Role of students' context in predicting academic performance at a medical school: A retrospective cohort study

BMJ Open

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2016, Pages

  Thiele, Tamara ^a   Pope, Daniel ^b   Singleton, A ^a   Stanistreet, D ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

^b Department of Health Service Research   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; ETHNIC GROUP; FEMALE; HIGH SCHOOL; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAL SCHOOL; MEDICINE; MENTAL CAPACITY; STUDENT; SURGERY; ACHIEVEMENT; DEMOGRAPHY; EDUCATION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; MANAGEMENT; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MEDICAL STUDENT; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SOCIOECONOMICS; STANDARDS; UNITED KINGDOM; UNIVERSITY; YOUNG ADULT;

ACHIEVEMENT; EDUCATION, MEDICAL, UNDERGRADUATE; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; POLICY MAKING; RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SCHOOL ADMISSION CRITERIA; SCHOOLS, MEDICAL; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; STUDENTS, MEDICAL; UNITED KINGDOM; UNIVERSITIES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84962562482     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20446055     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010169     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Garlick PB, Brown G. Widening participation in medicine. BMJ 2008;336:1111-13.
2. Mathers J, Parry J. Why are there so few working-class applicants to medical schools? Learning from the success stories. Med Educ 2009;43:219-28.
3. Powis D, Hamilton J, Gordon J. Are graduate entry programmes the answer to recruiting and selecting tomorrow's doctors? Med Educ 2004;38:1147-53.
4. Seyan K, Greenhalgh T, Dorling D. The standardised admission ratio for measuring widening participation in medical schools: analysis of UK medical school admissions by ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and sex. BMJ 2004;328:1545-6.
5. Rolfe IE, Ringland C, Pearson SA. Graduate entry to medical school? Testing some assumptions. Med Educ 2004;38:778-86.
6. Deakin NA. Access schemes are not enough. BMJ 2011;342:d1941.
7. Feinstein L. Inequality in the early cognitive development of British children in the 1970 cohort. Economica 2003;70:73-97.
8. Lupton R. Schools in Disadvantaged Areas: Recognizing Context and Raising Quality (Report Case 76). London: School of Economics and Political Science: Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, 2004.
9. Leithwood K, Harris A, Strauss T. Reasons for school failure. Leading school turnaround: how successful leaders transform low-performing schools. 1st edn. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Basse, 2010.
10. McManus IC, Dewberry C, Nicholson S, et al. The UKCAT-12 study: educational attainment, aptitude test performance, demographic and socio-economic contextual factors as predictors of first year outcome in a cross-sectional collaborative study of 12 UK medical schools. BMC Med 2013;11:244.
11. Gorard S. Who is missing from higher education? Camb J Educ 2008;38:421-37.
12. Peers IS, Johnston M. Influence of learning context on the relationship between A-level attainment and final degree performance: a meta-analytic review. Br J Educ Psychol 1994;64:1-18.
13. Kirkup C, Wheater R, Morrison J, et al. Use of an Aptitude Test in University Entrance: a validity study (Report 26). London: Department for Business, Innovation & Skills, 2011.
14. Chowdry H, Crawford C, Dearden L, et al. Widening participation in higher education: analysis using linked administrative data. J R Stat Soc Ser A Stat Soc 2013;176:431-57.
15. Gorard S, Smith E, May H, et al. Review of widening participation research: addressing the barriers to participation in higher education. Bristol: HEFCE, 2006. http://www.improvingthestudentexperience. com/library/UG-documents/Barrier-Gorad-HEA.pdf
16. Palardy GJ. Differential school effects among low, middle, and high social class composition schools: a multiple group, multilevel latent growth curve analysis. Sch Eff Sch Improv 2008;19:21-49.
17. Higher Education Funding Council for England. Higher Education and Beyond Outcomes from Full-Time First-Degree Study (Report: 2013/15). Bristol: HEFCE, 2013.
18. Hoare A, Johnston R. Widening participation through admissions policy - a British case study of school and university performance. Stud High Educ 2011;36:21-41.
19. Smith J, Naylor R. Schooling effects on subsequent university performance: evidence for the UK university population. Econ Educ Rev 2005;5:549-62.
20. The Sutton Trust. The missing 3000 - State schools under-represented at leading universities. London: The Sutton Trust, 2004.
21. Mathers J, Sitch A, Marsh JL, et al. Widening access to medical education for under-represented socioeconomic groups: population based cross sectional analysis of UK data, 2002-6. BMJ 2011;342: d918.
22. Cable V, Willetts D. Guidance to the director of fair access. London: Department for Business, Innovation & Skills, 2011.
23. Croxford L, Raffe D. Differentiation and social segregation of UK higher education, 1996-2010. Oxf Rev Educ 2013;39:172-92.
24. The Sutton Trust. Comprehensive pupils outperform independent and grammar pupils in university degrees. London: The Sutton Trust, 2010.
25. Selecting for Excellence Group. Selecting for Excellence Final Report. London: Medical Schools Council, 2014.
26. Dowell J, Norbury M, Steven K, et al. Widening access to medicine may improve general practitioner recruitment in deprived and rural communities: survey of GP origins and current place of work. BMC Med Educ 2015;15:165.
27. Cleland J, Dowell J, McLachlan J, et al. Identifying best practice in the selection of medical student. 2012. Report No.: GMC Res Report. Pub 12/02/2012.
28. Higher Education Funding Council for England. Schooling effects on higher education achievement (HEFCE Report: 2003/32). Bristol: HEFCE, 2003.
29. Office for Fair Access. Trends in young participation by student background and selectivity of institution (OFFA Report: 2014/01). London: OFFA, 2014.
30. Thiele T, Singleton A, Pope D, et al. Predicting students' academic performance based on school and socio-demographic characteristics. Stud High Educ 2014;27:1-23.
31. Do PCT, Parry J, Mathers J, et al. Monitoring the widening participation initiative for access to medical school: are present measures sufficient? Med Educ 2006;40:750-8.
32. Lemon T, Stone BA. Increasing numbers of medical undergraduates from lower socioeconomic backgrounds: positive for health care? Adv Med Educ Pract 2013;4:39-41.
33. Hilton S, Lewis K. Opening doors to medicine. BMJ 2004;328:1508-9.
34. Bridger K, Shaw J, Moore J. Fair admissions to higher education research to describe the use of contextual data in admissions at a sample of universities and colleges in the UK. London: Supporting Professionalism in Admissions, 2012.
35. Tonks DG, Farr M. Widening access and participation in UK higher education. Int J Educ Management 2003;17:26-36.
36. McHarg J, Mattick K, Knight LV. Why people apply to medical school: implications for widening participation activities. Med Educ 2007;41:815-21.
37. Greenbank P. The evolution of government policy on widening participation. High Educ Q 2006;60:141-66.
38. Higher Education Funding Council for England. Outcomes of access agreement, widening participation strategic statement and National Scholarship Programme monitoring for 2012-13. Bristol: HEFCE, 2014. http://www.offa.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/ OFFA201405-1213monitoring-outcomes.pdf
39. Mullen F. Widening Access to HE: Admissions - Contextual Data. Scottish Parliament Information Centre (SPICe), 2011 [cited 19 June 2014]. Report number: 11/07. http://dera.ioe.ac.uk/2644/
40. Singleton AD. The geodemographics of educational progression and their implications for widening participation in higher education. Environ Plan A 2010;42:2560-80.
41. Higher Education Funding Council for England. Schooling effects on higher education achievement: further analysis - entry at 19 (Report: 2005/09). Bristol: HEFCE, 2005.
42. Singleton AD. Educational opportunity: the geography of access to higher education. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, 2010.
43. Reay D, Davies J, David M, et al. Choices of Degree or Degrees of Choice? Class, Race' and the Higher Education Choice Process. Sociology 2001;35:855-74.
44. Gallagher JE, Niven V, Donaldson N, et al. Widening access? Characteristics of applicants to medical and dental schools, compared with UCAS. Br Dent J 2009;207:433-45.
45. Hayes AF. Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: a regression-based approach. New York: Guilford Press, 2013.
46. Higher Education Funding Council for England. Causes of differences in student outcomes (HEFCE report 2015). Bristol: HEFCE, 2015.
47. McManus IC, Dewberry C, Nicholson S, et al. Construct-level predictive validity of educational attainment and intellectual aptitude tests in medical student selection: meta-regression of six UK longitudinal studies. BMC Med 2013;11:243.
48. McKenzie K, Schweitzer R. Who Succeeds at University? Factors predicting academic performance in first year Australian university students. High Educ Res Dev 2001;20:21-33.
49. McManus IC, Smithers E, Partridge P. A-levels and intelligence as predictors of medical careers in UK doctors: 20 year prospective study. BMJ 2003;327:139-42.
50. Delaney L, Harmon C, Redmond C. Parental education, grade attainment and earnings expectations among university students. Econ Educ Rev 2011;30:1136-52.
51. McManus IC, Woolf K, Dacre J, et al. The Academic Backbone: longitudinal continuities in educational achievement from secondary school and medical school to MRCP(UK) and the specialist register in UK medical students and doctors. BMC Med 2013;11:242.
52. Crawford C. Socio-economic differences in university outcomes in the UK: drop-out, degree completion and degree class. IFS Working Paper No. 14/31. 2014. http://www.ifs.org.uk/uploads/publications/ wps/WP201431.pdf
53. Higher Education Funding Council for England. Differences in degree outcome: key findings (Report: 2014/03). Bristol: HEFCE, 2014.
54. Coley RJ. An uneven start: indicators of inequality in school readiness. Princeton: Educational Testing Service, 2002.
55. Arulampalam W, Naylor RA, Smith J. Doctor who? Who gets admission offers in UK medical schools. Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor, 2011.
56. Tiffin PA, Dowell JS, McLachlan JC. Widening access to UK medical education for under-represented socioeconomic groups: modelling the impact of the UKCAT in the 2009 cohort. BMJ 2012;344:e1805.
57. Harrison N, Hatt S. Knowing the "unknowns": investigating the students whose social class is not known at entry to higher education. J Furth High Educ 2009;33:347-57.
58. Harrison N, Hatt S. "Disadvantaged Learners": Who Are We Targeting? Understanding the Targeting of Widening Participation Activity in the United Kingdom Using Geo-Demographic Data From Southwest England. High Educ Q 2010;64:65-88.
59. Rudd E. Students and social class. Stud High Educ 1987;12:99-106.
60. Evans GW. The Environment of Childhood Poverty. Am Psychol 2004;59:77-92.
61. McManus IC, Richards P, Winder BC, et al. Medical school applicants from ethnic minority groups: identifying if and when they are disadvantaged. BMJ 1995;310:496-500.
62. Ip H, McManus IC. Increasing diversity among clinicians. BMJ 2008;336:1082-3.
63. Dayioʇlu M, Türüt-Aşik S. Gender Differences in Academic Performance in a Large Public University in Turkey. High Educ 2007;53:255-77.
64. Sheard M. Hardiness commitment, gender, and age differentiate university academic performance. Br J Educ Psychol 2009;79:189-204.
65. Ackerman PL, Kanfer R, Beier ME. Trait complex, cognitive ability, and domain knowledge predictors of baccalaureate success, STEM persistence, and gender differences. J Educ Psychol 2013;105:911-27.
66. Richardson JTE. Degree attainment, ethnicity and gender: a literature review. York: Higher Education Academy, 2010.
67. Richardson JTE. Widening participation without widening attainment: the case of ethnic minority students. Psychol Teach Rev 2010;16:37-45.
68. Hu S, Wolniak GC. College Student Engagement and Early Career Earnings: Differences by Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Academic Preparation. Rev High Educ 2013;36:211-33.
69. Woolf K, Potts HWW, McManus IC. Ethnicity and academic performance in UK trained doctors and medical students: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2011;342:d901.
70. Aikens NL, Barbarin O. Socioeconomic differences in Reading trajectories: The contribution of family, neighborhood, and school contexts. J Educ Psychol 2008;100:235-51.
71. Dubow EF, Boxer P, Huesmann LR. Long-term Effects of Parents' Education on Children's Educational and Occupational Success: Mediation by Family Interactions, Child Aggression, and Teenage Aspirations. Merrill-Palmer Q (Wayne State Univ Press) 2009;55:224-49.
72. Bar Haim E, Shavit Y. Expansion and inequality of educational opportunity: a comparative study. Res Soc Stratif Mobil 2013;31:22-31.
73. Vaz S, Parsons R, Falkmer T, et al. The Impact of Personal Background and School Contextual Factors on Academic Competence and Mental Health Functioning across the Primary-Secondary School Transition. PLoS ONE 2014;9:e89874.
74. Richardson JTE, Woodley A. Another Look at the Role of Age, Gender and Subject as Predictors of Academic Attainment in Higher Education. Stud High Educ 2003;28:475-93.
75. Steele F, Vignoles A, Jenkins A. The effect of school resources on pupil attainment: a multilevel simultaneous equation modelling approach. J R Stat Soc Ser A Stat Soc 2007; 170:801-24.
76. Bowes L, Jones S, Thomas L, et al. The uses and impact of HEFCE funding for widening participation. Edge Hill: HEFCE/CFE, 2013.
77. Schildberg-Hoerisch H. Does parental employment affect children's educational attainment? Econ Educ Rev 2011;30:1456-67.
78. Haworth CMA, Davis OSP, Hanscombe KB, et al. Understanding the science-learning environment: a genetically sensitive approach. Learn Individ Differ 2013;23:145-50.
79. Tiffin PA, McLachlan JC, Webster L, et al. Comparison of the sensitivity of the UKCAT and A Levels to sociodemographic characteristics: a national study. BMC Med Educ 2014;14:7.
80. Basco WT, Lancaster CJ, Gilbert GE, et al. Medical school application interview score has limited predictive validity for performance on a fourth year clinical practice examination. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract 2008;13:151-62.
81. Benbassat J, Baumal R. Uncertainties in the selection of applicants for medical school. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract 2007;12:509-21.
82. Cleland J, Patterson F, Dowell J. How can greater consistency in selection between medical schools be encouraged? A mixed-methods programme of research that examines and develops the evidence base. 2014. http://www.medschools.ac.uk/ SiteCollectionDocuments/Selecting-for-Excellence-research-Professor-Jen-Cleland-et-al.pdf
83. James D, Yates J, Nicholson S. Comparison of A level and UKCAT performance in students applying to UK medical and dental schools in 2006: cohort study. BMJ 2010;340:c478.