Design, fabrication and characterisation of a 24.4% efficient interdigitated back contact solar cell

Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 2016, Pages 411-427

  Franklin, Evan ^a   Fong, Kean ^a   McIntosh, Keith ^b   Fell, Andreas ^a   Blakers, Andrew ^a   Kho, Teng ^a   Walter, Daniel ^a   Wang, Da ^a   Zin, Ngwe ^a   Stocks, Matthew ^a   Wang, Er Chien ^a   Grant, Nicholas ^a   Wan, Yimao ^a   Yang, Yang ^c   Zhang, Xueling ^c   Feng, Zhiqiang ^c   Verlinden, Pierre J ^c  

^a AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b PV Lighthouse   (Australia)

^c Trina PV Park   (China)

Author keywords

high efficiency; IBC; interdigitated back contact; loss analysis; silicon solar cell

Indexed keywords

ABLATION; EFFICIENCY; ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES; FABRICATION; LASER ABLATION; OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE; OPTICAL LOSSES; PASSIVATION; PLASMA ENHANCED CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION; SILICON NITRIDE; SILICON SOLAR CELLS; SILICON WAFERS;

AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY; CZOCHRALSKI WAFERS; IBC; INTERDIGITATED BACK CONTACTS; LOSS ANALYSIS; OPTICAL AND ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES; PLASMA-ENHANCED CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITIONS; SURFACE PASSIVATION;

CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION;

EID: 84959934468     PISSN: 10627995     EISSN: 1099159X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/pip.2556     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Swanson RM, Beckwith SK, Crane RA, Eades WD, Young HK, Sinton RA, Swirhun SE,. Point-contact silicon solar cells. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 1984; 31: 661-664.
2. Verlinden PJ, Sinton RA, Wickham K, Crane RA, Swanson RM,. Backside-contact silicon solar cells with improved efficiency for the '96 world solar challenge. 14th EPVSC, Barcelona, 1997; 96-99.
3. Cousins P, Smith D, Luan H, Manning J, Dennis T, Waldhauer A, Wislon K, Harley G, Mulligan W,. Generation 3: Improved performance at lower cost. 25th EUPVSEC, Valencia, 2010; 275-278.
4. Fong KC, Kho T, McIntosh K, Blakers A, Franklin E, Zin N, Fell A,. Optimisation of N+ diffusion and contact size of IBC solar cells. 28th EU PVSEC, Paris, 2013; 851-854.
5. Coveme spa. EBFOIL Range datasheets. http://www.coveme.com/ebfoil-range [accessed 30 June 2014]
6. Bennett I, Erenstein W, Rosca V,. Reducing the Cost of Back-Contact Module Technology. Energy Procedia 2013; 38: 329-333.
7. Taguchi M, Yano A, Tohoda S, Matsuyama K, Nakamura Y, Nishiwaki T, Fujita K, Maruyama E,. 24.7% Record Efficiency HIT Solar Cell on Thin Silicon Wafer. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 2014; 4 (1): 96-99.
8. Tsunomaru Y, Yoshimine Y, Taguchi M, Baba T, Kinoshita T, Kanno H, Sakata H, Maruyama E, Tanaka M,. Twenty-two percent efficiency HIT Solar Cell. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 2009; 93 (6): 670-673.
9. Green M,. The path to 25% silicon solar cell efficiency: History of silicon cell evolution. Progress in Photovoltaics 2009; 17 (3): 183-189.
10. Masuko K, Shigematsu M, Hashiguchi T, Fujishima D, Kai M, Yoshimura N, Yamaguchi T, Ichihashi Y, Mishima T, Matsubara N, Yamanishi T, Takahama T, Taguchi M, Maruyama E, Okamoto S,. Achievement of more than 25% conversion efficiency with crystalline silicon heterojunction solar cell. IEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Denver, 2014.
11. Nakamura J, Katayama H, Koide N, Nakamura K,. Development of Hetero-Junction Back Contact Si Solar Cells. 40th IEEE PVSC, Denver, 2014.
12. Smith D, Cousins P, Westerberg S, Jesus-Tabajonda R, Aniero G, Shen Y,. Towards the Practical Limits of Silicon Solar Cells, IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, 2014.
13. Reichel C, Granek F, Hermle M, Glunz S,. Back-contacted back-junction n-type silicon solar cells featuring an insulating thin film for decoupling charge carrier collection and metallization geometry. Progress in Photovoltaics 2013; 21: 1063-1076.
14. Peibst R, Harder N-P, Merkle A, Neubert T, Kirstein S, Schmidt J, Dross F, Basore PA, Brendel R,. High-efficiency RISE IBC solar cells: Influence of rear side passivation on pn junction meander recombination. 28th EU PVSEC, Paris, 2013.
15. O'Sullivan B, Debucquoy M, Singh S, Uruena de Castro A, Récaman-Payo M, Posthuma N, Poortmans J,. Process Simplification for High Efficiency, Small area IBC silicon solar cells. 28th EU PVSEC, Paris, 2013.
16. Aleman M, Das J, Janssens T, Pawlak B, Posthuma N, Robbelein J, Singh S, Baert K, Poortmans J, Fernandez J, Yoshikawa K, Verlinden PJ,. Development and Integration of a High Efficiency Baseline Leading to 23% IBC Cells. Energy Procedia 2012; 27: 638-645.
17. Dahlinger M, Bazer-Bachi B, Roder T, Kohler J, Zapf-Gottwick R, Werner J,. 22.0% Efficient Laser Doped Back Contact Solar Cells. Silicon PV Conference, Hamelin, Germany, 2013.
18. Press Release Trina Solar, 28 February 2014. http://ir.trinasolar.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=206405&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1904732&highlight= [accessed 1 September 2014]
19. th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Kyoto, 2014.
20. Press release BOSCH Solar Energy, 14 August 2013. http://www.solarserver.com/solar-magazine/solar-news/archive-2013/2013/kw33/bosch-isfh-produce-221-efficient-c-si-solar-pv-cell.html [accessed 1 September 2014]
21. Mo CB, Park SJ, Kim YJ, Lee DY, Park SC, Kim DS, Kim SB, Graff J, Sheoran M, Sullivan P,. Presentation at 27th. European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Munich, 2012.
22. Lammert MD, Schwartz RJ,. The Interdigitated Back Contact Solar Cell: Silicon Solar Cell for Use in Concentrated Sunlight. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 1977; 24 (4): 337-342.
23. Reichel C, Granek F, Hermle M, Glunz S,. Investigation of electrical shading effects in back-contacted back-junction silicon solar cells using the two-dimensional charge collection probability and the reciprocity theorem. Journal of Applied Physics 2011; 109: 024507.
24. Fell A, Surve A, Franklin E, Weber K,. Characterisation of Laser-Doped Localised p-n Junctions for High Efficiency Silicon Solar Cells. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 2014; 61 (6): 1943-1949.
25. Haase F, Eidelloth S, Horbelt R, Bothe K, Garralaga Rojas E, Brendel R,. Loss analysis of back-contact back-junction thin-film monocrystalline silicon solar cells. Journal of Applied Physics 2011; 110: 124510.
26. Kulushich G, Zapf-Gottwick R, Werner J,. Numerical Simulation of Fully Laser Processed Back-Contact Back-Junction Solar Cells. Proceedings of the 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Hamburg, Germany, 2011; 275-280.
27. McIntosh KR, Baker-Finch SC,. OPAL 2: Rapid optical simulation of silicon solar cells. Proc. 38th IEEE PVSC, Austin, 2012; 265-271.
28. PV Lighthouse. http://www.pvlighthouse.com.au/calculators/[accessed 23 June 2014]
29. McIntosh K, Kho T, Fong K, Baker-Finch S, Wan Y, Zin N, Franklin E, Wang D, Abbott M, Grant N, Wang E, Stocks M, Blakers A,. Quantifying the optical losses in back-contact solar cells. 40th IEEE PVSC, Denver, 2014.
30. th IEEE PV Specialists Conference, Denver, 2014.
31. McIntosh K, Cudzinovic M, Smith D, Mulligan W,. The choice of silicon wafer for the production of low-cost rear-contact solar cells. Proceedings of 3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 2003; 971-974.
32. Smith D, Cousins P, Masad A, Westerberg S, Defensor M, Ilaw R, Dennis T, Daquin R, Bergstrom N, Leygo A, Zhu X, Meyers B, Bounre B, Shields M, Rose D,. SunPower's Maxeon Gen III solar cell: High Efficiency and Energy Yield. 39th IEEE PVSC, Tampa Bay, 2013.
33. Swanson RM,. Point-Contact Solar Cells: Modeling and Experiment. Solar Cells 1986; 17 (1): 85-118.
34. Granek F, Hermle F, Huljic D, Schultz-Wittman O, Glunz S,. Enhanced Lateral Current Transport Via the Front n+ Diffused Layer of n-type High-efficiency Back-junction Back-contact Silicon Solar Cells. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 2008; 17 (1): 47-56.
35. Wan Y, McIntosh K, Thomson A, Cuevas A,. Low surface recombination velocity by low-absorption silicon nitride on c-Si. IEEE JPV 2013; 3: 554-559.
36. th International Conference on Silicon PV, 's-Hertogenbosch, 2014.
37. Kane D, Swanson R,. Measurement of the Emitter Saturation Current by a Contactless Photoconductivity Decay Method. Proceedings of the 18th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 1985; 578-583.
38. Schenk A,. Finite-Temperature Full Random-Phase Approximation Model of Band Gap Narrowing for Silicon Device Simulation. Journal of Applied Physics 1998; 84: 3684-3695.
39. Richter A, Hermle M, Glunz S,. Reassessment of the Limiting Efficiency for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 2013; 3 (4): 1184-1191.
40. Cuevas A, Yan D,. Misconceptions and misnomers in Solar Cells. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 2013; 3 (2): 916-923.
41. Williams K, Gupta K, Wasilik M,. Etch Rates for Micromachining Processing-Part II. Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 2003; 12 (6): 761-778.
42. Reeves GK, Harrison HB,. Obtaining the specific contact resistance from transmission line model measurements. Electron Device Letters, IEEE 1982; 3 (5): 111-113.
43. Fell A, A Free and Fast Three-Dimensional/Two-Dimensional Solar Cell Simulator Featuring Conductive Boundary and Quasi-Neutrality Approximations. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 2013; 60 (2): 733-738.
44. Brendel R,. Modeling solar cells with the dopant-diffused layers treated as conductive boundaries. Progress in Photovoltaics 2012; 20 (1): 31-43.
45. Grant N, McIntosh K, Tan J,. Evaluation of the Bulk Lifetime of Silicon Wafers by Immersion in Hydrofluoric Acid and Illumination. ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology 2012; 1 (2): 55-61.
46. Phang S, Macdonald D,. Direct comparison of boron, phosphorus, and aluminum gettering of iron in crystalline silicon. Journal of Applied Physics 2011; 109: 073521
47. Halm A, Mihailetchi V, Galbiati G, Koduvelikulathu L, Roescu R, Comparotto C, Kopecek R, Peter K, Libal J,. The Zebra Cell Concept-large Area n-type Interdigitated Back Contact Solar Cells and One-Cell Modules Fabricated Using Standard Industrial Processing Equipment. Proceedings of the 27th EUPVSC, Frankfurt, 2012; 567-570.
48. Engelhart P, Harder N, Grischke R, Merkle A, Meyer R, Brendel R,. Laser Structuring for Back Junction Silicon Solar Cells. Progress in Photovoltaics 2007; 15: 237-243.
49. Engelhart P, Hermann S, Neubert T, Plagwitz H, Grischke R, Meyer R, Klug U, Schoonderbeek A, Stute U, Brendel R,. Laser ablation of SiO2 for locally contacted Si solar cells with ultra-short pulses. Progress in Photovoltaics 2007; 15: 521-527.
50. x Layers on Textured Surfaces for Low Temperature Front Side Metallizations. Progress in Photovoltaics 2008; 17: 127-136.
51. Walter D, Fell A, Franklin E, Wang D, Fong K, Kho T, Weber K, Blakers A,. Damage-free ultraviolet nanosecond laser ablation for high efficiency back contact solar cell fabrication. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 2014 [Submitted].
52. Filmtronics Inc. www.filmtronics.com [accessed June 2014]
53. Brendel R, Dreissigacker S, Harder N-P, Altermatt PP,. Theory of analyzing free energy losses in solar cells. Applied Physics Letters 2008; 93: 173503.
54. Fell A, Fong K, McIntosh K, Franklin E, Blakers A,. 3-D Simulation of Interdigitated-Back-Contact Silicon Solar Cells With Quokka Including Perimeter Losses. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 2014; 4 (4): 1040-1045.
55. Wurfel P,. Physics of Solar Cells: From Basic Principles to Advanced Concepts. Wiley: Weinheim, 2009.
56. Greulich J, Hoffler H, Wurfel U, Rein S,. Numerical power balance and free energy loss analysis for solar cells including optical, thermodynamic, and electrical aspects. Journal of Applied Physics 2013; 114: 204504.