Sugar metabolism of hyperthermophiles

FEMS Microbiology Reviews

Volumn 18, Issue 2-3, 1996, Pages 119-137

  Kengen, Servé W M ^a   Stams, Alfons J M ^a   De Vos, Willem M ^a  

^a WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Embden Meyerhof; Entner Doudoroff; Fermentation; Glycolysis; Hyperthermophile; Pyrococcus furiosus; Sulfur reduction

Indexed keywords

SULFUR;

CONFERENCE PAPER; ENERGY METABOLISM; FERMENTATION; GLYCOLYSIS; NONHUMAN; PYROCOCCUS; SUGAR METABOLISM; THERMOPHILIC BACTERIUM;

ARCHAEA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); PYROCOCCUS; PYROCOCCUS FURIOSUS; THERMOCOCCALES; THERMOPROTEUS TENAX; THERMOTOGA MARITIMA;

EID: 0029990668     PISSN: 01686445     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0168-6445(96)00006-X     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (114)

1. Kristjánsson, J.K. and Hreggvidsson, G.O. (1995) Ecology and habitats of extremophiles. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 11, 17-25.
2. Stetter, K.O., Fiala, G., Huber, G., Huber, R. and Segerer, A. (1990) Hyperthermophilic microorganisms. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 75, 117-124.
3. Adams, M.W.W. (1993) Enzymes and proteins from organisms that grow near and above 100°C. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 47, 627-658.
4. Kelly, R.M. and Adams, M.W.W. (1994) Metabolism in hyperthermophilic microorganisms. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 66, 247-270.
5. dams, M.W.W. (1994) Biochemical diversity among sulfur-dependent, hyperthermophilic microorganisms. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 15, 261-277.
6. Schönheit, P. and Schäfer, T. (1995) Metabolism of hyperthermophiles. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 11, 26-57.
7. Blöchl, E., Burggraf, S., Fiala, G., Lauerer, G., Huber, G., Huber, R., Rachel, R., Segerer, A., Stetter, K.O. and Völkl, P. (1995) Isolation, taxonomy and phylogeny of hyperthermophilic microorganisms. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 11, 9-16.
8. Leuschner, C. and Antranikian, G. (1995) Heat-stable enzymes from extremely thermophilic and hyperthermophilic microorganisms. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 11, 95-114.
9. Woese, C.R., Kandler, O. and Wheelis, M.L. (1990) Towards a natural system of organisms: Proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria and Eucarya. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 4576-4579.
10. Olsen, G.J., Woese, C.R. and Overbeek, R. (1994) The winds of (evolutionary) change: breathing new life into microbiology. J. Bacteriol. 176, 1-6.
11. Fiala, G. and Stetter, K.O. (1986) Pyrococcus furiosus sp. nov. represents a novel genus of marine heterotrophic archaebacteria growing optimally at 100°C. Arch. Microbiol. 145, 56-61.
12. 2 in the anaerobic hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus: evidence for the operation of a novel sugar fermentation pathway. Arch. Microbiol. 158, 188-202.
13. Kengen, S.W.M. and Stams, A.J.M. (1994) Growth and energy conservation in batch cultures of Pyrococcus furiosus. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 117, 305-310.
14. Schäfer, T. and Schönheit, P. (1991) Pyruvate metabolism of the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium Pyrococcus furiosus. Arch. Microbiol. 155, 366-377.
15. Rüdiger, A., Ogbonna, J.C., Markl, H. and Antranikian, G. (1992) Effect of gassing, agitation, substrate supplementation and dialysis on the growth of an extremely thermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus woesei. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 37, 501-504.
16. Schicho, R.N., Ma, K., Adams, M.W.W. and Kelly, R.M. (1993) Bioenergetics of sulfur reduction in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. J. Bacteriol. 175, 1823-1830.
17. Kengen, S.W.M. and Stams, A.J.M. (1994) Formation of L-alanine as a reduced end product in carbohydrate fermentation by the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. Arch. Microbiol. 161, 168-175.
18. Brown, S.H., Costantino, H.R. and Kelly, R.M. (1990) Characterization of amylolytic enzyme activities associated with the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium Pyrococcus furiosus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56, 1985-1991.
19. Brown, S.H. and Kelly, R.M. (1993) Characterization of amylolytic enzymes, having both α-1.4 and α-1,6 hydrolytic activity, from the thermophilic archaea Pyrococcus furiosus and Thermococcus litoralis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59, 2614-2621.
20. Koch, R., Zablowski, P., Spreinat, A. and Antranikian, G. (1990) Extremely thermostable amylolytic enzyme from the archaebacterium Pyrococcus furiosus. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 71, 21-26.
21. Laderman, K.A., Davis, B.R., Krutzsch, H.C., Lewis, M.S., Griko, Y.V., Privalov, P.L. and Anfinsen, C.B. (1993) The purification and characterization of an extremely thermostable α-amylase from the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium Pyrococcus furiosus. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 24394-24401.
22. Koch, R., Spreinat, A., Lemke, K. and Antranikian, G. (1991) Purification and properties of a hyperthermoactive α-amylase from the archaeobacterium Pyrococcus woesei. Arch. Microbiol. 155, 572-578.
23. Costantino, H.R., Brown, S.H. and Kelly, R.M. (1990) Purification and characterization of an α-glucosidase from a hyperthermophilic archaebacterium, Pyrococcus furiosus, exhibiting a temperature optimum of 105 to 115°C. J. Bacteriol. 172, 3654-3660.
24. Usenko, I.A., Severina, L.O., Plakunov, V.K. (1993) Uptake of sugars and amino acids by extremely thermophilic archaea - and eubacteria. Microbiology (Mikrobiologiya) 62, 272-277.
25. Kengen, S.W.M., de Bok, F.A.M., van Loo, N.D., Dijkema, C., Stams, A.J.M. and de Vos, W.M. (1994) Evidence for the operation of a novel Embden-Meyerhof pathway that involves ADP-dependent kinases during sugar fermentation by Pyrococcus furiosus. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 17537-17541.
26. 13C labelling data and enzyme activities. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 121, 107-114.
27. Kengen, S.W.M., Luesink, E.J., Stams, A.J.M. and Zehnder, A.J.B. (1993) Purification and characterization of an extremely thermostable β-glucosidase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. Eur. J. Biochem. 213, 305-312.
28. Kengen, S.W.M. and Stams, A.J.M. (1994) An extremely thermostable β-glucosidase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus; a comparison with other glycosidases. Biocatalysis 11, 79-88.
29. Martins, L.O. and Santos, H. (1995) Accumulation of mannosylglycerate and di-myo-inositol-phosphate by Pyrococcus furiosus in response to salinity and temperature. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61, 3299-3303.
30. Voorhorst, W.G.B., Eggen, R.I.L., Luesink, E.J. and de Vos, W.M. (1995) Characterization of the celB gene coding for the β-glucosidase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pvrococcus furiosus and its expression and site-directed mutation in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 177, 7105-7111.
31. Cubellis, M.V., Rozzo, C., Montecucchi, P. and Rossi, M. (1990) Isolation and sequencing of a new beta-galactosidase-encoding archaebacterial gene. Gene 94, 89-94.
32. Moracci, M., La Volpe, A., Pulitzer, J.F., Rossi, M. and Ciaramella, M. (1992) Expression of the thermostable β-galactosidase gene from the archaebacterium Sulfolobus solfataricus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and characterization of a new inducible promoter for heterologous expression. J. Bacteriol. 174, 873-882.
33. Pisani, P.M., Relia, R., Rozzo, C., Raia, A., Nucci, R., Gambacorta, A., De Rosa, M. and Rossi, M. (1990) Thermostable β-galactosidase from the archaebacterium Sulfolobus solfataricus. Eur. J. Biochem. 187, 321-328.
34. Moracci, M., Ciamarella, M., Nucci, R., Pearl, L.H., Sanderson, I., Trincone, A. and Rossi, M. (1994) Thermostable beta-glucosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus. Biocatalysis 11, 89-103.
35. Fisher, L., Bromann, R., Kengen, S.W.M., de Vos, W.M. and Wagner, F. (1996) Catalytic potency of the β-glucosidase from the extremophile Pyrococcus furiosus in glucoconjugate synthesis. Bio/Technology, in press.
36. Badr, H.R., Sims, K.A. and Adams, M.W.W. (1994) Purification and characterization of a sucrose α-glucohydrolase (invertase) from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. System. Appl. Microbiol. 17, 1-6.
37. Mukund, S. and Adams, M.W.W. (1991) The novel tungsten-iron-sulfur protein of the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium, Pyrococcus furiosus, is an aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 14208-14216.
38. Aono, S., Bryant, F.O. and Adams, M.W.W. (1990) A novel and remarkably thermostable ferredoxin from the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium Pyrococcus furiosus. J. Bacteriol. 171, 3433-3439.
39. De Rosa, M., Gambacorta, A., Nicolaus, B., Giardina, P., Poerio, E. and Buonocore, V. (1984) Glucose metabolism in the extreme thermoacidophilic archaebacterium Sulfolobus solfararicus. Biochem. J. 224, 407-414.
40. Budgen, N. and Danson, M.J. (1986) Metabolism of glucose via a modified Entner-Doudoroff pathway in the thermoacidophilic archaebacterium Thermoplasma acidophilum. FEBS Lett. 196, 207-210.
41. Schicho, R.N., Snowden, L.J., Mukund, S., Park, J.B., Adams, M.W.W. and Kelly, R.M. (1993) Influence of tungsten on metabolic patterns in Pyrococcus furiosus, a hyperthermophilic archaeon. Arch. Microbiol. 159, 380-385.
42. Kengen, S.W.M., Tuininga, J.E., de Bok, F.A.M., Stams, A.J.M. and de Vos, W.M. (1996) Purification and characterization of a novel ADP-dependent glucokinase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. J. Biol. Chem. 270, in press.
43. Zwickl, P., Fabry, S., Bogedain, C., Haas, A. and Hensel, R. (1990) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium Pyrococcus woesei: characterization of the enzyme, cloning and sequencing of the gene, and expression in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 172, 4329-4338.
44. Schäfer, T. and Schönheit, P. (1993) Gluconeogenesis from pyruvate in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus: involvement of reactions of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. Arch. Microbiol. 159, 354-363.
45. Mukund, S. and Adams, M.W.W. (1995) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ferredoxin oxidoreductase, a novel tungsten-containing enzyme with a potential glycolytic role in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 8389-8392.
46. Peak, M.J., Peak, J.G., Stevens, F.J., Blamey, J., Mai, X., Zhou, Z.H. and Adams, M.W.W. (1994) The hyperthermophilic glycolytic enzyme enolase in the archaeon. Pyrococcus furiosus: comparison with mesophilic enolases. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 313, 280-286.
47. Robinson, K.A., Robb, F.T. and Schreier, H.J. (1994) Isolation of maltose-regulated genes from the hyperhermophilic archaeum. Pyrococcus furiosus, by subtractive hybridization. Gene 148, 137-141.
48. Robinson, K.A. and Schreier, H.J. (1994) Isolation, sequence and characterization of the maltose-regulated mlrA gene from the hyperthermophilic archaeum Pyrococcus furiosus. Gene 151, 173-176.
49. Blamey, J.M. and Adams, M.W.W. (1993) Purification and characterization of pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1161, 19-27.
50. Blamey, J.M. and Adams, M.W.W. (1994) Characterization of an ancestral type of pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima. Biochemistry 33, 1000-1007.
51. Kunow, J., Linder, D. and Thauer, R.K. (1995) Pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase from the sulfate-reducing Archaeoglobus fulgilus: molecular composition, catalytic properties, and sequence alignments. Arch. Microbiol. 163, 21-28.
52. Smith, E.T., Blamey, J.M. and Adams, M.W.W. (1994) Pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase of the hyperthermophilic archaeon. Pyrococcus furiosus, and the hyperthermophilic bacterium. Thermotoga maritima, have different catalytic mechanisms. Biochemistry 33, 1008-1016.
53. Schäfer, T., Selig, M. and Schönheit, P. (1993) Acetyl-CoA synthetase (ADP-forming) in archaea, a novel enzyme involved in acetate formation and ATP-synthesis. Arch. Microbiol. 159, 72-83.
54. Blumentals, I.I., Itoh, M., Oison, G.J. and Kelly, R.M. (1990) Role of polysulfides in reduction of elemental sulfur by the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium Pyrococcus furiosus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56, 1255-1262.
55. Schauder, R. and Müller, E. (1993) Polysulfide as a possible substrate for sulfur-reducing bacteria. Arch. Microbiol. 160, 377-382.
56. Bryant, F.O. and Adams, M.W.W. (1989) Characterization of hydrogenase from the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium. Pyrococcus furiosus. J. Biol. Chem. 264, 5070-5079.
57. Ma, K., Zhou, Z.H. and Adams, M.W.W. (1994) Hydrogen production from pyruvate by enzymes purified from the hyperthermophilic archaeon. Pyrococcus furiosus: a key role for NADPH. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 122, 245-250.
58. Ma, K., Schicho, R.N., Kelly, R.M. and Adams, M.W.W. (1993) Hydrogenase of the hyperthermophile Pyrococcus furiosus is an elemental sulfur reductase or sulfhydrogenase: evidence for a sulfur-reducing hydrogenase ancestor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 5341-5344.
59. Ma, K. and Adams, M.W.W. (1994) Sulfide dehydrogenase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus: a new multifunctional enzyme involved in the reduction of elemental sulfur. J. Bacteriol. 176, 6509-6517.
60. Roh, F.T., Park, J.B. and Adams, M.W.W. (1992) Characterization of an extremely thermostable glutamate dehydrogenase: a key enzyme in the primary metabolism of the hyperthermophilic archaebacteriurn. Pyrococcits furiosus. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1120, 267-272.
61. Eggen, R.I.L., Geerling, A.C.M., Waldkötter, K., Antranikian, A. and de Vos, W.M. (1993) The glutamate dehydrogenase-encoding gene of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus: sequence, transcription and analysis of deduced amino acid sequence. Gene 132, 143-148.
62. Stouthamer, A.H. and Van Verseveld, H.W. (1985) Stoichiometry of microbial growth. In: Comprehensive Biotechnology (Humphrey, A.F., and Cooney, C.L., Eds.), Vol. 1, pp. 215-238. Pergamon. New York.
63. Thauer, R.K., Jungermann, K. and Decker, K. (1977) Energy conservation in chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria. Bacteriol. Rev. 41, 100-180.
64. Zillig, W., Holz., I., Klenk, H.P., Trent, J., Wunderl, S., Janekovic, D., Imsel, E. and Haas, B. (1987) Pyrococcus woesei, sp. nov., an ultra-thermophilic marine archaebacterium, representing a novel order, Thermococcales. System. Appl. Microbiol. 9, 62-70.
65. Pley, U., Schipka, J. Gambacorta, A., Jannaseh, H.W., Fricke, H., Rachel, R. and Stetter, K.O. (1991) Pyrodictium abyssi sp. nov. represents a novel heterotrophic marine archaeal hyperthermophile growing at 110°C. System. Appl. Microbiol. 14, 245-253.
66. Zillig, W., Holz, I., Janekovic, D., Klenk, H., Imsel, E., Trent, J., Wunderl, S., Forjaz, V.H., Coutinho, R. and Ferreira, T. (1990) Hyperthermus butylicus, a hyperthermophilic sulfur-reducing archaebacterium that ferments peptides. J. Bacteriol. 172, 3959-3965.
67. Canganella, F., Andrade, C.M. and Antranikian, G. (1994) Characterization of amylolytic and pullulytic enzymes from thermophilic archaea and from a new Fervidobacterium species. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 42, 239-245.
68. Bragger, J.M., Daniel, R.M., Coolbear, T. and Morgan, H.W. (1989) Very stable enzymes from extremely thermophilic archaebacteria and eubacteria. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 31, 556-561.
69. Kerscher, L., Nowitzki, S. and Oesterhelt, D. (1982) Thermoacidophilic archaebacteria contain bacterial-type ferredoxins acting as electron acceptors of 2-oxoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductases. Eur. J. Biochem. 128, 223-230.
70. Danson, M.J., Black, S.C., Woodland, D.L. and Wood, P.A. (1985) Citric acid cycle enzymes of the archaebacteria: citrate synthase and succinate thiokinase. FEBS Lett. 179. 120-124.
71. Danson, M.J. (1988) Archaebacteria: the comparative enzymology of their central metabolic pathways. Adv. Microb. Phys. 29, 166-231.
72. Zillig, W., Stetter, K.O., Schäfer, W., Janekovic, D., Wunderl. S., Holz, J. and Palm, P. (1981) Thermoproteales: a novel type of extremely thermoacidophilic anaerobic archaebacteria isolated from Icelandic solfataras. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Hyg. I Abt. Orig. C2, 205-227.
73. 2 with sulfur or thiosulfate as electron acceptor in the anaerobic hyperthermophilic archaea Thermoproteus tenax and Pyrobaculum islandicum proceeds via the citric acid cycle. Arch. Microbiol. 162, 286-294.
74. Siebers, B. and Hensel, R. (1993) Glucose catabolism of the hyperthermophilic archaeum Thermoproteus tenax. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 111, 1-8.
75. Hensel, R., Laumann, S., Lang, J., Heumann, H. and Lottspeich, F. (1987) Characterization of two D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases from the extremely thermophilic archaebacterium Thermoproteus tenax. Eur. J. Biochem. 170, 325-333.
76. Huber, R., Langworthy, T.A., König, H., Thomm, M., Woese, C.R., Sleytr, U.B. and Stetter, K.O. (1986) Thermotoga maritima sp. nov. represents a new genus of unique thermophilic eubacteria growing up to 90°C. Arch. Microbiol. 144, 324-333.
77. 2 in the anaerobic hyperthermophilic eubacterium Thermotoga maritima: involvement of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. Arch. Microbiol. 161, 460-470.
78. Gabelsberger, J., Liebl, W. and Schleifer, K.H. (1993) Purification and properties of recombinant β-glucosidase of the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 40, 44-52.
79. Schurig, H., Beaucamp, N., Ostendorp, R., Jaenicke, R., Adler, E. and Knowles, J.R. (1995) Phosphoglycerate kinase and triosephosphate isomerase from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima form a covalent bifunctional enzyme complex. EMBO J. 14, 442-451.
80. Wrba, A., Schweiger, A., Schultes, V., Jaenicke, R. and Zavodszky, P. (1990) Extremely thermophilic D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the eubacterium Thermotoga maritima. Biochemistry 29, 7584-7592.
81. Jusczak, A., Aono, S. and Adams, M.W.W. (1991) The extremely thermophilic eubacterium. Thermotoga maritima, contains a novel iron-hydrogenase whose cellular activity is dependent upon tungsten. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 13834-13841.
82. Wrba, A., Jaenicke, R., Huber, R. and Stetter, K.O. (1990) Lactate dehydrogenase from the extreme thermophile Thermotoga maritima. Eur. J. Biochem. 188, 195-201.
83. Erauso, G., Reysenbach, A.L., Godfroy, A., Meunier, J.R., Crump, B., Partensky, F., Baross, J.A., Marteinsson, V., Barbier, G., Pace, N.R. and Prieur, D. (1993) Pyrococcus abyssi sp. nov., a new hyperthermophilic archaeon isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. Arch. Microbiol. 160, 338-349.
84. Kobayashi, T., Higuchi, S., Kimura, K., Kudo, T. and Horikoshi, K. (1995) Properties of glutamate dehydrogenase and its involvement in alanine production in a hyperthermophilic archaeon, Thermococcus profundus. J. Biochem. 118, 587-592.
85. Conway, T. (1992) The Entner-Doudoroff pathway: history, physiology and molecular biology. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 103, 1-28.
86. Mertens, E. (1991) Pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase, an anaerobic glycolytic enzyme? FEBS Lett. 285, 1-5.
87. Reeves, R.E., Warren, L.G., Susskind, B. and Lo, H.S. (1977) An energy-conserving pyruvate-to-acetate pathway in Entamoeba histolytica: pyruvate synthase and a new acetate thiokinase. J. Biol. Chem. 252, 726-731.
88. Lindmark, D.G. (1980) Energy metabolism of the anaerobic protozoon Ciardia lamblia. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 1. 1-12.
89. Edwards, M.R., Gilroy, F.V., Jimenez, M.B., O'Sullivan, W.J. (1989) Alanine is a major end product of metabolism by Giarditi lamblia: a proton nuclear magnetic resonance study. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 37, 19-26.
90. Zillig, W., Stetter, K.O., Wunderl, S., Schulz, W., Priess, H. and Scholz, I. (1980) The Sulfolobus-Caldariella group: taxonomy on the basis of the structure of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Arch. Microbiol. 125, 259-269.
91. Grogan, D.W. (1991) Evidence that β-galactosidase of Sulfolobus solfataricus is only one of several activities of a thermostable β-D-glycosidase. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57, 1644-1649.
92. Grogan, D., Palm, P. and Zillig, W. (1990) Isolate B12, which harbours a virus-like element, represents a new species of the archaebacterial genus Sulfolobus, folobus shibatae, sp. nov. Arch. Microbiol. 154, 594-599.
93. Brock, T.D., Brock, K.M., Belly, R.T. and Weiss, R.L. (1972) Sulfolobus: a new genus of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria living at low pH and high temperature. Arch. Microbiol. 84, 54-68.
94. Zillig, W., Gierl, A., Schreiber, G., Wunderl, S., Janekovic, D., Stetter, K.O. and Klenk, H.P. (1983) The archaebacterium Thennophilum pendens represents a novel genus of the thermophilic, anaerobic sulfur respiring Thermaproteales. System. Appl. Microbiol. 4, 79-87.
95. Bonch-Osmolovskaya, E.A., Slesarev, A.I., Miroshnichenko, M.L., Svetlichnaya, T.P. and Alekseev, V.A. (1988) Characteristics of Desulfurococcus amylatyticus n. sp. - a new extremely thermophilic archaebacterium isolated from thermal springs of Kamchatka and Kunashir island. Microbiology 57, 78-85.
96. Usenko, I.A. (1994) Utilization of sugars and amino acids by extremely thermophilic anaerobic archaebacterium Desulfurococcus amylolyticus. Microbiology 63, 437-441.
97. Stetter, K.O. (1986) Diversity of extremely thermophilic archaebacteria. In: Thermophiles: general, molecular, and applied microbiology (Brock, T.D., Ed.), pp. 39-74. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
98. Zillig, W., Stetter, K.O., Prangishvilli, D., Schäfer, W., Wunderl, S., Janekovic, D., Holz, I. and Palm, P. (1982) Desulfurococcuceae, the second family of the extremely thermophilic, anaerobic, sulfur-respiring Thermoproteales. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Hyg. I Abt. Orig. C3, 304-307.
99. Fiala, G., Stetter, K.O., Jannasch, H.W., Langworthy, T.A. and Madon, J. (1986) Staphylothermus marinus sp. nov. represents a novel genus of extremely thermophilic submarine heterotrophic archaebacteria growing up to 98°C. System. Appl. Microbiol. 8, 106-113.
100. Zillig, W., Holz, I., Janekovic, D., Schäfer, W. and Reiter, W.D. (1983) The archaebacterium Thermococcus celer represents, a novel genus within the thermophilic branch of the archaebacteria. System. Appl. Microbiol. 4, 88-94.
101. Miroshnichenko, M.L., Bonch-Osmolovskaya, E.A., Neuner, A., Kostrikina, N.A., Chernych, N.A. and Alekseev, V.A. (1989) Thermococcus stetteri sp. nov., a new extremely thermophilic marine sulfur-metabolizing archaebacterium. System. Appl. Microbiol. 12, 257-262.
102. Neuner, A., Jannasch, H.W., Belkin, S. and Stetter, K.O. (1990) Thermococcus litoralis sp. nov., a new species of extremely thermophilic marine archaebacteria. Arch. Microbiol. 153, 205-207.
103. Kobayashi, Y., Kwak, Y.S., Akiba, T., Kudo, T. and Horikoshi, K. (1994) Thermococcus profundus sp. nov., a new hyperthermophilic archaeon isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. System. Appl. Microbiol. 17, 232-236.
104. Huber, R.H., Stöhr, J., Hohenhaus, S., Rachel, R., Burggraf, S., Jannasch, H.W. and Stetter, K.O. (1995) Thermococcus chitonophagus sp. nov., a novel, chitin-degrading, hyperthermophilic archaeum from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent environment. Arch. Microbiol. 164, 255-264.
105. Stetter, K.O. (1988) Archaeoglobus fulgidus gen. nov., sp. nov.: a new taxon of extremely thermophilic archaebacteria. System. Appl. Microbiol. 10, 172-173
106. Belkin, S., Wirsen, C.O. and Jannasch, H.W. (1986) A new sulfur-reducing, extremely thermophilic eubacterium from a submarine thermal vent. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 51, 1180-1185.
107. Laderman, K.A., Asada, K., Uemori, T., Mukai, H., Taguchi, Y., Kato, I. and Anfinsen, C.B. (1993) α-Amylase from the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium Pyrococcus furiosus-cloning and sequencing of the gene and expression in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 24402-24407.
108. Rüdiger, A., Jorgensen, P.L. and Antranikian, G. (1994) Isolation and properties of a heat-stable pullulanase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus woesei after cloning and expression of its gene in Escherichia coli. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61, 567-575.
109. Consalvi, V., Chiaraluce, R., Politi, L., Vaccaro, R., de Rosa, M. and Scandurra, R. (1991) Extremely thermostable glutamate dehydrogenase from the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium Pyrococcus furiosus. Eur. J. Biochem. 202, 1189-1196.
110. Eggen, R.I.L., Geerling, A.C.M., Waldkötter, K., Antranikian, G. and de Vos W.M. (1993) The glutamate dehydrogenase-encoding gene of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus, sequence, transcription and analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence. Gene 132, 143-148.
111. Conover, R.C., Kowai, A.T., Fu, W., Park, J.B., Aono, S. and Adams, M.W.W. (1990) Spectroscopic characterization of the novel iron-sulfur cluster in Pyrococcus furiosus ferredoxin. J. Biol. Chem. 265, 8533-8541.
112. Heltzel, A., Smith, E.T., Zhou, Z.H., Blamey, J.M. and Adams, M.W.W. (1994) Cloning, expression, and molecular characterization of the gene encoding an extremely thermostable 4[Fe-4S] ferredoxin from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. J. Bacteriol. 176, 4790-4793.
113. Pedroni, P., Della Volpe, A., Galli, G., Mura, G.M., Pratesi, C. and Grandi, G. (1995) Characterization of the locus encoding the [Ni-Fe] sulfhydrogenase from the archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus: evidence for a relationship to bacterial sulfite reductases. Microbiology 141, 449-458.
114. Kletzin, A., Mukund, S., Kelley-Crouse, T.L., Chan, M.K., Rees, D.C. and Adams, M.W.W. (1995) Molecular characterization of the genes encoding the tungsten-containing aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase from Pyrococcus furiosus and formaldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase from Thermococcus litoralis. J. Bacteriol. 177, 4817-4819.