Thermophilic biohydrogen production for commercial application: The whole picture

International Journal of Energy Research

Volumn 40, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 127-145

  Gupta, Niharika ^a   Pal, Mili ^a   Sachdeva, Meenu ^a   Yadav, Mahaveer ^a   Tiwari, Archana ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (India)

Author keywords

Biohydrogen; Economical analysis; Enzymology; Lifecycle assessment; Metabolic engineering; Thermophilic

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL WASTES; EFFLUENTS; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; ENZYMES; LIFE CYCLE; METABOLIC ENGINEERING; METABOLISM; MICROBIOLOGY; MICROORGANISMS; SUBSTRATES;

BIO-HYDROGEN; ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS; ENZYMOLOGY; LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENTS; THERMOPHILIC;

HYDROGEN PRODUCTION;

EID: 84956596765     PISSN: 0363907X     EISSN: 1099114X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/er.3438     Document Type: Review

References (132)

1. Dunn S. Hydrogen futures: toward a sustainable energy system. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2002; 27(3):235-264.
2. Momirlan M, Veziroglu TN. The properties of hydrogen as fuel tomorrow in sustainable energy system for a cleaner planet. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2005; 30(7):795-802.
3. Jain I. Hydrogen the fuel for 21st century. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2009; 34(17):7368-7378.
4. Edwards PP et al. Hydrogen and fuel cells: towards a sustainable energy future. Energy Policy 2008; 36(12):4356-4362.
5. Waligórska M. Fermentative hydrogen production-process design and bioreactors. Chemical and Process Engineering 2012; 33(4):585-594.
6. Sinha P, Pandey A. An evaluative report and challenges for fermentative biohydrogen production. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2011; 36(13):7460-7478.
7. Sekoai P, Daramola M. Biohydrogen production as a potential energy fuel in South Africa. Biofuel Research Journal 2015; 2(2):223-226.
8. Ko I-B, Noike T. Use of blue optical filters for suppression of growth of algae in hydrogen producing non-axenic cultures of Rhodobacter sphaeroides RV. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2002; 27(11):1297-1302.
9. Kondo T et al. Hydrogen production by combining two types of photosynthetic bacteria with different characteristics. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2002; 27(11):1303-1308.
10. Cao G-L et al. Single-step bioconversion of lignocellulose to hydrogen using novel moderately thermophilic bacteria. Biotechnology for Biofuels 2014; 7:82.
11. Chittibabu G, Nath K, Das D. Feasibility studies on the fermentative hydrogen production by recombinant Escherichia coli BL-21. Process Biochemistry 2006; 41(3):682-688.
12. Mathews J, Li Q, Wang G. Characterization of hydrogen production by engineered Escherichia coli strains using rich defined media. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering 2010; 15(4):686-695.
13. Long C et al. Statistical optimization of fermentative hydrogen production from xylose by newly isolated Enterobacter sp. CN1. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2010; 35(13):6657-6664.
14. Melis A. Green alga hydrogen production: progress, challenges and prospects. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2002; 27(11):1217-1228.
15. Kosourov S et al. Sustained hydrogen photoproduction by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii - effects of culture parameters. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 2002; 78(7):731-740.
16. Adessi A, De Philippis R. Hydrogen production: photofermentation. In Microbial Technologies in Advanced Biofuels Production. Springer: US, 2012; 53-75.
17. Sveshnikov D et al. Hydrogen metabolism of mutant forms of Anabaena variabilis in continuous cultures and under nutritional stress. FEMS Microbiology Letters 1997; 147(2):297-301.
18. Turner J et al. Renewable hydrogen production. International Journal of Energy Research 2008; 32(5):379-407.
19. Cheng S, Logan BE. High hydrogen production rate of microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) with reduced electrode spacing. Bioresource Technology 2011; 102(3):3571-3574.
20. Cheng S, Logan BE. Sustainable and efficient biohydrogen production via electrohydrogenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2007; 104(47):18871-18873.
21. Das D, Khanna N, Veziroğlu NT. Recent developments in biological hydrogen production processes. Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 2008; 14(2):57-67.
22. Perera KRJ et al.. Fermentative biohydrogen production: evaluation of net energy gain. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2010; 35(22):12224-12233.
23. Hay JXW, Wu TY, Juan JC. Biohydrogen production through photo fermentation or dark fermentation using waste as a substrate: Overview, economics, and future prospects of hydrogen usage. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 2013; 7(3):334-352.
24. Verhaart MR et al.. Hydrogen production by hyperthermophilic and extremely thermophilic bacteria and archaea: mechanisms for reductant disposal. Environmental Technology 2010; 31(8-9):993-1003.
25. Chuang Y-S et al.. Biohydrogen and biomethane from water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) fermentation: effects of substrate concentration and incubation temperature. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2011; 36(21):14195-14203.
26. Das D. Advances in biohydrogen production processes: an approach towards commercialization. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2009; 34(17):7349-7357.
27. Rittmann S, Herwig C. A comprehensive and quantitative review of dark fermentative biohydrogen production. Microbial Cell Factories 2012; 11(1):115.
28. Wiegel J, Ljungdahl LG, Demain AL. The importance of thermophilic bacteria in biotechnology. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 1985; 3(1):39-108.
29. Willquist K, Pawar SS, Van Niel EW. Reassessment of hydrogen tolerance in Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus. Microbial Cell Factories 2011; 10(1):111.
30. Adams MW. The structure and mechanism of iron-hydrogenases. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Bioenergetics 1990; 1020(2):115-145.
31. Hedderich R, Forzi L. Energy-converting [NiFe] hydrogenases: more than just H2 activation. Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology 2006; 10(2-4):92-104.
32. Albracht SP. Nickel hydrogenases: in search of the active site. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Bioenergetics 1994; 1188(3):167-204.
33. Wu X et al.. Characterization and cloning of oxygen-tolerant hydrogenase from Klebsiella oxytoca HP1. Research in Microbiology 2011; 162(3):330-336.
34. Kengen SW et al. Biological hydrogen production by anaerobic microorganisms. John Wiley & Sons: Chichester, UK, 2009; 197-221.
35. Silva PJ et al. Enzymes of hydrogen metabolism in Pyrococcus furiosus. European Journal of Biochemistry 2000; 267(22):6541-6551.
36. Khanna N, Das D. Biohydrogen production by dark fermentation. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment 2013; 2(4):401-421.
37. Thauer RK, Jungermann K, Decker K. Energy conservation in chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria. Bacteriological Reviews 1977; 41(1):100.
38. Adams M, Eccleston E, Howard JB. Iron-sulfur clusters of hydrogenase I and hydrogenase II of Clostridium pasteurianum. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1989; 86(13):4932-4936.
39. Oh Y-K et al.. Current status of the metabolic engineering of microorganisms for biohydrogen production. Bioresource Technology 2011; 102(18):8357-8367.
40. Schut GJ, Adams MW. The iron-hydrogenase of Thermotoga maritima utilizes ferredoxin and NADH synergistically: a new perspective on anaerobic hydrogen production. Journal of Bacteriology 2009; 191(13):4451-4457.
41. Sapra R, Bagramyan K, Adams MW. A simple energy-conserving system: proton reduction coupled to proton translocation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2003; 100(13):7545-7550.
42. Kanai T et al.. Continuous hydrogen production by the hyperthermophilic archaeon, Thermococcus kodakaraensis KOD1. Journal of Biotechnology 2005; 116(3):271-282.
43. Carere CR et al.. Linking genome content to biofuel production yields: a meta-analysis of major catabolic pathways among select H2 and ethanol-producing bacteria. BMC Microbiology 2012; 12(1):295.
44. Hallenbeck PC, Ghosh D. Advances in fermentative biohydrogen production: the way forward? Trends in Biotechnology 2009; 27(5):287-297.
45. Canganella F, Wiegel J. The potential of thermophilic clostridia in biotechnology. Biotechnology (Reading, Mass.)(USA), 1993.
46. Rainey F et al. Description of Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus gen. nov., sp. nov: an obligately anaerobic, extremely thermophilic, cellulolytic bacterium. FEMS Microbiology Letters 1994; 120(3):263-266.
47. van Niel EW, Claassen PA, Stams AJ. Substrate and product inhibition of hydrogen production by the extreme thermophile, Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 2003; 81(3):255-262.
48. De Vrije T et al. Glycolytic pathway and hydrogen yield studies of the extreme thermophile Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2007; 74(6):1358-1367.
49. Goorissen H, Stams A. Biological hydrogen production by moderately thermophilic anaerobic bacteria, 2006.
50. Subbotina I et al. Oligonucleotide probes for the detection of representatives of the genus Thermoanaerobacter. Microbiology 2003; 72(3):331-339.
51. Jungermann K et al. Demonstration of NADH-ferredoxin reductase in two saccharolytic Clostridia. Archives of Microbiology 1971; 80(4):370-372.
52. Soboh B, Linder D, Hedderich R. A multisubunit membrane-bound [NiFe] hydrogenase and an NADH-dependent Fe-only hydrogenase in the fermenting bacterium Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis. Microbiology 2004; 150(7):2451-2463.
53. Kengen SW et al. Biological hydrogen production by anaerobic microorganisms. Biofuels 2009:197-221.
54. Roy S, Vishnuvardhan M, Das D. Improvement of hydrogen production by newly isolatedThermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticumIIT BT-ST1. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2014; 39(14):7541-7552.
55. Saripan AF, Reungsang A. Biohydrogen production by Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum KKU-ED1: culture conditions optimization using mixed xylose/arabinose as substrate. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 2013; 16(1):1-1.
56. Cao G-L et al. Single-step bioconversion of lignocellulose to hydrogen using novel moderately thermophilic bacteria. Biotechnology for Biofuels 2014; 7(1):82.
57. Schröder C, Selig M, Schönheit P. Glucose fermentation to acetate, CO2 and H2 in the anaerobic hyperthermophilic eubacterium Thermotoga maritima: involvement of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. Archives of Microbiology 1994; 161(6):460-470.
58. Verhees C et al. The unique features of glycolytic pathways in Archaea. Biochemistry Journal 2003; 375:231-246.
59. Kengen S, Stams AJ, Vos WM. Sugar metabolism of hyperthermophiles. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 1996; 18(2-3):119-137.
60. Chittibabu G, Nath K, Das D. Feasibility studies on the fermentative hydrogen production by recombinant Escherichia coli BL-21. Process Biochemistry 2006; 41(3):682-688.
61. Ma K, Adams M. Sulfide dehydrogenase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus: a new multifunctional enzyme involved in the reduction of elemental sulfur. Journal of Bacteriology 1994; 176(21):6509-6517.
62. Jiang L et al. Optimization of thermophilic fermentative hydrogen production by the newly isolated Caloranaerobacter azorensis H53214 from deep-sea hydrothermal vent environment. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2014; 39(26):14154-14160.
63. Lai Z et al. Optimization of key factors affecting hydrogen production from sugarcane bagasse by a thermophilic anaerobic pure culture. Biotechnology for Biofuels 2014; 7(1):119.
64. Levin DB et al. Hydrogen production by Clostridium thermocellum 27405 from cellulosic biomass substrates. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2006; 31(11):1496-1503.
65. Desvaux M. Clostridium cellulolyticum: model organism of mesophilic cellulolytic clostridia. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 2005; 29(4):741-764.
66. Liu Y et al.. Hydrogen production from cellulose by co-culture of Clostridium thermocellum JN4 and Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum GD17. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2008; 33(12):2927-2933.
67. Cheng J, Zhu M. A novel anaerobic co-culture system for bio-hydrogen production from sugarcane bagasse. Bioresource Technology 2013; 144:623-631.
68. Li Q, Liu C-Z. Co-culture of Clostridium thermocellum and Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum for enhancing hydrogen production via thermophilic fermentation of cornstalk waste. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2012; 37(14):10648-10654.
69. Yokoi H et al. Microbial hydrogen production from sweet potato starch residue. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 2001; 91(1):58-63.
70. Zeidan AA, Van Niel EW. Developing a thermophilic hydrogen-producing co-culture for efficient utilization of mixed sugars. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2009; 34(10):4524-4528.
71. Geng A et al. Effect of key factors on hydrogen production from cellulose in a co-culture of Clostridium thermocellum and Clostridium thermopalmarium. Bioresource Technology 2010; 101(11):4029-4033.
72. Haruta S et al. Construction of a stable microbial community with high cellulose-degradation ability. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2002; 59(4-5):529-534.
73. Mohan SV, Babu VL, Sarma P. Effect of various pretreatment methods on anaerobic mixed microflora to enhance biohydrogen production utilizing dairy wastewater as substrate. Bioresource Technology 2008; 99(1):59-67.
74. Chang J-S, Lee K-S, Lin P-J. Biohydrogen production with fixed-bed bioreactors. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2002; 27(11):1167-1174.
75. Nissilä ME et al. Effects of heat treatment on hydrogen production potential and microbial community of thermophilic compost enrichment cultures. Bioresource Technology 2011; 102(6):4501-4506.
76. Nath K, Das D. Improvement of fermentative hydrogen production: various approaches. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2004; 65(5):520-529.
77. Sompong O, Prasertsan P, Birkeland N-K. Evaluation of methods for preparing hydrogen-producing seed inocula under thermophilic condition by process performance and microbial community analysis. Bioresource Technology 2009; 100(2):909-918.
78. Liu H, Zhang T, Fang HH. Thermophilic H2 production from a cellulose-containing wastewater. Biotechnology Letters 2003; 25(4):365-369.
79. Shin H-S, Youn J-H, Kim S-H. Hydrogen production from food waste in anaerobic mesophilic and thermophilic acidogenesis. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2004; 29(13):1355-1363.
80. Zhang T, Liu H, Fang HH. Biohydrogen production from starch in wastewater under thermophilic condition. Journal of Environmental Management 2003; 69(2):149-156.
81. Havlík P et al. Global land-use implications of first and second generation biofuel targets. Energy Policy 2011; 39(10):5690-5702.
82. Hamelinck CN, Van Hooijdonk G, Faaij AP. Ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass: techno-economic performance in short-, middle-and long-term. Biomass and Bioenergy 2005; 28(4):384-410.
83. Alvira P et al. Pretreatment technologies for an efficient bioethanol production process based on enzymatic hydrolysis: a review. Bioresource Technology 2010; 101(13):4851-4861.
84. Yeoman CJ et al. Thermostable enzymes as biocatalysts in the biofuel industry. Advances in Applied Microbiology 2010; 70:1-55.
85. Bhalla A et al. Improved lignocellulose conversion to biofuels with thermophilic bacteria and thermostable enzymes. Bioresource Technology 2013; 128:751-759.
86. Foglia D et al. Effects of feedstocks on the process integration of biohydrogen production. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 2011; 13(4):547-558.
87. Boboescu IZ et al. Revealing the factors influencing a fermentative biohydrogen production process using industrial wastewater as fermentation substrate. Biotechnology for Biofuels 2014; 7(1):139.
88. Ochs D, Wukovits W, Ahrer W. Life cycle inventory analysis of biological hydrogen production by thermophilic and photo fermentation of potato steam peels (PSP). Journal of Cleaner Production 2010; 18:S88-S94.
89. Pawar SS, van Niel EW. Thermophilic biohydrogen production: how far are we? Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2013; 97(18):7999-8009.
90. Ljunggren M et al. A kinetic model for quantitative evaluation of the effect of hydrogen and osmolarity on hydrogen production by Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus. Biotechnology for Biofuels 2011; 4(1):31.
91. Noike T et al. Inhibition of hydrogen fermentation of organic wastes by lactic acid bacteria. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2002; 27(11):1367-1371.
92. Ljunggren M, Zacchi G. Techno-economic analysis of a two-step biological process producing hydrogen and methane. Bioresource Technology 2010; 101(20):7780-7788.
93. Azbar N et al. Continuous fermentative hydrogen production from cheese whey wastewater under thermophilic anaerobic conditions. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2009; 34(17):7441-7447.
94. Lee D-Y, Li Y-Y, Noike T. Influence of solids retention time on continuous H 2 production using membrane bioreactor. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2010; 35(1):52-60.
95. Oh S-E et al. Biological hydrogen production using a membrane bioreactor. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 2004; 87(1):119-127.
96. Kim M-S, Lee D-Y, Kim D-H. Continuous hydrogen production from tofu processing waste using anaerobic mixed microflora under thermophilic conditions. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2011; 36(14):8712-8718.
97. O-Thong S et al. Optimization of simultaneous thermophilic fermentative hydrogen production and COD reduction from palm oil mill effluent by Thermoanaerobacterium-rich sludge. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2008; 33(4):1221-1231.
98. Kongjan P, Angelidaki I. Extreme thermophilic biohydrogen production from wheat straw hydrolysate using mixed culture fermentation: effect of reactor configuration. Bioresource Technology 2010; 101(20):7789-7796.
99. Santos SC et al. Organic loading rate impact on biohydrogen production and microbial communities at anaerobic fluidized thermophilic bed reactors treating sugarcane stillage. Bioresource Technology 2014; 159:55-63.
100. Oh YK et al. Thermophilic biohydrogen production from glucose with trickling biofilter. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 2004; 88(6):690-698.
101. Yu H-Q, Fang HH, Gu G-W. Comparative performance of mesophilic and thermophilic acidogenic upflow reactors. Process Biochemistry 2002; 38(3):447-454.
102. Kraemer JT, Bagley DM. Supersaturation of dissolved H2 and CO2 during fermentative hydrogen production with N2 sparging. Biotechnology Letters 2006; 28(18):1485-1491.
103. Kim D-H et al. Effect of gas sparging on continuous fermentative hydrogen production. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2006; 31(15):2158-2169.
104. Clark IC, Zhang RH, Upadhyaya SK. The effect of low pressure and mixing on biological hydrogen production via anaerobic fermentation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2012; 37(15):11504-11513.
105. Lamed R, Lobos J, Su T. Effects of stirring and hydrogen on fermentation products of Clostridium thermocellum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1988; 54(5):1216-1221.
106. Sonnleitner A et al. Process investigations of extreme thermophilic fermentations for hydrogen production: effect of bubble induction and reduced pressure. Bioresource Technology 2012; 118:170-176.
107. Fritsch M, Hartmeier W, Chang J-S. Enhancing hydrogen production of Clostridium butyricum using a column reactor with square-structured ceramic fittings. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2008; 33(22):6549-6557.
108. Azbar N et al. Continuous fermentative hydrogen production from cheese whey wastewater under thermophilic anaerobic conditions. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2009; 34(17):7441-7447.
109. Santos SC et al. Hydrogen production from diluted and raw sugarcane vinasse under thermophilic anaerobic conditions. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2014; 39(18):9599-9610.
110. Abreu AA et al. Biohydrogen production from arabinose and glucose using extreme thermophilic anaerobic mixed cultures. Biotechnology for Biofuels 2012; 5(6).
111. Sen U, Shakdwipee M, Banerjee R. Status of biological hydrogen production. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 2008; 67(11):980.
112. Claassen P et al. Feasibility of biological hydrogen production from biomass for utilization in fuel cells. Gas 2000; 32:0-8.
113. Ljunggren M, Zacchi G. Techno-economic evaluation of a two-step biological process for hydrogen production. Biotechnology Progress 2010; 26(2):496-504.
114. Foglia D, et al. Fermentative hydrogen production: influence of application of mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria on mass and energy balances 2011.
115. Wukovits W, et al. Optimization of a two-stage bio-hydrogen fermentation process, 2010.
116. Hallenbeck PC, Benemann JR. Biological hydrogen production; fundamentals and limiting processes. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2002; 27(11):1185-1193.
117. Allers T, Mevarech M. Archaeal genetics-the third way. Nature Reviews Genetics 2005; 6(1):58-73.
118. Chung D et al. Methylation by a unique α-class N4-cytosine methyltransferase is required for DNA transformation of Caldicellulosiruptor bescii DSM6725. PLoS One 2012; 7(8):43844.
119. Gaida SM et al. Synthetic tolerance: three noncoding small RNAs, DsrA, ArcZ and RprA, acting supra-additively against acid stress. Nucleic Acids Research 2013; 41(18):8726-8737.
120. Jin H et al. Engineering biofuel tolerance in non-native producing microorganisms. Biotechnology Advances 2014; 32(2):541-548.
121. Wang J et al. Global metabolomic and network analysis of Escherichia coli responses to exogenous biofuels. Journal of Proteome Research 2013; 12(11):5302-5312.
122. Logan BE. Scaling up microbial fuel cells and other bioelectrochemical systems. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2010; 85(6):1665-1671.
123. Hallenbeck PC. Microbial paths to renewable hydrogen production. Biofuels 2011; 2(3):285-302.
124. Wang A et al.. Integrated hydrogen production process from cellulose by combining dark fermentation, microbial fuel cells, and a microbial electrolysis cell. Bioresource Technology 2011; 102(5):4137-4143.
125. Cheng J et al. Cogeneration of H 2 and CH 4 from water hyacinth by two-step anaerobic fermentation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2010; 35(7):3029-3035.
126. Mohan SV et al. Biohydrogen production from chemical wastewater as substrate by selectively enriched anaerobic mixed consortia: influence of fermentation pH and substrate composition. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2007; 32(13):2286-2295.
127. Rai PK, Singh S, Asthana R. Biohydrogen production from cheese whey wastewater in a two-step anaerobic process. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2012; 167(6):1540-1549.
128. Lalaurette E et al. Hydrogen production from cellulose in a two-stage process combining fermentation and electrohydrogenesis. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2009; 34(15):6201-6210.
129. Amulya K, Reddy MV, Mohan SV. Acidogenic spent wash valorization through polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthesis coupled with fermentative biohydrogen production. Bioresource Technology 2014; 158:336-342.
130. Mohan SV, Devi MP. Fatty acid rich effluent from acidogenic biohydrogen reactor as substrate for lipid accumulation in heterotrophic microalgae with simultaneous treatment. Bioresource Technology 2012; 123:627-635.
131. Tyurin MV, Desai SG, Lynd LR. Electrotransformation of Clostridium thermocellum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2004; 70(2):883-890.
132. Quéméneur M et al. Effect of enzyme addition on fermentative hydrogen production from wheat straw. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2012; 37(14):10639-10647.