection against influenza virus infection by stimulation of type I interferon production in mice. Int. Immunopharmacol. 9, 1122-1125 (2009).
58. Hori, T., Kiyoshima, J., Shida, K. & Yasui, H. Augmentation of cellular immunity and reduction of influenza virus titer in aged mice fed Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 9, 105-108 (2002).
59. Ichinohe, T. et al. Microbiota regulates immune defense against respiratory tract influenza A virus infection. Sci. Signal. 108, 5354 (2011).
60. Tanaka, K., Sawamura, S., Satoh, T., Kobayashi, K. & Noda, S. Role of the indigenous microbiota in maintaining the virus-specific CD8 memory T cells in the lung of mice infected with murine cytomegalovirus. J. Immunol. 178, 5209-5216 (2007).
61. Wang, J.H., Kwon, H.-J., Lee, B.-J. & Jang, Y.J. Staphylococcal enterotoxins A and B enhance rhinovirus replication in A549 cells. Am. J. Rhinol. 21, 670-674 (2007).
62. Verkaik, N. et al. Streptococcus pneumoniae exposure is associated with human metapneumovirus seroconversion and increased susceptibility to in vitro HMPV infection. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 17, 1840-1844 (2011).
63. Short, K.R. et al. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide inhibits influenza virus infection of human macrophages and the consequent induction ofCD8+ T cell immunity. J. Innate Immun. (e-pub ahead of print) (2013).
64. Kurt-Jones, E.A. et al. Pattern recognition receptors TLR4 and CD14 mediate response to respiratory syncytial virus. Nat. Immunol. 1, 398-401 (2000).
65. Vissers, M. et al. Respiratory syncytial virus infection augments NOD2 signaling in an IFN-b-dependent manner in human primary cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 42, 2727-2735 (2012).
66. Ni, K. et al. Pharyngeal microflora disruption by antibiotics promotes airway hyperresponsiveness after respiratory syncytial virus infection. PLoS One 7, e41104 (2012).
67. Wyde, P.R., Six, H.R., Ambrose, M.W. & Throop, B.J. Muramyl peptides and polyinosinic-polycytodylic acid given to mice prior to influenza virus challenge reduces pulmonary disease and mortality. J. Immunother. 9, 98-102 (1990).
68. Sajjan, U.S. et al. H. influenzae potentiates airway epithelial cell responses to rhinovirus by increasing ICAM-1 and TLR3 expression. FASEB J. 20, 2121-2123 (2006).
69. Madhi, S.A. & Klugman, K.P. A role for Streptococcus pneumoniae in virus-associated pneumonia. Nat. Med. 10, 811-813 (2004).
70. Dagan, R. et al. Effect of a conjugate pneumococcal vaccine on the occurrence of respiratory infections and antibiotic use in day-care center attendees. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 20, 951-958 (2001).
71. Burky, E. & Smillie, W. Nasopharyngeal flora in health and during respiratory disease in isolated communities in Alabama and Labrador. J. Exp. Med. 50, 643-663 (1929).
72. Webster, L. & Clow, A. The association of Pneumococci, Hemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus hemolyticus with coryza, pharyngitis, and sinusitis in man. J. Exp. Med. 55, 445-453 (1932).
73. Wadowsky, R.M., Mietzner, S.M., Skoner, D.P., Doyle, W.J. & Fireman, P. Effect of experimental influenza A virus infection on isolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae and other aerobic bacteria from the oropharynges of allergic and nonallergic adult subjects. Infect. Immun. 63, 1153-1157 (1995).
74. Coulombe, F., Fiola, S., Akira, S., Cormier, Y. & Gosselin, J. Muramyl dipeptide induces NOD2-dependent Ly6Chigh monocyte recruitment to the lungs and protects against influenza virus infection. PLoS One 7, e36734 (2012).
75. Wang, J. et al. Bacterial colonization dampens influenza-mediated acute lung injury via induction of M2 alveolar macrophages. Nat. Commun. 4, 2106 (2013).
76. Wu, S. et al. Microbiota regulates the TLR7 signaling pathway against respiratory tract influenza a virus infection. Curr. Microbiol. 67, 414-422 (2013).
77. Yatsunenko, T. et al. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature 486, 222-227 (2012).
78. Schwartz, S. et al. A metagenomic study of diet-dependent interaction between gut microbiota and host in infants reveals differences in immune response. Genome Biol. 13, r32 (2012).
79. Dagan, R. et al. Dynamics of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonization during the first days of antibiotic treatment in pediatric patients. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 17, 880-885 (1998).
80. Huang, S.S. et al. Continued impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on carriage in young children. Pediatrics 124, e1-e11 (2009).
81. Murphy, T.F. Otitis media, bacterial colonization, and the smoking parent. Clin. Infect. Dis. 42, 904-906 (2006).
82. Farjo, R.S. et al. Diversity and sharing of Haemophilus influenzae strains colonizing healthy children attending day-care centers. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 23, 41-46 (2004).
83. Yagupsky, P. et al. Acquisition, carriage, and transmission of pneumococci with decreased antibiotic susceptibility in young children attending a day care facility in southern Israel. J. Infect. Dis. 177, 1003-1012 (1998).
84. Givon-Lavi, N., Fraser,D., Porat,N. & Dagan, R. Spread of Streptococcus pneumoniae and antibiotic-resistant S. pneumoniae from day-care center attendees to their younger siblings. J. Infect. Dis. 186, 1608-1614 (2002).
85. Palmer, C., Bik, E.M., Digiulio, D.B., Relman, D.A. & Brown, P.O. Development of the human infant intestinal microbiota. PLoS Biol. 5, e177 (2007).
86. Watson, J. et al. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection among healthy newborns-Chicago and Los Angeles County, 2004. JAMA 296, 36-38 (2006).
87. Adlerberth, I. et al. Reduced enterobacterial and increased staphylococcal colonization of the infantile bowel: An effect of hygienic lifestyle+ Pediatr. Res. 59, 96-101 (2006).
88. Gro+lund, M.-M., Lehtonen, O.-P., Eerola, E. & Kero, P. Fecal microflora in healthy infants born by different methods of delivery: Permanent changes in intestinal flora after cesarean delivery. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 28, 19-25 (1999).
89. Latuga, M.S. et al. Beyond bacteria: A study of the enteric microbial consortium in extremely low birth weight infants. PLoS One 6, e27858 (2011).
90. Kallioma+ki, M. et al. Distinct patterns of neonatal gutmicroflora in infants in whom atopy was and was not developing. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 107, 129-134 (2001).
91. Hansen, C.H.F. et al. Patterns of early gut colonization shape future immune responses of the host. PLoS One 7, e34043 (2012).
92. Madan, J. et al. Serial analysis of the gut and respiratory microbiome in cystic fibrosis in infancy: Interaction between intestinal and respiratory tracts and impact of nutritional exposures. MBio 3, e00251-12 (2012).
93. Martin, R. et al. Early life: Gut microbiota and immune development in infancy. Beneficial Microbes 1, 367-382 (2010).
94. Olszak, T. et al. Microbial exposure during early life has persistent effects on natural killer T cell function. Science 336, 489-493 (2012).
95. Sjo+gren, Y.M. et al. Influence of early gut microbiota on the maturation of childhood mucosal and systemic immune responses. Clin. Exp. Allergy 39, 1842-1851 (2009).
96. Strachan, D.P. Hay fever, hygiene, and household size. B.M.J. 299, 1259-1260 (1989).
97. Bjo+rkste+n, B., Naaber, P., Sepp, E. & Mikelsaar, M. The intestinal microflora in allergic Estonian and Swedish 2-year-old children. Clin. Exp. Allergy 29, 342-346 (1999).
98. Vliagoftis, H., Kouranos, V.D., Betsi, G.I. & Falagas,M.E. Probiotics for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma: Systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 101, 570 (2008).
99. Nagalingam, N.A., Cope, E.K. & Lynch, S.V. Probiotic strategies for treatment of respiratory diseases. Trends Microbiol. 21, 485-492 (2013).
100. Rautava, S., Salminen, S. & Isolauri, E. Specific probiotics in reducing the risk of acute infections in infancy-A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Br. J. Nutr. 101, 1722 (2009).
101. Hojsak, I. et al. Lactobacillus GG in the prevention of nosocomial gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections. Pediatrics 125, e1171-e1177 (2010).
102. Maldonado, J. et al. Human milk probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 reduces the incidence of gastrointestinal and upper respiratory tract infections in infants. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 54, 55-61 (2012).
103. Taipale, T. et al. Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 in reducing the risk of infections in infancy. Br. J. Nutr. 105, 409-416 (2011).
104. Sazawal, S. et al. Prebiotic and probiotic fortified milk in prevention of morbidities among children: Community-based, randomized, doubleblind, controlled trial. PloS One 5, e12164 (2010).
105. Chen, Y.S., Lin, Y.L., Jan, R.L., Chen, H.H. & Wang, J.Y. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of lactobacillus on asthmatic children with allergic rhinitis. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 45, 1111-1120 (2010).
106. Abrahamsson, T., Sandberg Abelius, M., Forsberg, A., Bjo+rkste+n, B. & Jenmalm,M. ATh1/Th2-associated chemokine imbalance during infancy in children developing eczema, wheeze and sensitization. Clin. Exp. Allergy 41, 1729-1739 (2011).
107. Guillemard, E., Tanguy, J., Flavigny, A.L., De La Motte, S. & Schrezenmeir, J. Effects of consumption of a fermented dairy product containing the probiotic Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 on common respiratory and gastrointestinal infections in shift workers in a randomized controlled trial. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 29, 455-468 (2010).
108. Ezendam, J. & Van Loveren, H. Lactobacillus casei Shirota administered during lactation increases the duration of autoimmunity in rats and enhances lung inflammation in mice. Br. J. Nutr. 99, 83 (2008).
109. Kawase, M., He, F., Kubota, A., Harata, G. & Hiramatsu, M. Oral administration of lactobacilli from human intestinal tract protects mice against influenza virus infection. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 51, 6-10 (2010).
110. Youn, H.-N. et al. Intranasal administration of live Lactobacillus species facilitates protection against influenza virus infection in mice. Antivir. Res. 93, 138-143 (2012).
111. Pellaton, C. et al. Intragastric and intranasal administration of Lactobacillus paracasei NCC2461 modulates allergic airway inflammation in mice. Int. J. Inflamm. 2012, 686739 (2012).
112. Hajishengallis, G., Darveau, R.P. & Curtis, M.A. The keystone-pathogen hypothesis. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 10, 717-725 (2012).