Neonatal resuscitation: 2010 International consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations

Pediatrics

Volumn 126, Issue 5, 2010, Pages

  Perlman, Jeffrey M ^a   Wyllie, Jonathan ^a   Kattwinkel, John ^a   Atkins, Dianne L ^a   Chameides, Leon ^a   Goldsmith, Jay P ^a   Guinsburg, Ruth ^a   Hazinski, Mary Fran ^a   Morley, Colin ^a   Richmond, Sam ^a   Simon, Wendy M ^a   Singhal, Nalini ^a   Szyld, Edgardo ^a   Tamura, Masanori ^a   Velaphi, Sithembiso ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Arrhythmia; Cardiopulmonary resuscitation; Pediatrics; Resuscitation

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN; BICARBONATE; CARBON DIOXIDE; GLUCOSE; NALOXONE;

ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; ASSISTED CIRCULATION; BODY TEMPERATURE; BRADYCARDIA; BREATHING; CARBON DIOXIDE BREATHING; CARDIOPULMONARY FUNCTION; CESAREAN SECTION; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLORIMETRY; COMPRESSION; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONSENSUS; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MEGADOSE; ELECTIVE SURGERY; EMERGENCY CARE; ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE; FLUID THERAPY; HEART RATE; HUMAN; HYPOGLYCEMIA; INDUCED HYPOTHERMIA; INTERMITTENT POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION; LARYNGEAL MASK; LUNG COMPLIANCE; LUNG DYSPLASIA; MECONIUM ASPIRATION; NEONATAL RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME; NEWBORN HYPOXIA; NEWBORN INTENSIVE CARE; NEWBORN MONITORING; NONHUMAN; OXYGEN THERAPY; OXYGENATION; PHOTOTHERAPY; POSITIVE END EXPIRATORY PRESSURE; PREMATURITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULSE OXIMETRY; RESPIRATION DEPRESSION; RESUSCITATION; THERAPY EFFECT; THERMOREGULATION; TIDAL VOLUME; TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TOILET; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT; VASCULAR ACCESS;

ALGORITHMS; CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION; EMERGENCIES; HEART ARREST; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY; RESUSCITATION; SURVIVAL RATE;

EID: 78049446500     PISSN: 00314005     EISSN: 10984275     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2010-2972B     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (170)

1. Perlman JM, Risser R. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the delivery room: associated clinical events. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1995;149:20-25
2. Barber CA, Wyckoff MH. Use and efficacy of endotracheal versus intravenous epinephrine during neonatal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the delivery room. Pediatrics. 2006;118:1028-1034
3. 2005 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. Part 7: Neonatal Resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2005;67:293-303
4. 2005 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. Part 7: Neonatal Resuscitation. Circulation. 2005;112:III-91-III-99
5. Dawes GS. Foetal and neonatal physiology. Chicago, IL: Year Book Medical Publishers; 1968:149
6. Owen CJ, Wyllie JP. Determination of heart rate in the baby at birth. Resuscitation. 2004;60:213-217
7. Kamlin CO, Dawson JA, O'Donnell CP, Morley CJ, Donath SM, Sekhon J, Davis PG. Accuracy of pulse oximetry measurement of heart rate of newborn infants in the delivery room. J Pediatr. 2008;152:756-760
8. Dawson JA, Kamlin CO, Wong C, Te Pas AB, O'Donnell CP, Donath SM, Davis PG, Morley CJ. Oxygen saturation and heart rate during delivery room resuscitation of infants <30 weeks' gestation with air or 100% oxygen. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2009;94:F87-F91
9. Altuncu E, Ozek E, Bilgen H, Topuzoglu A, Kavuncuoglu S. Percentiles of oxygen saturations in healthy term newborns in the first minutes of life. Eur J Pediatr. 2008;167:687-688
10. O'Donnell CP, Kamlin CO, Davis PG, Morley CJ. Obtaining pulse oximetry data in neonates: a randomised crossover study of sensor application techniques. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2005;90:F84-F85
11. Wang CL, Anderson C, Leone TA, Rich W, Govindaswami B, Finer NN. Resuscitation of preterm neonates by using room air or 100% oxygen. Pediatrics. 2008;121:1083-1089
12. Vento M, Asensi M, Sastre J, Garcia-Sala F, Pallardo FV, Vina J. Resuscitation with room air instead of 100% oxygen prevents oxidative stress in moderately asphyxiated term neonates. Pediatrics. 2001;107:642-647 (Pubitemid 32268445)
13. Saugstad OD, Rootwelt T, Aalen O. Resuscitation of asphyxiated newborn infants with room air or oxygen: an international controlled trial: the RESAIR 2 study. Pediatrics. 1998;102:e1
14. Davis PG, Tan A, O'Donnell CP, Schulze A. Resuscitation of newborn infants with 100% oxygen or air: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2004;364:1329-1333 (Pubitemid 39335824)
15. Rabi Y, Rabi D, Yee W. Room air resuscitation of the depressed newborn: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation. 2007;72:353-363
16. Lakshminrusimha S, Russell JA, Steinhorn RH, Swartz DD, Ryan RM, Gugino SF, Wynn KA, Kumar VH, Mathew B, Kirmani K, Morin FC III. Pulmonary hemodynamics in neonatal lambs resuscitated with 21%, 50%, and 100% oxygen. Pediatr Res. 2007;62:313-318
17. Solberg R, Andresen JH, Escrig R, Vento M, Saugstad OD. Resuscitation of hypoxic newborn piglets with oxygen induces a dose-dependent increase in markers of oxidation. Pediatr Res. 2007;62:559-563
18. Solas AB, Kutzsche S, Vinje M, Saugstad OD. Cerebral hypoxemia-ischemia and reoxygenation with 21% or 100% oxygen in newborn piglets: effects on extracellular levels of excitatory amino acids and microcirculation. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2001;2:340-345
19. Presti AL, Kishkurno SV, Slinko SK, Randis TM, Ratner VI, Polin RA, Ten VS. Reoxygenation with 100% oxygen versus room air: late neuroanatomical and neurofunctional outcome in neonatal mice with hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Pediatr Res. 2006;60:55-59
20. Escrig R, Arruza L, Izquierdo I, Villar G, Saenz P, Gimeno A, Moro M, Vento M. Achievement of targeted saturation values in extremely low gestational age neonates resuscitated with low or high oxygen concentrations: a prospective, randomized trial. Pediatrics. 2008;121:875-881
21. Gungor S, Kurt E, Teksoz E, Goktolga U, Ceyhan T, Baser I. Oronasopharyngeal suction versus no suction in normal and term infants delivered by elective cesarean section: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2006;61:9-14 (Pubitemid 43087544)
22. Waltman PA, Brewer JM, Rogers BP, May WL. Building evidence for practice: a pilot study of newborn bulb suctioning at birth. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2004;49:32-38
23. Simbruner G, Coradello H, Fodor M, Havelec L, Lubec G, Pollak A. Effect of tracheal suction on oxygenation, circulation, and lung mechanics in newborn infants. Arch Dis Child. 1981;56:326-330 (Pubitemid 11086762)
24. Usta IM, Mercer BM, Sibai BM. Risk factors for meconium aspiration syndrome. Obstet Gynecol. 1995;86:230-234
25. Rossi EM, Philipson EH, Williams TG, Kalhan SC. Meconium aspiration syndrome: intrapartum and neonatal attributes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989;161:1106-1110 (Pubitemid 20007662)
26. Al Takroni AM, Parvathi CK, Mendis KB, Hassan S, Reddy I, Kudair HA. Selective tracheal suctioning to prevent meconium aspiration syndrome. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1998;63:259-263 (Pubitemid 29017892)
27. Gupta V, Bhatia BD, Mishra OP. Meconium stained amniotic fluid: antenatal, intrapartum and neonatal attributes. Indian Pediatr. 1996;33:293-297
28. Vyas H, Milner AD, Hopkin IE, Boon AW. Physiologic responses to prolonged and slow-rise inflation in the resuscitation of the asphyxiated newborn infant. J Pediatr. 1981;99:635-639 (Pubitemid 12232110)
29. Te Pas AB, Walther FJ. A randomized, controlled trial of delivery-room respiratory management in very preterm infants. Pediatrics. 2007;120:322-329
30. Lindner W, Hogel J, Pohlandt F. Sustained pressure-controlled inflation or intermittent mandatory ventilation in preterm infants in the delivery room? A randomized, controlled trial on initial respiratory support via nasopharyngeal tube. Acta Paediatr. 2005;94:303-309 (Pubitemid 40490839)
31. Harling AE, Beresford MW, Vince GS, Bates M, Yoxall CW. Does sustained lung inflation at resuscitation reduce lung injury in the preterm infant? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2005;90:F406-F410
32. Boon AW, Milner AD, Hopkin IE. Lung expansion, tidal exchange, and formation of the functional residual capacity during resuscitation of asphyxiated neonates. J Pediatr. 1979;95:1031-1036
33. Lindner W, Vossbeck S, Hummler H, Pohlandt F. Delivery room management of extremely low birth weight infants: spontaneous breathing or intubation? Pediatrics. 1999;103:961-967
34. Upton CJ, Milner AD. Endotracheal resuscitation of neonates using a rebreathing bag. Arch Dis Child. 1991;66:39-42
35. Hillman NH, Moss TJ, Kallapur SG, Bachurski C, Pillow JJ, Polglase GR, Nitsos I, Kramer BW, Jobe AH. Brief, large tidal volume ventilation initiates lung injury and a systemic response in fetal sheep. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176:575-581
36. Finer NN, Carlo WA, Duara S, Fanaroff AA, Donovan EF, Wright LL, Kandefer S, Poole WK. Delivery room continuous positive airway pressure/positive end-expiratory pressure in extremely low birth weight infants: a feasibility trial. Pediatrics. 2004;114:651-657
37. Siew ML, Te Pas AB, Wallace MJ, Kitchen MJ, Lewis RA, Fouras A, Morley CJ, Davis PG, Yagi N, Uesugi K, Hooper SB. Positive end-expiratory pressure enhances development of a functional residual capacity in preterm rabbits ventilated from birth. J Appl Physiol. 2009;106:1487-1493
38. Te Pas AB, Siew M, Wallace MJ, Kitchen MJ, Fouras A, Lewis RA, Yagi N, Uesugi K, Donath S, Davis PG, Morley CJ, Hooper SB. Establishing functional residual capacity at birth: the effect of sustained inflation and positive end-expiratory pressure in a preterm rabbit model. Pediatr Res. 2009;65:537-541
39. Polglase GR, Hooper SB, Gill AW, Allison BJ, McLean CJ, Nitsos I, Pillow JJ, Kluckow M. Cardiovascular and pulmonary consequences of airway recruitment in preterm lambs. J Appl Physiol. 2009;106:1347-1355
40. Probyn ME, Hooper SB, Dargaville PA, McCallion N, Crossley K, Harding R, Morley CJ. Positive end expiratory pressure during resuscitation of premature lambs rapidly improves blood gases without adversely affecting arterial pressure. Pediatr Res. 2004;56:198-204
41. Morley CJ, Davis PG, Doyle LW, Brion LP, Hascoet JM, Carlin JB. Nasal CPAP or intubation at birth for very preterm infants. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:700-708
42. Oddie S, Wyllie J, Scally A. Use of self-inflating bags for neonatal resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2005;67:109-112
43. Hussey SG, Ryan CA, Murphy BP. Comparison of three manual ventilation devices using an intubated mannequin. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2004;89:F490-F493
44. Finer NN, Rich W, Craft A, Henderson C. Comparison of methods of bag and mask ventilation for neonatal resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2001;49:299-305
45. Bennett S, Finer NN, Rich W, Vaucher Y. A comparison of three neonatal resuscitation devices. Resuscitation. 2005;67:113-118
46. Singh R. Controlled trial to evaluate the use of LMA for neonatal resuscitation. J Anaesth Clin Pharmacol. 2005;21:303-306
47. Trevisanuto D, Micaglio M, Pitton M, Magarotto M, Piva D, Zanardo V. Laryngeal mask airway: is the management of neonates requiring positive pressure ventilation at birth changing? Resuscitation. 2004;62:151-157
48. Gandini D, Brimacombe JR. Neonatal resuscitation with the laryngeal mask airway in normal and low birth weight infants. Anesth Analg. 1999;89:642-643
49. Esmail N, Saleh M, et al. Laryngeal mask airway versus endotracheal intubation for Apgar score improvement in neonatal resuscitation. Egypt J Anesthesiol. 2002;18:115-121
50. Zanardo V, Simbi AK, Savio V, Micaglio M, Trevisanuto D. Neonatal resuscitation by laryngeal mask airway after elective cesarean section. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2004;19:228-231
51. Palme C, Nystrom B, Tunell R. An evaluation of the efficiency of face masks in the resuscitation of newborn infants. Lancet. 1985;1:207-210
52. O'Donnell CP, Davis PG, Lau R, Dargaville PA, Doyle LW, Morley CJ. Neonatal resuscitation 2: an evaluation of manual ventilation devices and face masks. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2005;90:F392-F396 (Pubitemid 41224073)
53. Capasso L, Capasso A, Raimondi F, Vendemmia M, Araimo G, Paludetto R. A randomized trial comparing oxygen delivery on intermittent positive pressure with nasal cannulae versus facial mask in neonatal primary resuscitation. Acta Paediatr. 2005;94:197-200
54. Wood FE, Morley CJ, Dawson JA, Kamlin CO, Owen LS, Donath S, Davis PG. Assessing the effectiveness of two round neonatal resuscitation masks: study 1. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2008;93:F235-F237
55. Bang AT, Bang RA, Baitule SB, Reddy HM, Deshmukh MD. Management of birth asphyxia in home deliveries in rural Gadchiroli: the effect of two types of birth attendants and of resuscitating with mouth-to-mouth, tube-mask or bag-mask. J Perinatol. 2005;25 suppl 1:S82-S91
56. Massawe A, Kilewo C, Irani S, Verma RJ, Chakrapam AB, Ribbe T, Tunell R, Fischler B. Assessment of mouth-to-mask ventilation in resuscitation of asphyxic newborn babies. A pilot study. Trop Med Int Health. 1996;1:865-873
57. Roberts RB, Day RL. Mouth-to-tube resuscitation of the neonate, II: the transmission of bacteria through endotracheal tubes and its prevention. Anesth Analg. 1973;52:242-245
58. Milner AD, Stokes GM, Tunell R, McKeugh M, Martin H. Laboratory assessment of Laerdal mouth tube mask prototype resuscitation device. Med Biol Eng Comput. 1992;30:117-119
59. Terndrup TE, Kanter RK, Cherry RA. A comparison of infant ventilation methods performed by prehospital personnel. Ann Emerg Med. 1989;18:607-611
60. Coffey PS, Kelly K, Tsu V. Preferences and practices: use of neonatal resuscitation devices in low-resource settings. J Trop Pediatr. 2007;53:415-419
61. Polglase GR, Hillman NH, Pillow JJ, Cheah FC, Nitsos I, Moss TJ, Kramer BW, Ikegami M, Kallapur SG, Jobe AH. Positive endexpiratory pressure and tidal volume during initial ventilation of preterm lambs. Pediatr Res. 2008;64:517-522
62. Probyn ME, Hooper SB, Dargaville PA, McCallion N, Harding R, Morley CJ. Effects of tidal volume and positive end-expiratory pressure during resuscitation of very premature lambs. Acta Paediatr. 2005;94:1764-1770 (Pubitemid 43155589)
63. Kattwinkel J, Stewart C, Walsh B, Gurka M, Paget-Brown A. Responding to compliance changes in a lung model during manual ventilation: perhaps volume, rather than pressure, should be displayed. Pediatrics. 2009;123:e465-e470
64. Resende JG, Zaconeta CA, Ferreira AC, Silva CA, Rodrigues MP, Rebello CM, Tavares P. Evaluation of peak inspiratory pressure, tidal volume and respiratory rate during ventilation of premature lambs using a self-inflating bag. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2006;82:279-283
65. Wood FE, Morley CJ, Dawson JA, Kamlin CO, Owen LS, Donath S, Davis PG. Improved techniques reduce face mask leak during simulated neonatal resuscitation: study 2. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2008;93:F230-F234
66. Hosono S, Inami I, Fujita H, Minato M, Takahashi S, Mugishima H. A role of end-tidal CO(2) monitoring for assessment of tracheal intubations in very low birth weight infants during neonatal resuscitation at birth. J Perinat Med. 2009;37:79-84
67. Repetto JE, Donohue P-CP, Baker SF, Kelly L, Nogee LM. Use of capnography in the delivery room for assessment of endotracheal tube placement. J Perinatol. 2001;21:284-287
68. Roberts WA, Maniscalco WM, Cohen AR, Litman RS, Chhibber A. The use of capnography for recognition of esophageal intubation in the neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995;19:262-268
69. Aziz HF, Martin JB, Moore JJ. The pediatric disposable end-tidal carbon dioxide detector role in endotracheal intubation in newborns. J Perinatol. 1999;19:110-113
70. Garey DM, Ward R, Rich W, Heldt G, Leone T, Finer NN. Tidal volume threshold for colorimetric carbon dioxide detectors available for use in neonates. Pediatrics. 2008;121:e1524-e1527
71. Hughes SM, Blake BL, Woods SL, Lehmann CU. False-positive results on colorimetric carbon dioxide analysis in neonatal resuscitation: potential for serious patient harm. J Perinatol. 2007;27:800-801
72. Leone TA, Lange A, Rich W, Finer NN. Disposable colorimetric carbon dioxide detector use as an indicator of a patent airway during noninvasive mask ventilation. Pediatrics. 2006;118:e202-e204
73. Finer NN, Rich W, Wang C, Leone T. Airway obstruction during mask ventilation of very low birth weight infants during neonatal resuscitation. Pediatrics. 2009;123:865-869
74. Berg RA, Hilwig RW, Kern KB, Babar I, Ewy GA. Simulated mouth-to-mouth ventilation and chest compressions (bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation) improves outcome in a swine model of prehospital pediatric asphyxial cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med. 1999;27:1893-1899
75. Berg RA, Hilwig RW, Kern KB, Ewy GA. "Bystander" chest compressions and assisted ventilation independently improve outcome from piglet asphyxial pulseless "cardiac arrest." Circulation. 2000;101:1743-1748
76. Dean JM, Koehler RC, Schleien CL, Atchison D, Gervais H, Berkowitz I, Traystman RJ. Improved blood flow during prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation with 30% duty cycle in infant pigs. Circulation. 1991;84:896-904
77. Babbs CF, Nadkarni V. Optimizing chest compression to rescue ventilation ratios during one-rescuer CPR by professionals and lay persons: children are not just little adults. Resuscitation. 2004;61:173-181
78. Srikantan SK, Berg RA, Cox T, Tice L, Nadkarni VM. Effect of one-rescuer compression/ventilation ratios on cardiopulmonary resuscitation in infant, pediatric, and adult manikins. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2005;6:293-297
79. Whyte SD, Sinha AK, Wyllie JP. Neonatal resuscitation - a practical assessment. Resuscitation. 1999;40:21-25
80. Greingor JL. Quality of cardiac massage with ratio compression- ventilation 5/1 and 15/2. Resuscitation. 2002;55:263-267
81. Wik L, Steen PA. The ventilation/compression ratio influences the effectiveness of two rescuer advanced cardiac life support on a manikin. Resuscitation. 1996;31:113-119
82. Dorph E, Wik L, Steen PA. Effectiveness of ventilation-compression ratios 1:5 and 2:15 in simulated single rescuer paediatric resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2002;54:259-264
83. Kinney SB, Tibballs J. An analysis of the efficacy of bag-valve-mask ventilation and chest compression during different compression-ventilation ratios in manikin-simulated paediatric resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2000;43:115-120
84. Haque IU, Udassi JP, Udassi S, Theriaque DW, Shuster JJ, Zaritsky AL. Chest compression quality and rescuer fatigue with increased compression to ventilation ratio during single rescuer pediatric CPR. Resuscitation. 2008;79:82-89
85. Kitamura T, Iwami T, Kawamura T, Nagao K, Tanaka H, Nadkarni VM, Berg RA, Hiraide A. Conventional and chest-compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation by bystanders for children who have out-ofhospital cardiac arrests: a prospective, nationwide, population-based cohort study. Lancet. 2010;375:1347-1354
86. Houri PK, Frank LR, Menegazzi JJ, Taylor R. A randomized, controlled trial of twothumb vs two-finger chest compression in a swine infant model of cardiac arrest. Prehosp Emerg Care. 1997;1:65-67
87. Menegazzi JJ, Auble TE, Nicklas KA, Hosack GM, Rack L, Goode JS. Two-thumb versus two-finger chest compression during CPR in a swine infant model of cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med. 1993;22:240-243
88. Udassi JP, Udassi S, Theriaque DW, Shuster JJ, Zaritsky AL, Haque IU. Effect of alternative chest compression techniques in infant and child on rescuer performance. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2009;10:328-333
89. David R. Closed chest cardiac massage in the newborn infant. Pediatrics. 1988;81:552-554
90. Thaler MM, Stobie GH. An improved technique of external caridac compression in infants and young children. N Engl J Med. 1963;269:606-610
91. Whitelaw CC, Slywka B, Goldsmith LJ. Comparison of a two-finger versus two-thumb method for chest compressions by healthcare providers in an infant mechanical model. Resuscitation. 2000;43:213-216
92. Moya F, James LS, Burnard ED, Hanks EC. Cardiac massage in the newborn infant through the intact chest. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1962;84:798-803
93. Orlowski JP. Optimum position for external cardiac compression in infants and young children. Ann Emerg Med. 1986;15:667-673
94. Phillips GW, Zideman DA. Relation of infant heart to sternum: its significance in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Lancet. 1986;1:1024-1025
95. Braga MS, Dominguez TE, Pollock AN, Niles D, Meyer A, Myklebust H, Nysaether J, Nadkarni V. Estimation of optimal CPR chest compression depth in children by using computer tomography. Pediatrics. 2009;124:e69-e74
96. Jankov RP, Asztalos EV, Skidmore MB. Favourable neurological outcomes following delivery room cardiopulmonary resuscitation of infants < or =750 g at birth. J Paediatr Child Health. 2000;36:19-22
97. O'Donnell AI, Gray PH, Rogers YM. Mortality and neurodevelopmental outcome for infants receiving adrenaline in neonatal resuscitation. J Paediatr Child Health. 1998;34:551-556
98. Crespo SG, Schoffstall JM, Fuhs LR, Spivey WH. Comparison of two doses of endotracheal epinephrine in a cardiac arrest model. Ann Emerg Med. 1991;20:230-234
99. Jasani MS, Nadkarni VM, Finkelstein MS, Mandell GA, Salzman SK, Norman ME. Effects of different techniques of endotracheal epinephrine administration in pediatric porcine hypoxic-hypercarbic cardiopulmonary arrest. Crit Care Med. 1994;22:1174-1180
100. Mielke LL, Frank C, Lanzinger MJ, Wilhelm MG, Entholzner EK, Hargasser SR, Hipp RF. Plasma catecholamine levels following tracheal and intravenous epinephrine administration in swine. Resuscitation. 1998;36:187-192
101. Roberts JR, Greenberg MI, Knaub MA, Kendrick ZV, Baskin SI. Blood levels following intravenous and endotracheal epinephrine administration. JACEP. 1979;8:53-56
102. Hornchen U, Schuttler J, Stoeckel H, Eichelkraut W, Hahn N. Endobronchial instillation of epinephrine during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med. 1987;15:1037-1039
103. Guay J, Lortie L. An evaluation of pediatric in-hospital advanced life support interventions using the pediatric utstein guidelines: a review of 203 cardiorespiratory arrests. Can J Anaesth. 2004;51:373-378
104. Perondi MB, Reis AG, Paiva EF, Nadkarni VM, Berg RA. A comparison of high-dose and standard-dose epinephrine in children with cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1722-1730
105. Patterson MD, Boenning DA, Klein BL, Fuchs S, Smith KM, Hegenbarth MA, Carlson DW, Krug SE, Harris EM. The use of high-dose epinephrine for patients with out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest refractory to prehospital interventions. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2005;21:227-237
106. Goetting MG, Paradis NA. High-dose epinephrine improves outcome from pediatric cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med. 1991;20:22-26
107. Vandycke C, Martens P. High dose versus standard dose epinephrine in cardiac arrest - a meta-analysis. Resuscitation. 2000;45:161-166
108. Berg RA, Otto CW, Kern KB, Hilwig RW, Sanders AB, Henry CP, Ewy GA. A randomized, blinded trial of high-dose epinephrine versus standard-dose epinephrine in a swine model of pediatric asphyxial cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med. 1996;24:1695-1700
109. Burchfield DJ, Preziosi MP, Lucas VW, Fan J. Effects of graded doses of epinephrine during asphxia-induced bradycardia in newborn lambs. Resuscitation. 1993;25:235-244
110. Kirkman HN, Riley HD Jr. Posthemorrhagic anemia and shock in the newborn due to hemorrhage during delivery: report of 8 cases. Pediatrics. 1959;24:92-96
111. Wyckoff MH, Perlman JM, Laptook AR. Use of volume expansion during delivery room resuscitation in near-term and term infants. Pediatrics. 2005;115:950-955
112. Wyckoff M, Garcia D, Margraf L, Perlman J, Laptook A. Randomized trial of volume infusion during resuscitation of asphyxiated neonatal piglets. Pediatr Res. 2007;61:415-420
113. Mayock DE, Gleason CA. Cerebrovascular effects of rapid volume expansion in preterm fetal sheep. Pediatr Res. 2004;55:395-399
114. Box D, Cochran D. Safe reduction in administration of naloxone to newborn infants: an observational study. Acta Paediatr. 2006;95:1083-1086
115. Bonta BW, Gagliardi JV, Williams V, Warshaw JB. Naloxone reversal of mild neurobehavioral depression in normal newborn infants after routine obstetric analgesia. J Pediatr. 1979;94:102-105
116. Gill AW, Colvin J. Use of naloxone during neonatal resuscitation in australia: compliance with published guidelines. J Paediatr Child Health. 2007;43:795-798
117. Gibbs J, Newson T, Williams J, Davidson DC. Naloxone hazard in infant of opioid abuser. Lancet. 1989;2:159-160
118. Van Woerkom R, Beharry KD, Modanlou HD, Parker J, Rajan V, Akmal Y, Aranda JV. Influence of morphine and naloxone on endothelin and its receptors in newborn piglet brain vascular endothelial cells: clinical implications in neonatal care. Pediatr Res. 2004;55:147-151
119. Ellemunter H, Simma B, Trawoger R, Maurer H. Intraosseous lines in preterm and full term neonates. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1999;80:F74-F75
120. Glaeser PW, Hellmich TR, Szewczuga D, Losek JD, Smith DS. Five-year experience in prehospital intraosseous infusions in children and adults. Ann Emerg Med. 1993;22:1119-1124
121. Cramer K, Wiebe N, Hartling L, Crumley E, Vohra S. Heat loss prevention: a systematic review of occlusive skin wrap for premature neonates. J Perinatol. 2005;25:763-769
122. Vohra S, Roberts RS, Zhang B, Janes M, Schmidt B. Heat loss prevention (help) in the delivery room: a randomized controlled trial of polyethylene occlusive skin wrapping in very preterm infants. J Pediatr. 2004;145:750-753
123. Almeida PG, Chandley J, Davis J, Harrigan RC. Use of the heated gel mattress and its impact on admission temperature of very low birth-weight infants. Adv Neonatal Care. 2009;9:34-39
124. Singh A, Duckett J, Newton T, Watkinson M. Improving neonatal unit admission temperatures in preterm babies: exothermic mattresses, polythene bags or a traditional approach? J Perinatol. 2010;30:45-49
125. Knobel RB, Wimmer JE Jr, Holbert D. Heat loss prevention for preterm infants in the delivery room. J Perinatol. 2005;25:304-308
126. Kent AL, Williams J. Increasing ambient operating theatre temperature and wrapping in polyethylene improves admission temperature in premature infants. J Paediatr Child Health. 2008;44:325-331
127. Petrova A, Demissie K, Rhoads GG, Smulian JC, Marcella S, Ananth CV. Association of maternal fever during labor with neonatal and infant morbidity and mortality. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;98:20-27 (Pubitemid 32622758)
128. Lieberman E, Eichenwald E, Mathur G, Richardson D, Heffner L, Cohen A. Intrapartum fever and unexplained seizures in term infants. Pediatrics. 2000;106:983-988
129. Shalak LF, Perlman JM, Jackson GL, Laptook AR. Depression at birth in term infants exposed to maternal chorioamnionitis: does neonatal fever play a role? J Perinatol. 2005;25:447-452
130. Coimbra C, Boris-Moller F, Drake M, Wieloch T. Diminished neuronal damage in the rat brain by late treatment with the antipyretic drug dipyrone or cooling following cerebral ischemia. Acta Neuropathol. 1996;92:447-453
131. Goetzl L, Zighelboim I, Badell M, Rivers J, Mastrangelo MA, Tweardy D, Suresh MS. Maternal corticosteroids to prevent intrauterine exposure to hyperthermia and inflammation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195:1031-1037
132. Gluckman PD, Wyatt JS, Azzopardi D, Ballard R, Edwards AD, Ferriero DM, Polin RA, Robertson CM, Thoresen M, Whitelaw A, Gunn AJ. Selective head cooling with mild systemic hypothermia after neonatal encephalopathy: multicentre randomised trial. Lancet. 2005;365:663-670
133. Shankaran S, Laptook AR, Ehrenkranz RA, Tyson JE, McDonald SA, Donovan EF, Fanaroff AA, Poole WK, Wright LL, Higgins RD, Finer NN, Carlo WA, Duara S, Oh W, Cotten CM, Stevenson DK, Stoll BJ, Lemons JA, Guillet R, Jobe AH. Whole-body hypothermia for neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:1574-1584
134. Azzopardi DV, Strohm B, Edwards AD, Dyet L, Halliday HL, Juszczak E, Kapellou O, Levene M, Marlow N, Porter E, Thoresen M, Whitelaw A, Brocklehurst P. Moderate hypothermia to treat perinatal asphyxial encephalopathy. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1349-1358
135. Eicher DJ, Wagner CL, Katikaneni LP, Hulsey TC, Bass WT, Kaufman DA, Horgan MJ, Languani S, Bhatia JJ, Givelichian LM, Sankaran K, Yager JY. Moderate hypothermia in neonatal encephalopathy: efficacy outcomes. Pediatr Neurol. 2005;32:11-17 (Pubitemid 40018099)
136. Lin ZL, Yu HM, Lin J, Chen SQ, Liang ZQ, Zhang ZY. Mild hypothermia via selective head cooling as neuroprotective therapy in term neonates with perinatal asphyxia: an experience from a single neonatal intensive care unit. J Perinatol. 2006;26:180-184
137. Edwards AD, Brocklehurst P, Gunn AJ, Halliday H, Juszczak E, Levene M, Strohm B, Thoresen M, Whitelaw A, Azzopardi D. Neurological outcomes at 18 months of age after moderate hypothermia for perinatal hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy: synthesis and meta-analysis of trial data. BMJ. 2010;340:c363
138. Jacobs S, Hunt R, Tarnow-Mordi W, Inder T, Davis P. Cooling for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007:CD003311
139. Salhab WA, Wyckoff MH, Laptook AR, Perlman JM. Initial hypoglycemia and neonatal brain injury in term infants with severe fetal acidemia. Pediatrics. 2004;114:361-366
140. Ondoa-Onama C, Tumwine JK. Immediate outcome of babies with low Apgar score in Mulago hospital, Uganda. East Afr Med J. 2003;80:22-29
141. Klein GW, Hojsak JM, Schmeidler J, Rapaport R. Hyperglycemia and outcome in the pediatric intensive care unit. J Pediatr. 2008;153:379-384
142. LeBlanc MH, Huang M, Patel D, Smith EE, Devidas M. Glucose given after hypoxic ischemia does not affect brain injury in piglets. Stroke. 1994;25:1443-1447; discussion 1448
143. Hattori H, Wasterlain CG. Posthypoxic glucose supplement reduces hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in the neonatal rat. Ann Neurol. 1990;28:122-128
144. McDonald SJ, Middleton P. Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008:CD004074
145. Rabe H, Reynolds G, Diaz-Rossello J. A systematic review and meta-analysis of a brief delay in clamping the umbilical cord of preterm infants. Neonatology. 2008;93:138-144
146. Aladangady N, McHugh S, Aitchison TC, Wardrop CA, Holland BM. Infants' blood volume in a controlled trial of placental transfusion at preterm delivery. Pediatrics. 2006;117:93-98
147. Mercer JS, Vohr BR, McGrath MM, Padbury JF, Wallach M, Oh W. Delayed cord clamping in very preterm infants reduces the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage and late-onset sepsis: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2006;117:1235-1242
148. De Leeuw R, Cuttini M, Nadai M, Berbik I, Hansen G, Kucinskas A, Lenoir S, Levin A, Persson J, Rebagliato M, Reid M, Schroell M, de Vonderweid U. Treatment choices for extremely preterm infants: an international perspective. J Pediatr. 2000;137:608-616
149. Sanders MR, Donohue PK, Oberdorf MA, Rosenkrantz TS, Allen MC. Perceptions of the limit of viability: neonatologists' attitudes toward extremely preterm infants. J Perinatol. 1995;15:494-502
150. Kopelman LM, Irons TG, Kopelman AE. Neonatologists judge the 'Baby Doe' regulations. N Engl J Med. 1988;318:677-683
151. Costeloe K, Hennessy E, Gibson AT, Marlow N, Wilkinson AR. The epicure study: outcomes to discharge from hospital for infants born at the threshold of viability. Pediatrics. 2000;106:659-671
152. Field DJ, Dorling JS, Manktelow BN, Draper ES. Survival of extremely premature babies in a geographically defined population: prospective cohort study of 1994-9 compared with 2000-5. BMJ. 2008;336:1221-1223
153. Tyson JE, Parikh NA, Langer J, Green C, Higgins RD. Intensive care for extreme prematurity-moving beyond gestational age. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1672-1681
154. Paris JJ. What standards apply to resuscitation at the borderline of gestational age? J Perinatol. 2005;25:683-684
155. Casalaz DM, Marlow N, Speidel BD. Outcome of resuscitation following unexpected apparent stillbirth. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1998;78:F112-F115
156. Jain L, Ferre C, Vidyasagar D, Nath S, Sheftel D. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation of apparently stillborn infants: survival and long-term outcome. J Pediatr. 1991;118:778-782
157. Laptook AR, Shankaran S, Ambalavanan N, Carlo WA, McDonald SA, Higgins RD, Das A. Outcome of term infants using Apgar scores at 10 minutes following hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Pediatrics. 2009;124:1619-1626
158. Chamnanvanakij S, Perlman JM. Outcome following cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the neonate requiring ventilatory assistance. Resuscitation. 2000;45:173-180
159. Annibale DJ, Hulsey TC, Wagner CL, Southgate WM. Comparative neonatal morbidity of abdominal and vaginal deliveries after uncomplicated pregnancies. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1995;149:862-867
160. Atherton N, Parsons SJ, Mansfield P. Attendance of paediatricians at elective caesarean sections performed under regional anaesthesia: is it warranted? J Paediatr Child Health. 2006;42:332-336
161. Gordon A, McKechnie EJ, Jeffery H. Pediatric presence at cesarean section: justified or not? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;193:599-605
162. Parsons SJ, Sonneveld S, Nolan T. Is a paediatrician needed at all caesarean sections? J Paediatr Child Health. 1998;34:241-244
163. Knudson MM, Khaw L, Bullard MK, Dicker R, Cohen MJ, Staudenmayer K, Sadjadi J, Howard S, Gaba D, Krummel T. Trauma training in simulation: translating skills from SIM time to real time. J Trauma. 2008;64:255-263; discussion 263-254
164. Wayne DB, Didwania A, Feinglass J, Fudala MJ, Barsuk JH, McGaghie WC. Simulation-based education improves quality of care during cardiac arrest team responses at an academic teaching hospital: a case-control study. Chest. 2008;133:56-61
165. Schwid HA, Rooke GA, Michalowski P, Ross BK. Screen-based anesthesia simulation with debriefing improves performance in a mannequin-based anesthesia simulator. Teach Learn Med. 2001;13:92-96
166. Kory PD, Eisen LA, Adachi M, Ribaudo VA, Rosenthal ME, Mayo PH. Initial airway management skills of senior residents: simulation training compared with traditional training. Chest. 2007;132:1927-1931
167. Shapiro MJ, Morey JC, Small SD, Langford V, Kaylor CJ, Jagminas L, Suner S, Salisbury ML, Simon R, Jay GD. Simulation based teamwork training for
168. Cherry RA, Williams J, George J, Ali J. The effectiveness of a human patient simulator in the ATLS shock skills station. J Surg Res. 2007;139:229-235
169. Savoldelli GL, Naik VN, Park J, Joo HS, Chow R, Hamstra SJ. Value of debriefing during simulated crisis management: oral versus video-assisted oral feedback. Anesthesiology. 2006;105:279-285
170. Blum RH, Raemer DB, Carroll JS, Dufresne RL, Cooper JB. A method for measuring the effectiveness of simulation-based team training for improving communication skills. Anesth Analg. 2005;100:1375-1380