Part 7: Neonatal resuscitation 2015 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations (reprint)

Pediatrics

Volumn 136, Issue , 2015, Pages S120-S166

  Perlman, Jeffrey M ^a   Wyllie, Jonathan ^a   Kattwinkel, John ^a   Wyckoff, Myra H ^a   Aziz, Khalid ^a   Guinsburg, Ruth ^a   Kim, Han Suk ^a   Liley, Helen G ^a   Mildenhall, Lindsay ^a   Simon, Wendy M ^a   Szyld, Edgardo ^a   Tamura, Masanori ^a   Velaphi, Sithembiso ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation; Delivery room; Newborns

Indexed keywords

ALGORITHM; APGAR SCORE; ARTICLE; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; AUSCULTATION; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; DISABILITY; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; EMERGENCY CARDIOVASCULAR CARE; EMERGENCY CARE; EVALUATION STUDY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HEART RATE; HUMAN; HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA; HYPERTHERMIA; HYPOTHERMIA; INDUCED HYPOTHERMIA; INTERMITTENT POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION; LARYNGEAL MASK; LUNG DYSPLASIA; MORTALITY; NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS; NEWBORN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; OXIMETRY; PNEUMOTHORAX; POSITIVE END EXPIRATORY PRESSURE; PREMATURITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RESUSCITATION; RESUSCITATOR; TEMPERATURE; VENTILATOR;

EID: 84957680266     PISSN: 00314005     EISSN: 10984275     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-3373D     Document Type: Article

References (284)

1. Ersdal HL, Mduma E, Svensen E, Perlman JM. Early initiation of basic resuscitation interventions including face mask ventilation may reduce birth asphyxia related mortality in low-income countries: a prospective descriptive observational study. Resuscitation. 2012;83:869-873. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.12.011.
2. Perlman JM, Risser R. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the delivery room. Associated clinical events. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1995;149:20-25.
3. Barber CA, Wyckoff MH. Use and efficacy of endotracheal versus intravenous epinephrine during neonatal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the delivery room. Pediatrics. 2006;118:1028-1034. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0416.
4. Institute of Medicine. Standards for Systematic Reviews. 2011. http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2011/Finding-What-Works-in-Health-Care-Standards-for-Systematic-Reviews/Standards.aspx. Accessed May 6, 2015.
5. Schünemann H, Brożek J, Guyatt G, Oxman A. GRADE Handbook. 2013. http://www.guidelinedevelopment.org/handbook/. Accessed May 6, 2015.
6. O'Connor D, Green S, Higgins JPT, eds. Chapter 5: Defining the review questions and developing criteria for including studies. In: The Cochrane Collaboration. Higgins J, Green S, eds. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 5.1.0. 2011. http://handbook.cochrane.org/. Accessed May 6, 2015.
7. Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Sterne J, eds. Chapter 8.5 The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias. In: The Cochrane Collaboration. Higgins JPT, Green S, eds. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 5.1.0. 2011. http://handbook. cochrane.org/. AccessedMay 6, 2015.
8. Whiting PF, Rutjes AW, Westwood ME, Mallett S, Deeks JJ, Reitsma JB, Leeflang MM, Sterne JA, Bossuyt PM; QUADAS-2 Group. QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155: 529-536. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009.
9. Schünemann H, Brożek J, Guyatt G, Oxman A. 5.2.1 Study limitations (risk of bias). In: GRADE Handbook. 2013. http://www.guidelinedevelopment.org/handbook/#h.m9385o5z3li7. Accessed May 6, 2015.
10. Evidence Prime Inc. GRADEpro Guideline Development Tool. http://www.guidelinedevelopment.org/. Accessed May 6, 2015.
11. Schünemann H, Brożek J, Guyatt G, Oxman A. 5. Quality of evidence. In: GRADE Handbook. 2013. http://www.guidelinedevelopment.org/handbook/#h.9rdbelsnu4iy. Accessed May 6, 2015.
12. Schünemann H, Brożek J, Guyatt G, Oxman A. 5.1 Factors determining the quality of evidence. In: GRADE Handbook. 2013. http://www.guidelinedevelopment.org/handbook/#h.9rdbelsnu4iy. Accessed May 6, 2015.
13. Perlman JM, Wyllie J, Kattwinkel J, Atkins DL, Chameides L, Goldsmith JP, Guinsburg R, Hazinski MF, Morley C, Richmond S, Simon WM, Singhal N, Szyld E, Tamura M, Velaphi S; Neonatal Resuscitation Chapter Collaborators. Part 11: neonatal resuscitation: 2010 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. Circulation. 2010;122(Suppl 2):S516-S538. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.971127.
14. Perlman JM, Wyllie J, Kattwinkel J, Atkins DL, Chameides L, Goldsmith JP, Guinsburg R, Hazinski MF, Morley C, Richmond S, Simon WM, Singhal N, Szyld E, Tamura M, Velaphi S; Neonatal Resuscitation Chapter Collaborators. Neonatal resuscitation: 2010 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Pediatrics. 2010; 126:e1319-e1344. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-2972B.
15. Wyllie J, Perlman JM, Kattwinkel J, Atkins DL, Chameides L, Goldsmith JP, Guinsburg R, Hazinski MF, Morley C, Richmond S, Simon WM, Singhal N, Szyld E, Tamura M, Velaphi S; Neonatal Resuscitation Chapter Collaborators. Part 11: neonatal resuscitation: 2010 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation. 2010;81 Suppl 1:e260-e287. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.029.
16. Perlman J, Kattwinkel J, Wyllie J, Guinsburg R, Velaphi S; Nalini Singhal for the Neonatal ILCOR Task Force Group. Neonatal resuscitation: in pursuit of evidence gaps in knowledge. Resuscitation. 2012;83:545-550. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.01.003.
17. Chettri S, Adhisivam B, Bhat BV. Endotracheal Suction for Nonvigorous Neonates Born through Meconium Stained Amniotic Fluid: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Pediatr. 2015;166:1208-1213.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.12.076.
18. Lista G, Boni L, Scopesi F, Mosca F, Trevisanuto D, Messner H, Vento G, Magaldi R, Del Vecchio A, Agosti M, Gizzi C, Sandri F, Biban P, Bellettato M, Gazzolo D, Boldrini A, Dani C; SLI Trial Investigators. Sustained lung inflation at birth for preterm infants: a randomized clinical trial. Pediatrics. 2015;135: e457-e464. doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-1692.
19. Dawson JA, Saraswat A, Simionato L, Thio M, Kamlin CO, Owen LS, Schmölzer GM, Davis PG. Comparison of heart rate and oxygen saturation measurements from Masimo and Nellcor pulse oximeters in newly born term infants. Acta Paediatr. 2013;102:955-960. doi:10.1111/apa.12329.
20. Kamlin CO, Dawson JA, O'Donnell CP, Morley CJ, Donath SM, Sekhon J, Davis PG. Accuracy of pulse oximetry measurement of heart rate of newborn infants in the delivery room. J Pediatr. 2008;152:756-760. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.01.002.
21. Katheria A, Rich W, Finer N. Electrocardiogram provides a continuous heart rate faster than oximetry during neonatal resuscitation. Pediatrics. 2012;130:e1177-e1181. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-0784.
22. Mizumoto H, Tomotaki S, Shibata H, Ueda K, Akashi R, Uchio H, Hata D. Electrocardiogram shows reliable heart rates much earlier than pulse oximetry during neonatal resuscitation. Pediatr Int. 2012;54: 205-207. doi:10.1111/j.1442-200X.2011.03506.x.
23. van Vonderen JJ, Hooper SB, Kroese JK, Roest AA, Narayen IC, van Zwet EW, te Pas AB. Pulse oximetry measures a lower heart rate at birth compared with electrocardiography. J Pediatr. 2015;166:49-53. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.09.015.
24. Kamlin CO, O'Donnell CP, Everest NJ, Davis PG, Morley CJ. Accuracy of clinical assessment of infant heart rate in the delivery room. Resuscitation. 2006;71:319-321. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2006.04.015.
25. Baenziger O, Stolkin F, Keel M, von Siebenthal K, Fauchere JC, Das Kundu S, Dietz V, Bucher HU, Wolf M. The influence of the timing of cord clamping on postnatal cerebral oxygenation in preterm neonates: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2007;119:455-459. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-2725.
26. Hofmeyr GJ, Bolton KD, Bowen DC, Govan JJ. Periventricular/intraventricular haemorrhage and umbilical cord clamping. Findings and hypothesis. S Afr Med J. 1988;73:104-106.
27. Hofmeyr GJ, Gobetz L, Bex PJ, Van der Griendt M, Nikodem C, Skapinker R, Delahunt T. Periventricular/intraventricular hemorrhage following early and delayed umbilical cord clamping. A randomized controlled trial. Online J Curr Clin Trials. 1993;Doc No 110:[2002 words; 26 paragraphs].
28. Kinmond S, Aitchison TC, Holland BM, Jones JG, Turner TL, Wardrop CA. Umbilical cord clamping and preterm infants: a randomised trial. BMJ. 1993;306:172-175.
29. Kugelman A, Borenstein-Levin L, Riskin A, Chistyakov I, Ohel G, Gonen R, Bader D. Immediate versus delayed umbilical cord clamping in premature neonates born, 35 weeks: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Am J Perinatol. 2007;24: 307-315. doi:10.1055/s-2007-981434.
30. McDonnell M, Henderson-Smart DJ. Delayed umbilical cord clamping in preterm infants: a feasibility study. J Paediatr Child Health. 1997;33:308-310.
31. Mercer JS, McGrath MM, Hensman A, Silver H, Oh W. Immediate and delayed cord clamping in infants born between 24 and 32 weeks: a pilot randomized controlled trial. J Perinatol. 2003;23:466-472. doi:10.1038/sj.jp.7210970.
32. Mercer JS, Vohr BR, McGrath MM, Padbury JF, Wallach M, Oh W. Delayed cord clamping in very preterm infants reduces the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage and late-onset sepsis: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2006;117:1235-1242. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1706.
33. Oh W, Fanaroff AA, Carlo WA, Donovan EF, McDonald SA, Poole WK; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Effects of delayed cord clamping in very-low-birth-weight infants. J Perinatol. 2011;31 Suppl 1:S68-S71. doi:10.1038/jp.2010.186.
34. Rabe H, Wacker A, Hülskamp G, HörnigFranz I, Schulze-Everding A, Harms E, Cirkel U, Louwen F, Witteler R, Schneider HP. A randomised controlled trial of delayed cord clamping in very low birth weight preterm infants. Eur J Pediatr. 2000;159:775-777.
35. Strauss RG, Mock DM, Johnson KJ, Cress GA, Burmeister LF, Zimmerman MB, Bell EF, Rijhsinghani A. A randomized clinical trial comparing immediate versus delayed clamping of the umbilical cord in preterm infants: short-term clinical and laboratory endpoints. Transfusion. 2008;48:658-665. doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2007.01589.x.
36. Aladangady N, McHugh S, Aitchison TC, Wardrop CA, Holland BM. Infants' blood volume in a controlled trial of placental transfusion at preterm delivery. Pediatrics. 2006;117:93-98. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-1773.
37. Committee Opinion No.543: Timing of umbilical cord clamping after birth. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;120:1522-1526.
38. Hosono S, Mugishima H, Fujita H, Hosono A, Minato M, Okada T, Takahashi S, Harada K. Umbilical cord milking reduces the need for red cell transfusions and improves neonatal adaptation in infants born at less than 29 weeks' gestation: a randomised controlled trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2008;93:F14-F19. doi:10.1136/adc.2006.108902.
39. Katheria AC, Leone TA, Woelkers D, Garey DM, Rich W, Finer NN. The effects of umbilical cord milking on hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in premature neonates. J Pediatr. 2014;164:1045-1050.e1. doi:10.1016/jjpeds.2014.01.024.
40. March MI, Hacker MR, Parson AW, Modest AM, de Veciana M. The effects of umbilical cord milking in extremely preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial. J Perinatol. 2013;33:763-767. doi:10.1038/jp.2013.70.
41. Budin P. The Nursling. The Feeding and Hygiene of Premature and Full-term Infants. Translation by WJ Maloney Lecture 1. Page 1 London: The Caxton Publishing Company;1907.
42. Mullany LC, Katz J, Khatry SK, LeClerq SC, Darmstadt GL, Tielsch JM. Risk of mortality associated with neonatal hypothermia in southern Nepal. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2010;164:650-656. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.103.
43. Laptook AR, Salhab W, Bhaskar B; Neonatal Research Network. Admission temperature of low birth weight infants: predictors and associated morbidities. Pediatrics. 2007;119: e643-e649. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0943.
44. AAbd-El Hamid S, Badr-El Din MM, Dabous NI, Saad KM. Effect of the use of a polyethylene wrap on the morbidity and mortality of very low birth weight infants in Alexandria University Children's Hospital. J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 2012;87:104-108.
45. Acolet D, Elbourne D, McIntosh N, Weindling M, Korkodilos M, Haviland J, Modder J, Macintosh M; Confidential Enquiry Into Maternal and Child Health. Project 27/28: inquiry into quality of neonatal care and its effect on the survival of infants who were born at 27 and 28 weeks in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Pediatrics. 2005;116:1457-1465. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-2691.
46. Bateman DA, O'Bryan L, Nicholas SW, Heagarty MC. Outcome of unattended out-of-hospital births in Harlem. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1994;148:147-152.
47. Bhoopalam PS, Watkinson M. Babies born before arrival at hospital. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1991;98:57-64.
48. Boo NY, Guat-Sim Cheah I; Malaysian National Neonatal Registry. Admission hypothermia among VLBW infants in Malaysian NICUs. J Trop Pediatr. 2013;59:447-452. doi:10.1093/tropej/fmt051.
49. Buetow KC, Kelein SW. Effects of maintenenance of "normal" skin temperature on survival of infants of low birth weight. Pediatr. 1964;33:163-169.
50. Costeloe K, Hennessy E, Gibson AT, Marlow N, Wilkinson AR. The EPICure study: outcomes to discharge from hospital for infants born at the threshold of viability. Pediatrics. 2000;106:659-671.
51. Costeloe KL, Hennessy EM, Haider S, Stacey F, Marlow N, Draper ES. Short term outcomes after extreme preterm birth in England: comparison of two birth cohorts in 1995 and 2006 (the EPICure studies). BMJ. 2012;345:e7976.
52. da Mota Silveira SM, Gonçalves de Mello MJ, de Arruda Vidal S, de Frias PG, Cattaneo A. Hypothermia on admission: a risk factor for death in newborns referred to the Pernambuco Institute of Mother and Child Health. J Trop Pediatr. 2003;49:115-120.
53. Daga AS, Daga SR, Patole SK. Determinants of death among admissions to intensive care unit for newborns. J Trop Pediatr. 1991;37:53-56.
54. de Almeida MF, Guinsburg R, Sancho GA, Rosa IR, Lamy ZC, Martinez FE, da Silva RP, Ferrari LS, de Souza Rugolo LM, Abdallah VO, Silveira Rde C; Brazilian Network on Neonatal Research. Hypothermia and early neonatal mortality in preterm infants. J Pediatr. 2014;164:271-5.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.09.049.
55. García-Muñoz Rodrigo F, Rivero Rodríguez S, Siles Quesada C. [Hypothermia risk factors in the very low weight newborn and associated morbidity and mortality in a neonatal care unit]. An Pediatr (Barc). 2014;80:144-150. doi:10.1016/j.anpedi.2013.06.029.
56. Harms K, Osmers R, Kron M, Schill M, Kuhn W, Speer CP, Schröter W. [Mortality of premature infants 1980-1990: analysis of data from the Göttingen perinatal center]. Z Geburtshilfe Perinatol. 1994;198: 126-133.
57. Hazan J, Maag U, Chessex P. Association between hypothermia and mortality rate of premature infants-revisited. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991;164(1 Pt 1):111-112.
58. Jones P, Alberti C, Julé L, Chabernaud JL, Lodé N, Sieurin A, Dauger S. Mortality in out-of-hospital premature births. Acta Paediatr. 2011;100:181-187. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.02003.x.
59. Kambarami R, Chidede O. Neonatal hypothermia levels and risk factors for mortality in a tropical country. Cent Afr J Med. 2003;49:103-106.
60. Kent AL, Williams J. Increasing ambient operating theatre temperature and wrapping in polyethylene improves admission temperature in premature infants. J Paediatr Child Health. 2008;44: 325-331. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2007.01264.x.
61. Lee HC, Ho QT, Rhine WD. A quality improvement project to improve admission temperatures in very low birth weight infants. J Perinatol. 2008;28:754-758. doi:10.1038/jp.2008.92.
62. Levi S, Taylor W, Robinson LE, Levy LI. Analysis of morbidity and outcome of infants weighing less than 800 grams at birth. South Med J. 1984;77:975-978.
63. Manani M, Jegatheesan P, DeSandre G, Song D, Showalter L, Govindaswami B. Elimination of admission hypothermia in preterm very low-birth-weight infants by standardization of delivery room management. Perm J. 2013; 17:8-13. doi:10.7812/TPP/12-130.
64. Manji KP, Kisenge R. Neonatal hypothermia on admission to a special care unit in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania: a cause for concern. Cent Afr J Med. 2003;49:23-27.
65. Mathur NB, Krishnamurthy S, Mishra TK. Evaluation of WHO classification of hypothermia in sick extramural neonates as predictor of fatality. J Trop Pediatr. 2005; 51:341-345. doi:10.1093/tropej/fmi049.
66. Miller SS, Lee HC, Gould JB. Hypothermia in very low birth weight infants: distribution, risk factors and outcomes. J Perinatol. 2011;31 Suppl 1:S49-S56. doi:10.1038/jp.2010.177.
67. Zayeri F, Kazemnejad A, Ganjali M, Babaei G, Khanafshar N, Nayeri F. Hypothermia in Iranian newborns. Incidence, risk factors and related complications. Saudi Med J. 2005;26:1367-1371.
68. Obladen M, Heemann U, Hennecke KH, Hanssler L. [Causes of neonatal mortality 1981-1983: a regional analysis]. Z Geburtshilfe Perinatol. 1985;189:181-187.
69. Ogunlesi TA, Ogunfowora OB, Adekanmbi FA, Fetuga BM, Olanrewaju DM. Point-of-admission hypothermia among high-risk Nigerian newborns. BMC Pediatr. 2008;8:40. doi:10.1186/1471-2431-8-40.
70. Pal DK, Manandhar DS, Rajbhandari S, Land JM, Patel N, de L Costello AM. Neonatal hypoglycaemia in Nepal 1. Prevalence and risk factors. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2000;82:F46-F51.
71. Shah S, Zemichael O, Meng HD. Factors associated with mortality and length of stay in hospitalised neonates in Eritrea, Africa: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2012;2:. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000792.
72. Singh A, Yadav A, Singh A. Utilization of postnatal care for newborns and its association with neonatal mortality in India: an analytical appraisal. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2012;12:33. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-12-33.
73. Sodemann M, Nielsen J, Veirum J, Jakobsen MS, Biai S, Aaby P. Hypothermia of newborns is associated with excess mortality in the first 2 months of life in GuineaBissau, West Africa. Trop Med Int Health. 2008;13:980-986. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02113.x.
74. Stanley FJ, Alberman EV. Infants of very low birthweight. I: Perinatal factors affecting survival. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1978;20:300-312.
75. Wyckoff MH, Perlman JM. Effective ventilation and temperature control are vital to outborn resuscitation. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2004;8:191-195.
76. Kalimba EM, Ballot D. Survival of extremely low-bir th-weight infants. SAJCH. 2013;7:13-16.
77. F Nayeri FN. Hypothermia at birth and its associated complications in newborns: a follow-up study. Iranian J Pub Health. 2006;35:48-52.
78. Meyer MP, Payton MJ, Salmon A, Hutchinson C, de Klerk A. A clinical comparison of radiant warmer and incubator care for preterm infants from birth to 1800 grams. Pediatrics. 2001;108:395-401.
79. Reilly MC, Vohra S, Rac VE, Dunn M, Ferrelli K, Kiss A, Vincer M, Wimmer J, Zayack D, Soll RF; Vermont Oxford Network Heat Loss Prevention (HeLP) Trial Study Group. Randomized trial of occlusive wrap for heat loss prevention in preterm infants. J Pediatr. 2015;166:262-8.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.09.068.
80. Vohra S, Frent G, Campbell V, Abbott M, Whyte R. Effect of polyethylene occlusive skin wrapping on heat loss in very low birth weight infants at delivery: a randomized trial. J Pediatr. 1999;134:547-551.
81. Vohra S, Roberts RS, Zhang B, Janes M, Schmidt B. Heat Loss Prevention (HeLP) in the delivery room: A randomized controlled trial of polyethylene occlusive skin wrapping in very preterm infants. J Pediatr. 2004;145:750-753. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.07.036.
82. Billimoria Z, Chawla S, Bajaj M, Natarajan G. Improving admission temperature in extremely low birth weight infants: a hospital-based multi-intervention quality improvement project. J Perinat Med. 2013; 41:455-460. doi:10.1515/jpm-2012-0259.
83. Bartels DB, Kreienbrock L, Dammann O, Wenzlaff P, Poets CF. Population based study on the outcome of small for gestational age newborns. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2005;90:F53-F59. 10.1136/adc.2004.053892.
84. Carroll PD, Nankervis CA, Giannone PJ, Cordero L. Use of polyethylene bags in extremely low birth weight infant resuscitation for the prevention of hypothermia. J Reprod Med. 2010;55:9-13.
85. Gleissner M, Jorch G, Avenarius S. Risk factors for intraventricular hemorrhage in a birth cohort of 3721 premature infants. J Perinat Med. 2000;28:104-110. doi:10.1515/JPM.2000.013.
86. Herting E, Speer CP, Harms K, Robertson B, Curstedt T, Halliday HL, Compagnone D, Gefeller O, McClure G, Reid M. Factors influencing morbidity and mortality in infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome treated with single or multiple doses of a natural porcine surfactant. Biol Neonate. 1992;61 Suppl 1:26-30.
87. Van de Bor M, Van Bel F, Lineman R, Ruys JH. Perinatal factors and periventricularintraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants. Am J Dis Child. 1986;140:1125-1130.
88. Audeh S, Smolkin T, Bental Y, Haramati Z, Blazer S, Litig E, Biton R, Dolberg S, Makhoul IR. Does admission hypothermia predispose to intraventricular hemorrhage in very-low-birth-weight infants? Neonatology. 2011;100:373-379. doi:10.1159/000327370.
89. Dincsoy MY, Siddiq F, Kim YM. Intracranial hemorrhage in hypothermic low-birth-weight neonates. Childs Nerv Syst. 1990; 6:245-8; discussion 248.
90. Levene MI, Fawer CL, Lamont RF. Risk factors in the development of intraventricular haemorrhage in the preterm neonate. Arch Dis Child. 1982;57: 410-417.
91. Rong Z, Liu H, Xia S, Chang L. Risk and protective factors of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm babies in Wuhan, China. Childs Nerv Syst. 2012;28:2077-2084. doi:10.1007/s00381-012-1875-9.
92. Szymonowicz W, Yu VY, Wilson FE. Antecedents of periventricular haemorrhage in infants weighing 1250 g or less at birth. Arch Dis Child. 1984;59:13-17.
93. DeMauro SB, Douglas E, Karp K, Schmidt B, Patel J, Kronberger A, Scarboro R, Posencheg M. Improving delivery room management for very preterm infants. Pediatrics. 2013;132:e1018-e1025. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-0686.
94. Harms K, Herting E, Kron M, Schill M, Schiffmann H. [Importance of pre- and perinatal risk factors in respiratory distress syndrome of premature infants. A logical regression analysis of 1100 cases]. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol. 1997;201:258-262.
95. Lee HC, Powers RJ, Bennett MV, Finer NN, Halamek LP, Nisbet C, Crockett M, Chance K, Blackney D, von Köhler C, Kurtin P, Sharek PJ. Implementation methods for delivery room management: a quality improvement comparison study. Pediatrics. 2014;134:e1378-e1386. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-0863.
96. Russo A, McCready M, Torres L, Theuriere C, Venturini S, Spaight M, Hemway RJ, Handrinos S, Perlmutter D, Huynh T, Grunebaum A, Perlman J. Reducing hypothermia in preterm infants following delivery. Pediatrics. 2014;133:e1055-e1062. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-2544.
97. Anderson S, Shakya KN, Shrestha LN, Costello AM. Hypoglycaemia: a common problem among uncomplicated newborn infants in Nepal. J Trop Pediatr. 1993;39: 273-277.
98. Lazic-Mitrovic T, Djukic M, Cutura N, Andjelic S, Curkovic A, Soldo V, Radlovic N. [Transitory hypothermia as early prognostic factor in term newborns with intrauterine growth retardation]. Srp Arh Celok Lek. 2010;138:604-608.
99. Lenclen R, Mazraani M, Jugie M, Couderc S, Hoenn E, Carbajal R, Blanc P, Paupe A. [Use of a polyethylene bag: a way to improve the thermal environment of the premature newborn at the delivery room]. Arch Pediatr. 2002;9:238-244.
100. Sasidharan CK, Gokul E, Sabitha S. Incidence and risk factors for neonatal hypoglycaemia in Kerala, India. Ceylon Med J. 2004;49:110-113.
101. Mullany LC. Neonatal hypothermia in lowresource settings. Semin Perinatol. 2010; 34:426-433. doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2010.09.007.
102. McCarthy LK, Molloy EJ, Twomey AR, Murphy JF, O'Donnell CP. A randomized trial of exothermic mattresses for preterm newborns in polyethylene bags. Pediatrics. 2013;132:e135-e141. doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-0279.
103. Chawla S, Amaram A, Gopal SP, Natarajan G. Safety and efficacy of Trans-warmer mattress for preterm neonates: results of a randomized controlled trial. J Perinatol. 2011;31:780-784. doi:10.1038/jp.2011.33.
104. Ibrahim CP, Yoxall CW. Use of self-heating gel mattresses eliminates admission hypothermia in infants born below 28 weeks gestation. Eur J Pediatr. 2010;169:795-799. doi:10.1007/s00431-009-1113-y.
105. Singh A, Duckett J, Newton T, Watkinson M. Improving neonatal unit admission temperatures in preterm babies: exothermic mattresses, polythene bags or a traditional approach? J Perinatol. 2010;30:45-49. doi:10.1038/jp.2009.94.
106. McCarthy LK, O'Donnell CP. Warming preterm infants in the delivery room: polyethylene bags, exothermic mattresses or both? Acta Paediatr. 2011;100:1534-1537. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02375.x.
107. Knobel RB, Wimmer JE Jr, Holbert D. Heat loss prevention for preterm infants in the delivery room. J Perinatol. 2005;25:304-308. doi:10.1038/sj.jp.7211289.
108. te Pas AB, Lopriore E, Dito I, Morley CJ, Walther FJ. Humidified and heated air during stabilization at birth improves temperature in preterm infants. Pediatrics. 2010;125:e1427-e1432. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-2656.
109. Doglioni N, Cavallin F, Mardegan V, Palatron S, Filippone M, Vecchiato L, Bellettato M, Chiandetti L, Trevisanuto D. Total body polyethylene wraps for preventing hypothermia in preterm infants: a randomized trial. J Pediatr. 2014;165:261-266.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.04.010.
110. Pinheiro JM, Furdon SA, Boynton S, Dugan R, Reu-Donlon C, Jensen S. Decreasing hypothermia during delivery room stabilization of preterm neonates. Pediatrics. 2014;133:e218-e226. doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-1293.
111. Motil KJ, Blackburn MG, Pleasure JR. The effects of four different radiant warmer temperature set-points used for rewarming neonates. J Pediatr. 1974;85:546-550.
112. Tafari N, Gentz J. Aspects of rewarming newborn infants with severe accidental hypothermia. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1974; 63:595-600.
113. Racine J, Jarjoui E. Severe hypothermia in infants. Helv Paediatr Acta. 1982;37:317-322.
114. Sofer S, Yagupsky P, Hershkowits J, Bearman JE. Improved outcome of hypothermic infants. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1986;2:211-214.
115. Petrova A, Demissie K, Rhoads GG, Smulian JC, Marcella S, Ananth CV. Association of maternal fever during labor with neonatal and infant morbidity and mortality. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;98:20-27.
116. Alexander JM, McIntire DM, Leveno KJ. Chorioamnionitis and the prognosis for term infants. Obstet Gynecol. 1999;94:274-278.
117. Greenwell EA, Wyshak G, Ringer SA, Johnson LC, Rivkin MJ, Lieberman E. Intrapartum temperature elevation, epidural use, and adverse outcome in term infants. Pediatrics. 2012;129:e447-e454. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-2301.
118. Goetzl L, Manevich Y, Roedner C, Praktish A, Hebbar L, Townsend DM. Maternal and fetal oxidative stress and intrapartum term fever. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;202:363.e1-363.e5. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2010.01.034.
119. Glass HC, Pham TN, Danielsen B, Towner D, Glidden D, Wu YW. Antenatal and intrapartum risk factors for seizures in term newborns: a population-based study, California 1998-2002. J Pediatr. 2009;154:24-28.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.07.008.
120. Lieberman E, Lang J, Richardson DK, Frigoletto FD, Heffner LJ, Cohen A. Intrapartum maternal fever and neonatal outcome. Pediatrics. 2000;105(1 Pt 1):8-13.
121. Lieberman E, Eichenwald E, Mathur G, Richardson D, Heffner L, Cohen A. Intrapartum fever and unexplained seizures in term infants. Pediatrics. 2000;106:983-988.
122. Badawi N, Kurinczuk JJ, Keogh JM, Alessandri LM, O'Sullivan F, Burton PR, Pemberton PJ, Stanley FJ. Intrapartum risk factors for newborn encephalopathy: the Western Australian case-control study. BMJ. 1998;317:1554-1558.
123. Impey L, Greenwood C, MacQuillan K, Reynolds M, Sheil O. Fever in labour and neonatal encephalopathy: a prospective cohort study. BJOG. 2001;108:594-597.
124. Impey LW, Greenwood CE, Black RS, Yeh PS, Sheil O, Doyle P. The relationship between intrapartum maternal fever and neonatal acidosis as risk factors for neonatal encephalopathy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008; 198:49.e1-49.e6. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2007.06.011.
125. Linder N, Fridman E, Makhoul A, Lubin D, Klinger G, Laron-Kenet T, Yogev Y, Melamed N. Management of term newborns following maternal intrapartum fever. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2013;26:207-210. doi:10.3109/14767058.2012.722727.
126. Butwick AJ, Lipman SS, Carvalho B. Intraoperative forced air-warming during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia does not prevent maternal hypothermia. Anesth Analg. 2007;105:1413-9, table of contents. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000286167.96410.27.
127. Fallis WM, Hamelin K, Symonds J, Wang X. Maternal and newborn outcomes related to maternal warming during cesarean delivery. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2006;35:324-331. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006.00052.x.
128. Horn EP, Schroeder F, Gottschalk A, Sessler DI, Hiltmeyer N, Standl T, Schulte am Esch J. Active warming during cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg. 2002;94:409-14, table of contents.
129. Woolnough M, Allam J, Hemingway C, Cox M, Yentis SM. Intra-operative fluid warming in elective caesarean section: a blinded randomised controlled trial. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2009;18:346-351. doi:10.1016/j.ijoa.2009.02.009.
130. Yokoyama K, Suzuki M, Shimada Y, Matsushima T, Bito H, Sakamoto A. Effect of administration of pre-warmed intravenous fluids on the frequency of hypothermia following spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery. J Clin Anesth. 2009;21:242-248. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2008.12.010.
131. Belsches TC, Tilly AE, Miller TR, Kambeyanda RH, Leadford A, Manasyan A, Chomba E, Ramani M, Ambalavanan N, Carlo WA. Randomized trial of plastic bags to prevent term neonatal hypothermia in a resource-poor setting. Pediatrics. 2013;132:e656-e661. doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-0172.
132. Leadford AE, Warren JB, Manasyan A, Chomba E, Salas AA, Schelonka R, Carlo WA. Plastic bags for prevention of hypothermia in preterm and low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 2013;132:e128-e134. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-2030.
133. Raman S, Shahla A. Temperature drop in normal term newborn infants born at the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1992;32:117-119.
134. Fardig JA. A comparison of skin-to-skin contact and radiant heaters in promoting neonatal thermoregulation. J Nurse Midwifery. 1980;25:19-28.
135. Christensson K, Siles C, Moreno L, Belaustequi A, De La Fuente P, Lagercrantz H, Puyol P, Winberg J. Temperature, metabolic adaptation and crying in healthy full-term newborns cared for skin-to-skin or in a cot. Acta Paediatr. 1992;81: 488-493.
136. Christensson K. Fathers can effectively achieve heat conservation in healthy newborn infants. Acta Paediatr. 1996;85: 1354-1360.
137. Bystrova K, Widström AM, Matthiesen AS, Ransjö-Arvidson AB, Welles-Nyström B, Wassberg C, Vorontsov I, Uvnäs-Moberg K. Skin-to-skin contact may reduce negative consequences of "the stress of being born": a study on temperature in newborn infants, subjected to different ward routines in St. Petersburg. Acta Paediatr. 2003;92:320-326.
138. Gouchon S, Gregori D, Picotto A, Patrucco G, Nangeroni M, Di Giulio P. Skin-to-skin contact after cesarean delivery: an experimental study. Nurs Res. 2010;59:78-84. doi:10.1097/NNR.0b013e3181d1a8bc.
139. Marín Gabriel MA, Llana Martín I, López Escobar A, Fernández Villalba E, Romero Blanco I, Touza Pol P. Randomized controlled trial of early skin-to-skin contact: effects on the mother and the newborn. Acta Paediatr. 2010;99:1630-1634. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01597.x.
140. Nimbalkar SM, Patel VK, Patel DV, Nimbalkar AS, Sethi A, Phatak A. Effect of early skin-to-skin contact following normal delivery on incidence of hypothermia in neonates more than 1800 g: randomized control trial. J Perinatol. 2014;34:364-368. doi:10.1038/jp.2014.15.
141. Bergman NJ, Linley LL, Fawcus SR. Randomized controlled trial of skin-to-skin contact from birth versus conventional incubator for physiological stabilization in 1200-to 2199-gram newborns. Acta Paediatr. 2004;93:779-785.
142. Morley CJ, Davis PG, Doyle LW, Brion LP, Hascoet JM, Carlin JB; COIN Trial Investigators. Nasal CPAP or intubation at birth for very preterm infants. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:700-708. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa072788.
143. Support Study Group of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD Neonatal Research Network Finer NN, Carlo WA, Walsh MC, Rich W, Gantz MG, Laptook AR, Yoder BA, Faix RG, Das A, Poole WK, Donovan EF, Newman NS, Ambalavanan N, Frantz ID III, Buchter S, Sanchez PJ, Kennedy KA, Laroia N, Poindexter BB, Cotten CM, Van Meurs KP, Duara S, Narendran V, Sood BG, O'Shea TM, Bell EF, Bhandari V, Watterberg KL, Higgins RD. Early CPAP versus surfactant in extremely preterm infants. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1970-1979.
144. Dunn MS, Kaempf J, de Klerk A, de Klerk R, Reilly M, Howard D, Ferrelli K, O'Conor J, Soll RF; Vermont Oxford Network DRM Study Group. Randomized trial comparing 3 approaches to the initial respiratory management of preterm neonates. Pediatrics. 2011;128:e1069-e1076. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-3848.
145. Dani C, Bertini G, Pezzati M, Cecchi A, Caviglioli C, Rubaltelli FF. Early extubation and nasal continuous positive airway pressure after surfactant treatment for respiratory distress syndrome among preterm infants, 30 weeks' gestation. Pediatrics. 2004;113:e560-e563.
146. Vyas H, Milner AD, Hopkin IE, Boon AW. Physiologic responses to prolonged and slow-rise inflation in the resuscitation of the asphyxiated newborn infant. J Pediatr. 1981;99:635-639.
147. Harling AE, Beresford MW, Vince GS, Bates M, Yoxall CW. Does sustained lung inflation at resuscitation reduce lung injury in the preterm infant? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2005;90:F406-F410. doi:10.1136/adc.2004.059303.
148. Lindner W, Högel J, Pohlandt F. Sustained pressure-controlled inflation or intermittent mandatory ventilation in preterm infants in the delivery room? A randomized, controlled trial on initial respiratory support via nasopharyngeal tube. Acta Paediatr. 2005;94:303-309.
149. Lista G, Fontana P, Castoldi F, Cavigioli F, Dani C. Does sustained lung inflation at birth improve outcome of preterm infants at risk for respiratory distress syndrome? Neonatology. 2011;99:45-50. doi:10.1159/000298312.
150. Lindner W, Vossbeck S, Hummler H, Pohlandt F. Delivery room management of extremely low birth weight infants: spontaneous breathing or intubation? Pediatrics. 1999;103:961-967.
151. Klingenberg C, Sobotka KS, Ong T, Allison BJ, Schmölzer GM, Moss TJ, Polglase GR, Dawson JA, Davis PG, Hooper SB. Effect of sustained inflation duration; resuscitation of near-term asphyxiated lambs. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2013; 98:F222-F227. doi:10.1136/archdischild2012-301787.
152. te Pas AB, Siew M, Wallace MJ, Kitchen MJ, Fouras A, Lewis RA, Yagi N, Uesugi K, Donath S, Davis PG, Morley CJ, Hooper SB. Effect of sustained inflation length on establishing functional residual capacity at birth in ventilated premature rabbits. Pediatr Res. 2009;66:295-300. doi:10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181b1bca4.
153. Klöpping-Ketelaars WA, Maertzdorf WJ, Blanco CE. Effect of sustained inflations applied directly after cord clamping on lung function in premature newborn lambs. Acta Paediatr. 1994;83:1017-1021.
154. Tingay DG, Bhatia R, Schmölzer GM, Wallace MJ, Zahra VA, Davis PG. Effect of sustained inflation vs. stepwise PEEP strategy at birth on gas exchange and lung mechanics in preterm lambs. Pediatr Res. 2014;75:288-294. doi:10.1038/pr.2013.218.
155. te Pas AB, Walther FJ. A randomized, controlled trial of delivery room respiratory management in very preterm infants. Pediatrics. 2007;120:322-329. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-0114.
156. Dawson JA, Schmölzer GM, Kamlin CO, Te Pas AB, O'Donnell CP, Donath SM, Davis PG, Morley CJ. Oxygenation with T-piece versus self-inflating bag for ventilation of extremely preterm infants at birth: a randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr. 2011; 158:912-918.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.12.003.
157. Szyld E, Aguilar A, Musante GA, Vain N, Prudent L, Fabres J, Carlo WA; Delivery Room Ventilation Devices Trial Group. Comparison of devices for newborn ventilation in the delivery room. J Pediatr. 2014;165:234-239.e3. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.02.035.
158. Al Takroni AM, Parvathi CK, Mendis KB, Hassan S, Reddy I, Kudair HA. Selective tracheal suctioning to prevent meconium aspiration syndrome. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1998;63:259-263.
159. Peng TC, Gutcher GR, Van Dorsten JP. A selective aggressive approach to the neonate exposed to meconium-stained amniotic fluid. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;175: 296-301; discussion 301.
160. Yoder BA. Meconium-stained amniotic fluid and respiratory complications: impact of selective tracheal suction. Obstet Gynecol. 1994;83:77-84.
161. Chishty AL, Alvi Y, Iftikhar M, Bhutta TI. Meconium aspiration in neonates: combined obstetric and paediatric intervention improves outcome. J Pak Med Assoc. 1996;46:104-108.
162. Falciglia HS. Failure to prevent meconium aspiration syndrome. Obstet Gynecol. 1988; 71(3 Pt 1):349-353.
163. Fox WW, Gutsche BB, DeVore JS. A delivery room approach to the meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS). Immediate intubation, endotracheal suction, and oxygen administration can reduce morbidity and mortality. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1977;16:325-328.
164. Gregory GA, Gooding CA, Phibbs RH, Tooley WH. Meconium aspiration in infants-a prospective study. J Pediatr. 1974;85:848-852.
165. Wiswell TE, Tuggle JM, Turner BS. Meconium aspiration syndrome: have we made a difference? Pediatrics. 1990;85:715-721.
166. Wiswell TE, Henley MA. Intratracheal suctioning, systemic infection, and the meconium aspiration syndrome. Pediatrics. 1992;89:203-206.
167. Ting P, Brady JP. Tracheal suction in meconium aspiration. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1975;122:767-771.
168. rd, Harris BA Jr, Wilson ER, Huddleston JF. Fatal meconium aspiration syndrome occurring despite airway management considered appropriate. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985;151:731-736.
169. Dooley SL, Pesavento DJ, Depp R, Socol ML, Tamura RK, Wiringa KS. Meconium below the vocal cords at delivery: correlation with intrapartum events. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985;153:767-770.
170. Hageman JR, Conley M, Francis K, Stenske J, Wolf I, Santi V, Farrell EE. Delivery room management of meconium staining of the amniotic fluid and the development of meconium aspiration syndrome. J Perinatol. 1988;8:127-131.
171. Manganaro R, Mamì C, Palmara A, Paolata A, Gemelli M. Incidence of meconium aspiration syndrome in term meconiumstained babies managed at birth with selective tracheal intubation. J Perinat Med. 2001;29:465-468. doi:10.1515/JPM.2001.065.
172. Rossi EM, Philipson EH, Williams TG, Kalhan SC. Meconium aspiration syndrome: intrapartum and neonatal attributes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989;161:1106-1110.
173. Suresh GK, Sarkar S. Delivery room management of infants born through thin meconium stained liquor. Indian Pediatr. 1994;31:1177-1181.
174. Armanian AM, Badiee Z. Resuscitation of preterm newborns with low concentration oxygen versus high concentration oxygen. J Res Pharm Pract. 2012;1:25-29. doi:10.4103/2279-042X.99674.
175. Kapadia VS, Chalak LF, Sparks JE, Allen JR, Savani RC, Wyckoff MH. Resuscitation of preterm neonates with limited versus high oxygen strategy. Pediatrics. 2013;132:e1488-e1496. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-0978.
176. Lundstrøm KE, Pryds O, Greisen G. Oxygen at birth and prolonged cerebral vasoconstriction in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1995;73:F81-F86.
177. Rabi Y, Singhal N, Nettel-Aguirre A. Roomair versus oxygen administration for resuscitation of preterm infants: the ROAR study. Pediatrics. 2011;128:e374-e381. doi: 10.1542/peds.2010-3130.
178. Rook D, Schierbeek H, Vento M, Vlaardingerbroek H, van der Eijk AC, Longini M, Buonocore G, Escobar J, van Goudoever JB, Vermeulen MJ. Resuscitation of preterm infants with different inspired oxygen fractions. J Pediatr. 2014;164:1322-6.e3. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.02.019.
179. nd, Arduini A, Escobar JJ, Sastre J, Asensi MA. Preterm resuscitation with low oxygen causes less oxidative stress, inflammation, and chronic lung disease. Pediatrics. 2009;124:e439-e449. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-0434.
180. Wang CL, Anderson C, Leone TA, Rich W, Govindaswami B, Finer NN. Resuscitation of preterm neonates by using room air or 100% oxygen. Pediatrics. 2008;121:1083-1089. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-1460.
181. Dawson JA, Kamlin CO, Wong C, te Pas AB, O'Donnell CP, Donath SM, Davis PG, Morley CJ. Oxygen saturation and heart rate during delivery room resuscitation of infants, 30 weeks' gestation with air or 100% oxygen. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2009;94:F87-F91. doi:10.1136/adc.2008.141341.
182. Christman C, Hemway RJ, Wyckoff MH, Perlman JM. The two-thumb is superior to the two-finger method for administering chest compressions in a manikin model of neonatal resuscitation. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2011;96:F99-F101. doi:10.1136/adc.2009.180406.
183. Dorfsman ML, Menegazzi JJ, Wadas RJ, Auble TE. Two-thumb vs. two-finger chest compression in an infant model of prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Acad Emerg Med. 2000;7:1077-1082.
184. Houri PK, Frank LR, Menegazzi JJ, Taylor R. A randomized, controlled trial of two-thumb vs two-finger chest compression in a swine infant model of cardiac arrest [see comment]. Prehosp Emerg Care. 1997;1:65-67.
185. Martin PS, Kemp AM, Theobald PS, Maguire SA, Jones MD. Do chest compressions during simulated infant CPR comply with international recommendations? Arch Dis Child. 2013;98:576-581. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2012-302583.
186. Martin PS, Kemp AM, Theobald PS, Maguire SA, Jones MD. Does a more "physiological" infant manikin design effect chest compression quality and create a potential for thoracic over-compression during simulated infant CPR? Resuscitation. 2013;84: 666-671. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.10.005.
187. Martin P, Theobald P, Kemp A, Maguire S, Maconochie I, Jones M. Real-time feedback can improve infant manikin cardiopulmonary resuscitation by up to 79%-a randomised controlled trial. Resuscitation. 2013;84:1125-1130. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.03.029.
188. Menegazzi JJ, Auble TE, Nicklas KA, Hosack GM, Rack L, Goode JS. Two-thumb versus two-finger chest compression during CRP in a swine infant model of cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med. 1993;22:240-243.
189. Udassi S, Udassi JP, Lamb MA, Theriaque DW, Shuster JJ, Zaritsky AL, Haque IU. Two-thumb technique is superior to two-finger technique during lone rescuer infant manikin CPR. Resuscitation. 2010;81:712-717. doi:101016/j.resuscitation.200912.029.
190. Whitelaw CC, Slywka B, Goldsmith LJ. Comparison of a two-finger versus two-thumb method for chest compressions by healthcare providers in an infant mechanical model. Resuscitation. 2000;43: 213-216.
191. David R. Closed chest cardiac massage in the newborn infant. Pediatrics. 1988;81: 552-554.
192. MOYA F, JAMES LS, BURNARD ED, HANKS EC. Cardiac massage in the newborn infant through the intact chest. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1962;84:798-803.
193. THALER MM, STOBIE GH. AN IMPROVED TECHNIC OF EXTERNAL CARDIAC COMPRESSION IN INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN. N Engl J Med. 1963;269:606-610. doi:10.1056/NEJM196309192691204.
194. Todres ID, Rogers MC. Methods of external cardiac massage in the newborn infant. J Pediatr. 1975;86:781-782.
195. Dellimore K, Heunis S, Gohier F, Archer E, de Villiers A, Smith J, Scheffer C. Development of a diagnostic glove for unobtrusive measurement of chest compression force and depth during neonatal CPR. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2013;2013:350-353. doi:10.1109/EMBC.2013.6609509.
196. Park J, Yoon C, Lee JC, Jung JY, Kim do K, Kwak YH, Kim HC. Manikin-integrated digital measuring system for assessment of infant cardiopulmonary resuscitation techniques. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform. 2014;18:1659-1667. doi:10.1109/JBHI.2013.2288641.
197. Huynh TK, Hemway RJ, Perlman JM. The two-thumb technique using an elevated surface is preferable for teaching infant cardiopulmonary resuscitation. J Pediatr. 2012;161:658-661. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.03.019.
198. Udassi JP, Udassi S, Theriaque DW, Shuster JJ, Zaritsky AL, Haque IU. Effect of alternative chest compression techniques in infant and child on rescuer performance. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2009;10:328-333. doi:10.1097/PCC.0b013e31819886ab.
199. Fakhraddin BZ, Shimizu N, Kurosawa S, Sakai H, Miyasaka K, Mizutani S. New method of chest compression for infants in a single rescuer situation: thumb-index finger technique. J Med Dent Sci. 2011;58: 15-22.
200. Udassi JP, Udassi S, Lamb MA, Lamb KE, Theriaque DW, Shuster JJ, Zaritsky AL, Haque IU. Improved chest recoil using an adhesive glove device for active compressiondecompression CPR in a pediatric manikin model. Resuscitation. 2009;80:1158-1163. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2009.06.016.
201. Franke I, Pingen A, Schiffmann H, Vogel M, Vlajnic D, Ganschow R, Born M; for Arbeitsgemeinschaft Kinderschutz in der Medizin. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)-related posterior rib fractures in neonates and infants following recommended changes in CPR techniques. Child Abuse Negl. 2014;38:1267-1274. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.01.021.
202. Orlowski JP. Optimum position for external cardiac compression in infants and young children. Ann Emerg Med. 1986;15: 667-673.
203. You Y. Optimum location for chest compressions during two-rescuer infant cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2009;80:1378-1381. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2009.08.013.
204. Saini SS, Gupta N, Kumar P, Bhalla AK, Kaur H. A comparison of two-fingers technique and two-thumbs encircling hands technique of chest compression in neonates. J Perinatol. 2012;32:690-694. doi:10.1038/jp.2011.167.
205. Phillips GW, Zideman DA. Relation of infant heart to sternum: its significance in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Lancet. 1986; 1:1024-1025.
206. Lee SH, Cho YC, Ryu S, Lee JW, Kim SW, Yoo IS, You YH, Lee BK, Park JS, Park SS, Jung WJ. A comparison of the area of chest compression by the superimposed-thumb and the alongside-thumb techniques for infant cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2011;82:1214-1217. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.04.016.
207. Lim JS, Cho Y, Ryu S, Lee JW, Kim S, Yoo IS, You Y, Lee BK, Min JH, Jeong WJ. Comparison of overlapping (OP) and adjacent thumb positions (AP) for cardiac compressions using the encircling method in infants. Emerg Med J. 2013;30:139-142. doi:10.1136/emermed-2011-200978.
208. Lee KH, Kim EY, Park DH, Kim JE, Choi HY, Cho J, Yang HJ. Evaluation of the 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for infant CPR finger/thumb positions for chest compression: a study using computed tomography. Resuscitation. 2013;84: 766-769. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.11.005.
209. Clements F, McGowan J. Finger position for chest compressions in cardiac arrest in infants. Resuscitation. 2000;44:43-46.
210. Solevåg AL, Dannevig I, Wyckoff M, Saugstad OD, Nakstad B. Extended series of cardiac compressions during CPR in a swine model of perinatal asphyxia. Resuscitation. 2010;81:1571-1576. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.06.007.
211. Solevåg AL, Dannevig I, Wyckoff M, Saugstad OD, Nakstad B. Return of spontaneous circulation with a compression: ventilation ratio of 15:2 versus 3:1 in newborn pigs with cardiac arrest due to asphyxia. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2011;96:F417-F421. doi:10.1136/adc.2010.200386.
212. Dannevig I, Solevåg AL, Saugstad OD, Nakstad B. Lung Injury in Asphyxiated Newborn Pigs Resuscitated from Cardiac Arrest - The Impact of Supplementary Oxygen, Longer Ventilation Intervals and Chest Compressions at Different Compression-to-Ventilation Ratios. Open Respir Med J. 2012;6:89-96. doi:10.2174/1874306401206010089.
213. Dannevig I, Solevåg AL, Sonerud T, Saugstad OD, Nakstad B. Brain inflammation induced by severe asphyxia in newborn pigs and the impact of alternative resuscitation strategies on the newborn central nervous system. Pediatr Res. 2013; 73:163-170. doi:10.1038/pr.2012.167.
214. Hemway RJ, Christman C, Perlman J. The 3:1 is superior to a 15:2 ratio in a newborn manikin model in terms of quality of chest compressions and number of ventilations. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2013;98:F42-F45. doi:10.1136/archdischild2011-301334.
215. Solevåg AL, Madland JM, Gjærum E, Nakstad B. Minute ventilation at different compression to ventilation ratios, different ventilation rates, and continuous chest compressions with asynchronous ventilation in a newborn manikin. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2012;20:73. doi:10.1186/1757-7241-20-73.
216. Lakshminrusimha S, Steinhorn RH, Wedgwood S, Savorgnan F, Nair J, Mathew B, Gugino SF, Russell JA, Swartz DD. Pulmonary hemodynamics and vascular reactivity in asphyxiated term lambs resuscitated with 21 and 100% oxygen. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2011;111:1441-1447. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00711.2011.
217. Linner R, Werner O, Perez-de-Sa V, Cunha Goncalves D. Circulatory recovery is as fast with air ventilation as with 100% oxygen after asphyxia-induced cardiac arrest in piglets. Pediatr Res. 2009;66:391-394. doi:10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181b3b110.
218. Lipinski CA, Hicks SD, Callaway CW. Normoxic ventilation during resuscitation and outcome from asphyxial cardiac arrest in rats. Resuscitation. 1999;42:221-229.
219. Perez-de-Sa V, Cunha-Goncalves D, Nordh A, Hansson S, Larsson A, Ley D, Fellman V, Werner O. High brain tissue oxygen tension during ventilation with 100% oxygen after fetal asphyxia in newborn sheep. Pediatr Res. 2009;65:57-61.
220. Solevåg AL, Dannevig I, Nakstad B, Saugstad OD. Resuscitation of severely asphyctic newborn pigs with cardiac arrest by using 21% or 100% oxygen. Neonatology. 2010;98: 64-72. doi:10.1159/000275560.
221. Temesvári P, Karg E, Bódi I, Németh I, Pintér S, Lazics K, Domoki F, Bari F. Impaired early neurologic outcome in newborn piglets reoxygenated with 100% oxygen compared with room air after pneumothorax-induced asphyxia. Pediatr Res. 2001;49:812-819. doi:10.1203/00006450-200106000-00017.
222. Walson KH, Tang M, Glumac A, Alexander H, Manole MD, Ma L, Hsia CJ, Clark RS, Kochanek PM, Kagan VE, Bayr H. Normoxic versus hyperoxic resuscitation in pediatric asphyxial cardiac arrest: effects on oxidative stress. Crit Care Med. 2011;39: 335-343. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181ffda0e.
223. Yeh ST, Cawley RJ, Aune SE, Angelos MG. Oxygen requirement during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to effect return of spontaneous circulation. Resuscitation. 2009;80:951-955. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2009.05.001.
224. Matsiukevich D, Randis TM, Utkina-Sosunova I, Polin RA, Ten VS. The state of systemic circulation, collapsed or preserved defines the need for hyperoxic or normoxic resuscitation in neonatal mice with hypoxiaischemia. Resuscitation. 2010;81:224-229. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2009.11.024.
225. Faa A, Iacovidou N, Xanthos T, Locci A, Pampaloni P, Aroni F, Papalois A, Faa G, Fanos V. Hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced myocardial lesions in newborn piglets are related to interindividual variability and not to oxygen concentration. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2012;67:503-508.
226. Markus T, Hansson S, Amer-Wåhlin I, Hellström Westas L, Saugstad OD, Ley D. Cerebral inflammatory response after fetal asphyxia and hyperoxic resuscitation in newborn sheep. Pediatr Res. 2007;62:71-77. doi:10.1203/PDR.0b013e31811ead6e.
227. Mendoza-Paredes A, Liu H, Schears G, Yu Z, Markowitz SD, Schultz S, Pastuszko P, Greeley WJ, Nadkarni V, Kubin J, Wilson DF, Pastuszko A. Resuscitation with 100%, compared with 21%, oxygen following brief, repeated periods of apnea can protect vulnerable neonatal brain regions from apoptotic injury. Resuscitation. 2008; 76:261-270. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2007.07.022.
228. Singh R. Controlled trial to evaluate the use of LMA for neonatal resuscitation. J Anaesth Clin Pharmacol. 2005;21:303-306.
229. Zhu XY, Lin BC, Zhang QS, Ye HM, Yu RJ. A prospective evaluation of the efficacy of the laryngeal mask airway during neonatal resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2011; 82:1405-1409. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.06.010.
230. Feroze F, Masood N, Khuwaja A, Malik F. Neonatal resuscitation: the use of laryngeal mask airway. Prof Med J. 2008;15: 148-152.
231. Esmail N, Saleh M, et al. Laryngeal mask airway versus endotracheal intubation for Apgar score improvement in neonatal resuscitation. Egyptian Journal of Anesthesiology. 2002;18:115-121.
232. Schmölzer GM, Morley CJ, Wong C, Dawson JA, Kamlin CO, Donath SM, Hooper SB, Davis PG. Respiratory function monitor guidance of mask ventilation in the delivery room: a feasibility study. J Pediatr. 2012;160:377-381.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.09.017.
233. Kong JY, Rich W, Finer NN, Leone TA. Quantitative end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring in the delivery room: a randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr. 2013;163:104-8.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.12.016.
234. Berg RA, Henry C, Otto CW, Sanders AB, Kern KB, Hilwig RW, Ewy GA. Initial endtidal CO2 is markedly elevated during cardiopulmonary resuscitation after asphyxial cardiac arrest. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1996; 12:245-248.
235. 2 detection of an audible heart rate during neonatal cardiopulmonary resuscitation after asystole in asphyxiated piglets. Pediatr Res. 2011;69(5 Pt 1):401-405. doi:10.1203/PDR.0b013e3182125f7f.
236. Bhende MS, Karasic DG, Menegazzi JJ. Evaluation of an end-tidal CO2 detector during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a canine model for pediatric cardiac arrest. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1995;11:365-368.
237. Bhende MS, Karasic DG, Karasic RB. Endtidal carbon dioxide changes during cardiopulmonary resuscitation after experimental asphyxial cardiac arrest. Am J Emerg Med. 1996;14:349-350. doi: 10.1016/S0735-6757(96)90046-7.
238. Bhende MS, Thompson AE. Evaluation of an end-tidal CO2 detector during pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Pediatrics. 1995;95:395-399.
239. Jacobs SE, Morley CJ, Inder TE, Stewart MJ, Smith KR, McNamara PJ, Wright IM, Kirpalani HM, Darlow BA, Doyle LW; Infant Cooling Evaluation Collaboration. Wholebody hypothermia for term and nearterm newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011;165: 692-700. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.43.
240. Bharadwaj SK, Bhat BV. Therapeutic hypothermia using gel packs for term neonates with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy in resource-limited settings: a randomized controlled trial. J Trop Pediatr. 2012;58: 382-388. doi:10.1093/tropej/fms005.
241. Robertson NJ, Hagmann CF, Acolet D, Allen E, Nyombi N, Elbourne D, Costello A, Jacobs I, Nakakeeto M, Cowan F. Pilot randomized trial of therapeutic hypothermia with serial cranial ultrasound and 18-22 month follow-up for neonatal encephalopathy in a low resource hospital setting in Uganda: study protocol. Trials. 2011;12:138. doi:10.1186/1745-6215-12-138.
242. Thayyil S, Shankaran S, Wade A, Cowan FM, Ayer M, Satheesan K, Sreejith C, Eyles H, Taylor AM, Bainbridge A, Cady EB, Robertson NJ, Price D, Balraj G. Whole-body cooling in neonatal encephalopathy using phase changing material. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2013;98:F280-F281. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-303840.
243. Medlock S, Ravelli AC, Tamminga P, Mol BW, Abu-Hanna A. Prediction of mortality in very premature infants: a systematic review of prediction models. PLoS One. 2011;6:e23441. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023441.
244. Tyson JE, Parikh NA, Langer J, Green C, Higgins RD; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Intensive care for extreme prematurity-moving beyond gestational age. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1672-1681. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa073059.
245. Manktelow BN, Seaton SE, Field DJ, Draper ES. Population-based estimates of in-unit survival for very preterm infants. Pediatrics. 2013;131:e425-e432. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-2189.
246. Ambalavanan N, Carlo WA, Bobashev G, Mathias E, Liu B, Poole K, Fanaroff AA, Stoll BJ, Ehrenkranz R, Wright LL; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Prediction of death for extremely low birth weight neonates. Pediatrics. 2005; 116:1367-1373. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-2099.
247. Bottoms SF, Paul RH, Mercer BM, MacPherson CA, Caritis SN, Moawad AH, Van Dorsten JP, Hauth JC, Thurnau GR, Miodovnik M, Meis PM, Roberts JM, McNellis D, Iams JD. Obstetric determinants of neonatal survival: antenatal predictors of neonatal survival and morbidity in extremely low birth weight infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;180(3 Pt 1): 665-669.
248. Casalaz DM, Marlow N, Speidel BD. Outcome of resuscitation following unexpected apparent stillbirth. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1998;78:F112-F115.
249. Harrington DJ, Redman CW, Moulden M, Greenwood CE. The long-term outcome in surviving infants with Apgar zero at 10 minutes: a systematic review of the literature and hospital-based cohort. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;196:463.e1-463.e5. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2006.10.877.
250. Kasdorf E, Laptook A, Azzopardi D, Jacobs S, Perlman JM. Improving infant outcome with a 10 min Apgar of 0. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2015;100:F102-F105. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2014-306687.
251. Laptook AR, Shankaran S, Ambalavanan N, Carlo WA, McDonald SA, Higgins RD, Das A; Hypothermia Subcommittee of the NICHD Neonatal Research Network. Outcome of term infants using apgar scores at 10 minutes following hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Pediatrics. 2009;124:1619-1626. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-0934.
252. Patel H, Beeby PJ. Resuscitation beyond 10 minutes of term babies born without signs of life. J Paediatr Child Health. 2004; 40:136-138.
253. Sarkar S, Bhagat I, Dechert RE, Barks JD. Predicting death despite therapeutic hypothermia in infants with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2010;95:F423-F428. doi:10.1136/adc.2010.182725.
254. Nelson KB, Ellenberg JH. Apgar scores as predictors of chronic neurologic disability. Pediatrics. 1981;68:36-44.
255. Natarajan G, Shankaran S, Laptook AR, Pappas A, Bann CM, McDonald SA, Das A, Higgins RD, Hintz SR, Vohr BR; Extended Hypothermia Subcommittee of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Apgar scores at 10 min and outcomes at 6-7 years following hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2013;98:F473-F479. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-303692.
256. Scott H. Outcome of very severe birth asphyxia. Arch Dis Child. 1976;51:712-716.
257. Koppe JG, Kleiverda G. Severe asphyxia and outcome of survivors. Resuscitation. 1984;12:193-206.
258. Steiner H, Neligan G. Perinatal cardiac arrest. Quality of the survivors. Arch Dis Child. 1975;50:696-702.
259. Ekert P, Perlman M, Steinlin M, Hao Y. Predicting the outcome of postasphyxial hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy within 4 hours of birth. J Pediatr. 1997;131: 613-617.
260. Shah PS, Beyene J, To T, Ohlsson A, Perlman M. Postasphyxial hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in neonates: outcome prediction rule within 4 hours of birth. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006;160:729-736. doi:10.1001/archpedi.160.7.729.
261. Berden HJ, Willems FF, Hendrick JM, Pijls NH, Knape JT. How frequently should basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation training be repeated to maintain adequate skills? BMJ. 1993;306:1576-1577.
262. Ernst KD, Cline WL, Dannaway DC, Davis EM, Anderson MP, Atchley CB, Thompson BM. Weekly and consecutive day neonatal intubation training: comparable on a pediatrics clerkship. Acad Med. 2014;89:505-510. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000000150.
263. Kaczorowski J, Levitt C, Hammond M, Outerbridge E, Grad R, Rothman A, Graves L. Retention of neonatal resuscitation skills and knowledge: a randomized controlled trial. Fam Med. 1998;30:705-711.
264. Kovacs G, Bullock G, Ackroyd-Stolarz S, Cain E, Petrie D. A randomized controlled trial on the effect of educational interventions in promoting airway management skill maintenance. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;36:301-309. doi:10.1067/mem.2000.109339.
265. Montgomery C, Kardong-Edgren SE, Oermann MH, Odom-Maryon T. Student satisfaction and self report of CPR competency: HeartCode BLS courses, instructor-led CPR courses, and monthly voice advisory manikin practice for CPR skill maintenance. Int J Nurs Educ Scholarsh. 2012;9:. doi:10.1515/1548-923X.2361.
266. Oermann MH, Kardong-Edgren SE, Odom-Maryon T. Effects of monthly practice on nursing students' CPR psychomotor skill performance. Resuscitation. 2011;82:447-453. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.11.022.
267. Stross JK. Maintaining competency in advanced cardiac life support skills. JAMA. 1983;249:3339-3341.
268. Su E, Schmidt TA, Mann NC, Zechnich AD. A randomized controlled trial to assess decay in acquired knowledge among paramedics completing a pediatric resuscitation course. Acad Emerg Med. 2000;7:779-786.
269. Sutton RM, Niles D, Meaney PA, Aplenc R, French B, Abella BS, Lengetti EL, Berg RA, Helfaer MA, Nadkarni V. "Booster" training: evaluation of instructor-led bedside cardiopulmonary resuscitation skill training and automated corrective feedback to improve cardiopulmonary resuscitation compliance of Pediatric Basic Life Support providers during simulated cardiac arrest. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2011;12:e116-e121. doi:101097/PCC.0b013e3181e91271.
270. Turner NM, Scheffer R, Custers E, Cate OT. Use of unannounced spaced telephone testing to improve retention of knowledge after life-support courses. Med Teach. 2011;33:731-737. doi:10.3109/0142159X.2010.542521.
271. Lubin J, Carter R. The feasibility of daily mannequin practice to improve intubation success. Air Med J. 2009;28:195-197. doi:10.1016/j.amj.2009.03.006.
272. Mosley CM, Shaw BN. A longitudinal cohort study to investigate the retention of knowledge and skills following attendance on the Newborn Life support course. Arch Dis Child. 2013;98:582-586. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2012-303263.
273. Nadel FM, Lavelle JM, Fein JA, Giardino AP, Decker JM, Durbin DR. Teaching resuscitation to pediatric residents: the effects of an intervention. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000;154:1049-1054.
274. Niles D, Sutton RM, Donoghue A, Kalsi MS, Roberts K, Boyle L, Nishisaki A, Arbogast KB, Helfaer M, Nadkarni V. "Rolling Refreshers": a novel approach to maintain CPR psychomotor skill competence. Resuscitation. 2009;80:909-912. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2009.04.021.
275. rd, Helfaer MA, Walls RM, Nadkarni VM. Effect of just-in-time simulation training on tracheal intubation procedure safety in the pediatric intensive care unit. Anesthesiology. 2010;113:214-223. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181e19bf2.
276. O'Donnell CM, Skinner AC. An evaluation of a short course in resuscitation training in a district general hospital. Resuscitation. 1993;26:193-201.
277. Naji SA, Maguire GP, Fairbairn SA, Goldberg DP, Faragher EB. Training clinical teachers in psychiatry to teach interviewing skills to medical students. Med Educ. 1986;20:140-147.
278. Breckwoldt J, Svensson J, Lingemann C, Gruber H. Does clinical teacher training always improve teaching effectiveness as opposed to no teacher training? A randomized controlled study. BMC Med Educ. 2014;14:6. doi:10.1186/1472-6920-14-6.
279. Boerboom TB, Jaarsma D, Dolmans DH, Scherpbier AJ, Mastenbroek NJ, Van Beukelen P. Peer group reflection helps clinical teachers to critically reflect on their teaching. Med Teach. 2011;33:e615-e623. doi:10.3109/0142159X.2011.610840.
280. Litzelman DK, Stratos GA, Marriott DJ, Lazaridis EN, Skeff KM. Beneficial and harmful effects of augmented feedback on physicians' clinical-teaching performances. Acad Med. 1998;73:324-332.
281. Schum TR, Yindra KJ. Relationship between systematic feedback to faculty and ratings of clinical teaching. Acad Med. 1996;71:1100-1102.
282. rd. Evaluation of the seminar method to improve clinical teaching. J Gen Intern Med. 1986;1:315-322.
283. Lye P, Heidenreich C, Wang-Cheng R, Bragg D, Simpson D; Advanced Faculty Development Group. Experienced clinical educators improve their clinical teaching effectiveness. Ambul Pediatr. 2003;3:93-97.
284. Regan-Smith M, Hirschmann K, Iobst W. Direct observation of faculty with feedback: an effective means of improving patient centered and learner-centered teaching skills. Teach Learn Med. 2007;19:278-286. doi:10.1080/10401330701366739.