Is it time for immunopsychiatry in psychotic disorders?

Psychopharmacology

Volumn 233, Issue 9, 2016, Pages 1651-1660

  Leboyer, Marion ^a,d   Oliveira, José ^a,b   Tamouza, Ryad ^b   Groc, Laurent ^c  

^a HENRI MONDOR HOSPITAL   (France)

^b INSERM   (France)

^c UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX   (France)

^d Hopital Albert Chenevier   (France)

Author keywords

Bipolar disorder; Gene environment interactions; HERV W; Immunogenetics; Immunopsychiatry; NMDA receptor; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; AUTOANTIBODY; HLA ANTIGEN; MOOD STABILIZER; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR ANTIBODY; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT;

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUS; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GENE LOCUS; GENETIC DISORDER; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HLA GENE; HUMAN; IMMUNOGENETICS; IMMUNOMODULATION; IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; INHERITANCE; INNATE IMMUNITY; LIFE EXPECTANCY; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL STRESS; NONHUMAN; PARASITOSIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSIS; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SYMPTOM; VIRUS INFECTION; ANIMAL; IMMUNOLOGY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; INFLAMMATION; PSYCHIATRY; PSYCHOLOGY; PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; TRENDS;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; IMMUNOTHERAPY; INFLAMMATION; PSYCHIATRY; PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS;

EID: 84961200331     PISSN: 00333158     EISSN: 14322072     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4266-1     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Armangue T, Leypoldt F, Málaga I et al (2014) Herpes simplex virus encephalitis is a trigger of brain autoimmunity. Ann Neurol 75:317-323
2. Ayorech Z, Tracy DK, Baumeister D, Giaroli G (2015) Taking the fuel out of the fire: evidence for the use of antiinflammatory agents in the treatment of bipolar disorders. J Affect Disord 174:467-478
3. Barak V, Barak Y, Levine J et al (1995) Changes in interleukin-1 beta and soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels in CSF and serum of schizophrenic patients. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 6:61-69
4. Bard L, Groc L (2011) Glutamate receptor dynamics and protein interaction: lessons from the NMDA receptor. Mol Cell Neurosci 48:298-307
5. Baumeister D, Akhtar R, Ciufolini S et al (2015) Childhood trauma and adulthood inflammation: a meta-analysis of peripheral C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α. Mol Psychiatry
6. Belvederi Murri M, Prestia D, Mondelli V et al (2016) The HPA axis in bipolar disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 63:327-342
7. Benros ME, Nielsen PR, Nordentoft M et al (2011) Autoimmune diseases and severe infections as risk factors for schizophrenia: a 30-year population-based register study. Am J Psychiatry 168:1303-1310
8. Benros ME, Waltoft BL, Nordentoft M et al (2013) Autoimmune diseases and severe infections as risk factors for mood disorders: a nationwide study. JAMA Psychiatry 70:812-820
9. Berk M, Conus P, Kapczinski F et al (2010) From neuroprogression to neuroprotection: implications for clinical care. Med J Aust 193:S36-40
10. Black C, Miller BJ (2015) Meta-analysis of cytokines and chemokines in suicidality: distinguishing suicidal versus nonsuicidal patients. Biol Psychiatry 78:28-37
11. Bloomfield PS, Selvaraj S, Veronese M et al (2016) Microglial activity in people at ultra high risk of psychosis and in schizophrenia: an [(11)C]PBR28 PET brain imaging study. Am J Psychiatry 173:44-52
12. Bocchetta A, Traccis F, Mosca E, et al (2016) Bipolar disorder and antithyroid antibodies: review and case series. Int J Bipolar Disord 4:5
13. Breunis MN, Kupka RW, Nolen WA et al (2003) High numbers of circulating activated T cells and raised levels of serum IL-2 receptor in bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 53:157-165
14. Brown AS, van Os J, Driessens C et al (2000) Further evidence of relation between prenatal famine and major affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 157:190-195
15. Canetta SE, Bao Y, Co MDT et al (2014) Serological documentation of maternal influenza exposure and bipolar disorder in adult offspring. Am J Psychiatry 171:557-563
16. Cannon M, Jones PB, Murray RM (2002) Obstetric complications and schizophrenia: historical and meta-analytic review. Am J Psychiatry 159:1080-1092
17. Caspi A, Hariri AR, Holmes A et al (2010) Genetic sensitivity to the environment: the case of the serotonin transporter gene and its implications for studying complex diseases and traits. Am J Psychiatry 167:509-527
18. Chiaie RD, Caronti B, Macrì F, et al (2012) Anti-purkinje cell and natural autoantibodies in a group of psychiatric patients. Evidences for a correlation with the psychopathological status. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 8:81-90.
19. Clarke MC, Tanskanen A, Huttunen M et al (2009) Evidence for an interaction between familial liability and prenatal exposure to infection in the causation of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 166:1025-1030
20. Coelho R, Viola TW, Walss-Bass C et al (2014) Childhood maltreatment and inflammatory markers: a systematic review. Acta Psychiatr Scand 129:180-192
21. Courtet P, Giner L, Seneque M et al (2015) Neuroinflammation in suicide: toward a comprehensive model. World J Biol Psychiatry 1-23
22. Crump C, Sundquist K, Winkleby MA, Sundquist J (2013) Comorbidities and mortality in bipolar disorder: a Swedish national cohort study. JAMA Psychiatry 70:931-939
23. Dalmau J, Tüzün E, Wu H et al (2007) Paraneoplastic anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma. Ann Neurol 61:25-36
24. Danese A, McEwen BS (2012) Adverse childhood experiences, allostasis, allostatic load, and age-related disease. Physiol Behav 106:29-39
25. Dargél AA, Godin O, Kapczinski F et al (2015) C-reactive protein alterations in bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 76:142-150
26. Debnath M, Busson M, Jamain S et al (2013) The HLA-G low expressor genotype is associated with protection against bipolar disorder. Hum Immunol 74:593-597
27. Di Forti M, Sallis H, Allegri F et al (2014) Daily use, especially of high-potency cannabis, drives the earlier onset of psychosis in cannabis users. Schizophr Bull 40:1509-1517
28. Dickerson FB, Boronow JJ, Stallings C et al (2004) Infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 is associated with cognitive deficits in bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 55:588-593
29. Dickerson F, Stallings C, Origoni A et al (2014a) Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in individuals with mania. Bipolar Disord 16:129-136
30. Dickerson F, Stallings C, Origoni A et al (2014b) Pentraxin 3 is reduced in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 17:409-414
31. Dinan TG, Cryan JF (2013) Melancholic microbes: a link between gut microbiota and depression? Neurogastroenterol Motil 25:713-719
32. Drexhage RC, Hoogenboezem TH, Versnel MA et al (2011) The activation of monocyte and T cell networks in patients with bipolar disorder. Brain Behav Immun 25:1206-1213
33. Eaton WW, Byrne M, Ewald H et al (2006) Association of schizophrenia and autoimmune diseases: linkage of Danish national registers. Am J Psychiatry 163:521-528
34. Etain B, Mathieu F, Henry C et al (2010) Preferential association between childhood emotional abuse and bipolar disorder. J Trauma Stress 23:376-383
35. Etain B, Aas M, Andreassen OA et al (2013) Childhood trauma is associated with severe clinical characteristics of bipolar disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 74:991-998
36. Figueiredo TC, de Oliveira JR (2012) Reconsidering the association between the major histocompatibility complex and bipolar disorder. J Mol Neurosci 47:26-30
37. Foldager L, Köhler O, Steffensen R et al (2014) Bipolar and panic disorders may be associated with hereditary defects in the innate immune system. J Affect Disord 164:148-154
38. Fond G, Hamdani N, Kapczinski F, et al (2014) Effectiveness and tolerance of anti-inflammatory drugs' add-on therapy in major mental disorders: a systematic qualitative review. Acta Psychiatr Scand 129:163-179
39. Fond G, Boukouaci W, Chevalier G et al (2015) The "psychomicrobiotic": targeting microbiota in major psychiatric disorders: a systematic review. Pathol Biol (Paris) 63:35-42
40. Gárate I, García-Bueno B, Madrigal JL et al (2011) Origin and consequences of brain Toll-like receptor 4 pathway stimulation in an experimental model of depression. J Neuroinflammation 8:151
41. Gejman PV, Sanders AR, Kendler KS (2011) Genetics of schizophrenia: new findings and challenges. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 12:121-144
42. Geoffroy PA, Scott J, Boudebesse C et al (2015) Sleep in patients with remitted bipolar disorders: a meta-analysis of actigraphy studies. Acta Psychiatr Scand 131:89-99
43. Giovanoli S, Engler H, Engler A et al (2013) Stress in puberty unmasks latent neuropathological consequences of prenatal immune activation in mice. Science 339:1095-1099
44. Godin O, Etain B, Henry C et al (2014) Metabolic syndrome in a French cohort of patients with bipolar disorder: results from the FACE-BD cohort. J Clin Psychiatry 75:1078-1085, quiz 1085
45. Godin O, Leboyer M, Gaman A et al (2015) Metabolic syndrome, abdominal obesity and hyperuricemia in schizophrenia: results from the FACE-SZ cohort. Schizophr Res 168:388-394
46. Goldstein BI, Collinger KA, Lotrich F et al (2011) Preliminary findings regarding proinflammatory markers and brain-derived neurotrophic factor among adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 21:479-484
47. Graham KL, Carson CM, Ezeoke A et al (2014) Urinary tract infections in acute psychosis. J Clin Psychiatry 75:379-385
48. Griffiths DJ (2001) Endogenous retroviruses in the human genome sequence. Genome Biol 2:REVIEWS1017
49. Gris JC, Nobile B, Bouvier S (2015) Neuropsychiatric presentations of antiphospholipid antibodies. Thromb Res 135 Suppl 1:S56-59
50. Hamdani N, Doukhan R, Kurtlucan O et al (2013) Immunity, inflammation, and bipolar disorder: diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Curr Psychiatry Rep 15:387
51. Hamdani N, Daban-Huard C, Lajnef M et al (2015) Cognitive deterioration among bipolar disorder patients infected by Toxoplasma gondii is correlated to interleukin 6 levels. J Affect Disord 179:161-166
52. Hsiao EY, McBride SW, Hsien S et al (2013) Microbiota modulate behavioral and physiological abnormalities associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Cell 155:1451-1463
53. Huang W-J, Liu Z-C, Wei W et al (2006) Human endogenous retroviral pol RNA and protein detected and identified in the blood of individuals with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 83:193-199
54. Hughes EG, Peng X, Gleichman AJ et al (2010) Cellular and synaptic mechanisms of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. J Neurosci 30:5866-5875
55. International Schizophrenia Consortium, Purcell SM, Wray NR et al (2009) Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Nature 460:748-752
56. Jerrell JM, McIntyre RS, Tripathi A (2010) A cohort study of the prevalence and impact of comorbid medical conditions in pediatric bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 71:1518-1525
57. Jung S, Schickel J-N, Kern A et al (2015) Chronic bacterial infection activates autoreactive B cells and induces isotype switching and autoantigen-driven mutations. Eur J Immunol 46:131-46
58. Kantrowitz JT, Javitt DC (2010) N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor dysfunction or dysregulation: the final common pathway on the road to schizophrenia? Brain Res Bull 83:108-121
59. Karlsson H, Bachmann S, Schröder J et al (2001) Retroviral RNA identified in the cerebrospinal fluids and brains of individuals with schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:4634-4639
60. Karlsson H, Schröder J, Bachmann S et al (2004) HERV-W-related RNA detected in plasma from individuals with recent-onset schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Mol Psychiatry 9:12-13
61. Katila H, Hurme M, Wahlbeck K et al (1994) Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6 in hospitalized schizophrenic patients. Neuropsychobiology 30:20-23
62. Kayser MS, Titulaer MJ, Gresa-Arribas N, Dalmau J (2013) Frequency and characteristics of isolated psychiatric episodes in anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis. JAMA Neurol 70:1133-1139
63. Kerner B (2014) Genetics of bipolar disorder. Appl Clin Genet 7:33-42
64. Khandaker GM, Pearson RM, Zammit S et al (2014) Association of serum interleukin 6 and C-reactive protein in childhood with depression and psychosis in young adult life: a population-based longitudinal study. JAMA Psychiatry 71:1121-1128
65. Kleinhaus K, Harlap S, Perrin M et al (2013) Prenatal stress and affective disorders in a population birth cohort. Bipolar Disord 15:92-99
66. Kuo YL, Tsai HF, Lai MC et al (2012) Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis with the initial presentation of psychotic mania. J Clin Neurosci 19:896-898
67. Ladepeche L, Dupuis JP, Bouchet D et al (2013) Single-molecule imaging of the functional crosstalk between surface NMDA and dopamine D1 receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:18005-18010
68. Laursen TM, Munk-Olsen T, Vestergaard M (2012) Life expectancy and cardiovascular mortality in persons with schizophrenia. Curr Opin Psychiatry 25:83-88
69. Laursen TM, Wahlbeck K, Hällgren J et al (2013) Life expectancy and death by diseases of the circulatory system in patients with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia in the Nordic countries. PLoS One 8, e67133
70. Leboyer M, Soreca I, Scott J et al (2012) Can bipolar disorder be viewed as a multi-system inflammatory disease? J Affect Disord 141:1-10
71. Leboyer M, Tamouza R, Charron D et al (2013) Human endogenous retrovirus type W (HERV-W) in schizophrenia: a new avenue of research at the gene-environment interface. World J Biol Psychiatry 14:80-90
72. Lees-Murdock DJ, Walsh CP (2008) DNA methylation reprogramming in the germ line. Epigenetics 3:5-13
73. Leonard BE, Schwarz M, Myint AM (2012) The metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia: is inflammation a contributing cause? J Psychopharmacol 26:33-41
74. Licinio J, Seibyl JP, Altemus M et al (1993) Elevated CSF levels of interleukin-2 in neuroleptic-free schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry 150:1408-1410
75. Lyketsos CG, Kozauer N, Rabins PV (2007) Psychiatric manifestations of neurologic disease: where are we headed? Dialogues Clin Neurosci 9:111-124
76. Maes M, Delange J, Ranjan R et al (1997) Acute phase proteins in schizophrenia, mania and major depression: modulation by psychotropic drugs. Psychiatry Res 66:1-11
77. Malaspina D, Corcoran C, Kleinhaus KR et al (2008) Acute maternal stress in pregnancy and schizophrenia in offspring: a cohort prospective study. BMC Psychiatry 8:71
78. Margari F, Petruzzelli MG, Mianulli R, et al (2015) Circulating anti-brain autoantibodies in schizophrenia and mood disorders. Psychiatry Res 230:704-708
79. McIntyre RS, Konarski JZ, Yatham LN (2004) Comorbidity in bipolar disorder: a framework for rational treatment selection. Hum Psychopharmacol 19:369-386
80. Meszaros ZS, Perl A, Faraone SV (2012) Psychiatric symptoms in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. J Clin Psychiatry 73:993-1001
81. Meyer U (2014) Prenatal poly(i:C) exposure and other developmental immune activation models in rodent systems. Biol Psychiatry 75:307-315
82. Mikasova L, De Rossi P, Bouchet D et al (2012) Disrupted surface cross-talk between NMDA and Ephrin-B2 receptors in anti-NMDA encephalitis. Brain J Neurol 135:1606-1621
83. Miller BJ, Buckley P, Seabolt W et al (2011) Meta-analysis of cytokine alterations in schizophrenia: clinical status and antipsychotic effects. Biol Psychiatry 70:663-671
84. Miller BJ, Gassama B, Sebastian D et al (2013) Meta-analysis of lymphocytes in schizophrenia: clinical status and antipsychotic effects. Biol Psychiatry 73:993-999
85. Modabbernia A, Taslimi S, Brietzke E, Ashrafi M (2013) Cytokine alterations in bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of 30 studies. Biol Psychiatry 74:15-25
86. Mortensen PB, Pedersen CB, Melbye M et al (2003) Individual and familial risk factors for bipolar affective disorders in Denmark. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60:1209-1215
87. Nellåker C, Yao Y, Jones-Brando L et al (2006) Transactivation of elements in the human endogenous retrovirus W family by viral infection. Retrovirology 3:44
88. Nikkilä HV, Müller K, Ahokas A et al (2001) Increased frequency of activated lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with acute schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 49:99-105
89. Okusaga O, Yolken RH, Langenberg P et al (2011) Association of seropositivity for influenza and coronaviruses with history of mood disorders and suicide attempts. J Affect Disord 130:220-225
90. Oliveira J, Busson M, Etain B et al (2014a) Polymorphism of Toll-like receptor 4 gene in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 152-154:395-402
91. Oliveira J, Hamdani N, Busson M et al (2014a) Association between toll-like receptor 2 gene diversity and early-onset bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 165:135-141
92. Oliveira J, Etain B, Lajnef M et al (2015) Combined effect of TLR2 gene polymorphism and early life stress on the age at onset of bipolar disorders. PLoS One 10, e0119702
93. Parboosing R, Bao Y, Shen L et al (2013) Gestational influenza and bipolar disorder in adult offspring. JAMA Psychiatry 70:677-685
94. Park SJ, Lee JY, Kim SJ et al (2015) Toll-like receptor-2 deficiency induces schizophrenia-like behaviors in mice. Sci Rep 5:8502
95. Pásztói M, Misják P, György B et al (2011) Infection and autoimmunity: lessons of animal models. Eur J Microbiol Immunol 1:198-207
96. Perron H, Lang A (2010) The human endogenous retrovirus link between genes and environment in multiple sclerosis and in multifactorial diseases associating neuroinflammation. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 39:51-61
97. Perron H, Mekaoui L, Bernard C et al (2008) Endogenous retrovirus type W GAG and envelope protein antigenemia in serum of schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 64:1019-1023
98. Perron H, Hamdani N, Faucard R et al (2012) Molecular characteristics of Human Endogenous Retrovirus type-W in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2, e201
99. Pollmächer T, Haack M, Schuld A, et al (2000) Effects of antipsychotic drugs on cytokine networks. J Psychiatr Res 34:369-382
100. Potvin S, Stip E, Sepehry AA et al (2008) Inflammatory cytokine alterations in schizophrenia: a systematic quantitative review. Biol Psychiatry 63:801-808
101. Prossin AR, Yolken RH, Kamali M et al (2015) Cytomegalovirus antibody elevation in bipolar disorder: relation to elevated mood states. Neural Plast 2015:939780
102. Rao JS, Harry GJ, Rapoport SI, Kim HW (2010) Increased excitotoxicity and neuroinflammatory markers in postmortem frontal cortex from bipolar disorder patients. Mol Psychiatry 15:384-392
103. Ripke et al (2014) Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci. Nature 511:421-427
104. Rolland A, Jouvin-Marche E, Viret C et al (2006) The envelope protein of a human endogenous retrovirus-W family activates innate immunity through CD14/TLR4 and promotes Th1-like responses. J Immunol 176:7636-7644
105. Sasayama D, Hattori K, Wakabayashi C et al (2013) Increased cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-6 levels in patients with schizophrenia and those with major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 47:401-406
106. Schoepf D, Uppal H, Potluri R, Heun R (2014) Physical comorbidity and its relevance on mortality in schizophrenia: a naturalistic 12-year follow-up in general hospital admissions. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 264:3-28
107. Schulz WA, Steinhoff C, Florl AR (2006) Methylation of endogenous human retroelements in health and disease. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 310:211-250
108. Schwieler L, Larsson MK, Skogh E et al (2015) Increased levels of IL-6 in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with chronic schizophrenia - significance for activation of the kynurenine pathway. J Psychiatry Neurosci 40:126-133
109. Severance EG, Alaedini A, Yang S et al (2012) Gastrointestinal inflammation and associated immune activation in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 138:48-53
110. Severance EG, Yolken RH, Eaton WW (2014) Autoimmune diseases, gastrointestinal disorders and the microbiome in schizophrenia: more than a gut feeling. Schizophr Res
111. Shi J, Levinson DF, Duan J et al (2009) Common variants on chromosome 6p22.1 are associated with schizophrenia. Nature 460:753-757
112. Sommer IE, van Westrhenen R, Begemann MJH, et al (2014) Efficacy of anti-inflammatory agents to improve symptoms in patients with schizophrenia: an update. Schizophr Bull 40:181-191
113. Söderlund J, Schröder J, Nordin C et al (2009) Activation of brain interleukin-1beta in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 14:1069-1071
114. Söderlund J, Olsson SK, Samuelsson M et al (2011) Elevation of cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-1ß in bipolar disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci 36:114-118
115. Stefansson H, Ophoff RA, Steinberg S et al (2009) Common variants conferring risk of schizophrenia. Nature 460:744-747
116. Stertz L, Magalhães PVS, Kapczinski F (2013) Is bipolar disorder an inflammatory condition? The relevance of microglial activation. Curr Opin Psychiatry 26:19-26
117. Susser ES, Lin SP (1992) Schizophrenia after prenatal exposure to the Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944-1945. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:983-988
118. Sutterland AL, Fond G, Kuin A et al (2015) Beyond the association. Toxoplasma gondii in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and addiction: systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 132:161-179
119. Titulaer MJ, McCracken L, Gabilondo I et al (2013) Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study. Lancet Neurol 12:157-165
120. Torrey EF, Miller J, Rawlings R, Yolken RH (1997) Seasonality of births in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a review of the literature. Schizophr Res 28:1-38
121. Upthegrove R, Manzanares-Teson N, Barnes NM (2014) Cytokine function in medication-naive first episode psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 155:101-108
122. Valipour G, Saneei P, Esmaillzadeh A (2014) Serum vitamin D levels in relation to schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99:3863-3872
123. Varese F, Smeets F, Drukker M et al (2012) Childhood adversities increase the risk of psychosis: a meta-analysis of patient-control, prospective- and cross-sectional cohort studies. Schizophr Bull 38:661-671
124. Yao Y, Schröder J, Nellåker C et al (2008) Elevated levels of human endogenous retrovirus-W transcripts in blood cells from patients with first episode schizophrenia. Genes Brain Behav 7:103-112
125. Yolken RH, Torrey EF (2008) Are some cases of psychosis caused by microbial agents? A review of the evidence. Mol Psychiatry 13:470-479