The unique features of glycolytic pathways in Archaea

Biochemical Journal

Volumn 375, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 231-246

  Verhees, Corné H ^a,c   Kengen, Servé W M ^a   Tuininga, Judith E ^a   Schut, Gerrit J ^b   Adams, Michael W W ^b   De Vos, Willem M ^a   Van Der Oost, John ^a  

^a WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b University of Georgia   (United States)

^c DSM RESEARCH   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Archaea; Embden Meyerhof pathway; Entner Douderoff pathway; Glycolysis; Glycolytic enzyme; Polysaccharide

Indexed keywords

BACTERIA; ENZYMES; GENES; GLUCOSE; METABOLISM;

PROKARYOTIC DOMAINS;

BIOCHEMISTRY;

6 PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE; ENOLASE; FRUCTOSE BISPHOSPHATE ALDOLASE; GLUCOKINASE; GLUCONATE DEHYDRATASE; GLUCONIC ACID; GLUCOSE 6 PHOSPHATE ISOMERASE; GLUCOSE DEHYDROGENASE; GLYCERALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE; GLYCERATE KINASE; HYDROLYASE; OXIDOREDUCTASE; PHOSPHOGLUCOMUTASE; PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; BACTERIUM; BIOCHEMISTRY; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOMICS; GLUCONEOGENESIS; GLYCOLYSIS; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; MOSAICISM; NONHUMAN; PHYLOGENY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROKARYOSIS; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; THERMOPHILIC BACTERIUM;

ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE; ARCHAEA; EVOLUTION, MOLECULAR; GLUCOSE; GLYCOLYSIS; PHOSPHOTRANSFERASES; PHYLOGENY; SPECIES SPECIFICITY;

ARCHAEA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); EUKARYOTA; PROKARYOTA;

EID: 0142138858     PISSN: 02646021     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1042/BJ20021472     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. Meléndez-Hevia, E., Waddell, T. G., Heinrich, R. and Montero, F. (1997) Theoretical approaches to the evolutionary optimization of glycolysis - chemical analysis. Eur. J. Biochem. 244, 527-543
2. Peekhaus, N. and Conway, T. (1998) What's for dinner?: Entner-Doudoroff metabolism in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 180, 3495-3502
3. Goncalves, P. and Planta, R. J. (1998) Starting up yeast glycolysis. Trends Microbiol. 6, 314-319
4. Kengen, S. W., de Bok, F. A., van Loo, N. D., Dijkema, C., Stams, A. J. and de Vos, W. M. (1994) Evidence for the operation of a novel Embden-Meyerhof pathway that involves ADP-dependent kinases during sugar fermentation by Pyrococcus furiosus. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 17537-17541
5. Selig, M., Xavier, K. B., Santos, H. and Schönheit, P. (1997) Comparative analysis of Embden-Meyerhof and Entner-Doudoroff glycolytic pathways in hyperthermophilic archaea and the bacterium Thermotoga. Arch. Microbiol. 167, 217-232
6. Siebers, B. and Hensel, R. (1993) Glucose catabolism of the hyperthermophilic archaeum Thermoproteus tenax. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 111, 1-8
7. 2 in the anaerobic hyperthermophilic archaeaon Pyrococcus furiosus: evidence for the operation of a novel sugar fermentation pathway. Arch. Microbiol. 158, 188-202
8. Kengen, S. W., Tuininga, J. E., de Bok, F. A., Stams, A. J. and de Vos, W. M. (1995) Purification and characterization of a novel ADP-dependent glucokinase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 30453-30457
9. Dandekar, T., Schuster, S., Snel, B., Huynen, M. and Bork, P. (1999) Pathway alignment: application to the comparative analysis of glycolytic enzymes. Biochem. J. 343, 115-124
10. Ronimus, R. S. and Morgan, H. W. (2003) Distribution and phylogenies of enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway from archaea and hyperthermophilic bacteria support a gluconeogenic origin of metabolism. Archaea, in the press
11. Danson, M. J. (1993) Central Metabolism of the Archaea, Elsevier, Amsterdam
12. Schönheit, P. and Schäfer, T. (1995) Metabolism of hyperthermophiles. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 11, 26-57
13. Kengen, S. W. M., Stams, A. J. M. and de Vos, W. M. (1996) Sugar metabolism of hyperthermophiles. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 18, 119-137
14. de Vos, W. M., Kengen, S. W., Voorhorst, W. G. and van der Oost, J. (1998) Sugar utilization and its control in hyperthermophiles. Extremophiles 2, 201-205
15. Silva, P. J., van den Ban, E. C., Wassink, H., Haaker, H., de Castro, B., Robb, F. T. and Hagen, W. R. (2000) Enzymes of hydrogen metabolism in Pyrococcus furiosus. Eur. J. Biochem. 267, 6541-6551
16. Cohen, G. N., Barbe, V., Flament, D., Galperin, M., Heilig, R., Lecompte, O., Poch, O., Prieur, D., Querellou, J., Ripp, R. et al. (2003) An integrated analysis of the genome of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus abyssi. Mol. Microbiol. 47, 1495-1512
17. Fiala, G. and Stetter, K. O. (1986) Pyrococcus furiosus sp. nov. represents a novel genus of marine heterotrophic archaebacteria growing optimally at 100°C. Arch. Microbiol. 161, 168-175
18. Zillig, W., Stetter, K. O., Wunderl, S., Schulz, W., Priess, H. and Scholz, I. (1980) The Sulfolobus-"Caldariella" group: taxonomy on the basis of the structure of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Arch. Microbiol. 125, 259-269
19. Kengen, S. W., Luesink, E. J., Stams, A. J. and Zehnder, A. J. (1993) Purification and characterization of an extremely thermostable β-glucosidase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. Eur. J. Biochem. 213, 305-312
20. Gueguen, Y., Voorhorst, W. G., van der Oost, J. and de Vos, W. M. (1997) Molecular and biochemical characterization of an endo-β-1,3-glucanase of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 31258-31264
21. Driskill, L. E., Kusy, K., Bauer, M. W. and Kelly, R. M. (1999) Relationship between glycosyl hydrolase inventory and growth physiology of the hyperthermophile Pyrococcus furiosus on carbohydrate-based media. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65, 893-897
22. Grogan, D. W. (1989) Phenotypic characterization of the archaebacterial genus Sulfolobus: comparison of five wild-type strains. J. Bacteriol. 171, 6710-6719
23. Elferink, M. G., Albers, S. V., Konings, W. N. and Driessen, A. J. (2001) Sugar transport in Sulfolobus solfataricus is mediated by two families of binding protein-dependent ABC transporters. Mol. Microbiol. 39, 1494-1503
24. Kaper, T., Verhees, C. H., Lebbink, J. H., van Lieshout, J. F., Kluskens, L. D., Ward, D. E., Kengen, S. W., Beerthuyzen, M. M., de Vos, W. M. and van der Oost, J. (2001) Characterization of β-glycosylhydrolases from Pyrococcus furiosus. Methods Enzymol. 330, 329-346
25. Koch, R., Zablowski, P., Spreinat, A. and Antranikian, G. (1990) Extremely thermostable amylolytic enzyme from the archaebacterium Pyrococcus furiosus. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 71, 21-26
26. Jorgensen, S., Vorgias, C. E. and Antranikian, G. (1997) Cloning, sequencing, characterization, and expression of an extracellular α-amylase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 16335-16342
27. Brown, S. H. and Kelly, R. M. (1993) Characterization of amylolytic enzymes, having both α-1,4 and α-1,6 hydrolytic activity, from thermophilic archaea Pyrococcus furiosus and Thermococcus litoralis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59, 2614-2621
28. Dong, G., Vieille, C., Savchenko, A. and Zeikus, J. G. (1997) Cloning, sequencing, and expression of the gene encoding extracellular α-amylase from Pyrococcus furiosus and biochemical characterization of the recombinant enzyme. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63, 3569-3576
29. Moracci, M., Cobucci Ponzano, B., Trincone, A., Fusco, S., De Rosa, M., van der Oost, J., Sensen, C. W., Charlebois, R. L. and Rossi, M. (2000) Identification and molecular characterization of the first α-xylosidase from an archaeon. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 22082-22089
30. Koning, S. M., Elferink, M. G., Konings, W. N. and Driessen, A. J. (2001) Cellobiose uptake in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus is mediated by an inducible, high-affinity ABC transporter. J. Bacteriol. 183, 4979-4984
31. Horlacher, R., Xavier, K. B., Santos, H., DiRuggiero, J., Kossmann, M. and Boos, W. (1998) Archaeal binding protein-dependent ABC transporter: molecular and biochemical analysis of the trehalose/maltose transport system of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus litoralis. J. Bacteriol. 180, 680-689
32. Xavier, K. B., Martins, L. O., Peist, R., Kossmann, M., Boos, W. and Santos, H. (1996) High-affinity maltose/trehalose transport system in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus litoralis. J. Bacteriol. 178, 4773-4777
33. Wanner, C. and Soppa, J. (1999) Genetic identification of three ABC transporters as essential elements for nitrate respiration in Haloferax volcanii. Genetics 152, 1417-1428
34. +-electrochemical potential gradient and inhibitors for the mammalian glucose transporter inhibit the transport. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1070, 293-299
35. Albers, S. V., Elferink, M. G., Charlebois, R. L., Sensen, C. W., Driessen, A. J. and Konings, W. N. (1999) Glucose transport in the extremely thermoacidophilic Sulfolobus solfataricus involves a high-affinity membrane-integrated binding protein. J. Bacteriol. 181, 4285-4291
36. Constantino, H. R., Bron, S. H. and Kelly, R. M. (1990) Purification and characterization of an α-glucosidase from a hyperthermophilic archaebacterium, Pyrococcus furiosus, exhibiting a temperature optimum of 105 to 115°C. J. Bacteriol. 173, 3654-3660
37. Pisani, F. M., Rella, R., Raia, C. A., Rozzo, C., Nucci, R., Gambacorta, A., De Rosa, M. and Rossi, M. (1990) Thermostable β-galactosidase from the archaebacterium Sulfolobus solfataricus: purification and properties. Eur. J. Biochem. 187, 321-328
38. Nucci, R., Moracci, M., Vaccaro, C., Vespa, N. and Rossi, M. (1993) Exo-glucosidase activity and substrate specificity of the β-glycosidase isolated from the extreme thermophile Sulfolobus solfataricus. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 17, 239-250
39. Rolfsmeier, M. and Blum, P. (1995) Purification and characterization of a maltase from the extremely thermophilic crenarchaeote Sulfolobus solfataricus. J. Bacteriol. 177, 482-485
40. Blamey, J. M. and Adams, M. W. (1993) Purification and characterization of pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1161, 19-27
41. Huynen, M. A., Dandekar, T. and Bork, P. (1999) Variation and evolution of the citric-acid cycle: a genomic perspective. Trends Microbiol. 7, 281-291
42. She, Q., Singh, R. K., Confalonieri, F., Zivanovic, Y., Allard, G., Awayez, M. J., Chan-Weiher, C. C., Clausen, I. G., Curtis, B. A., De Moors, A. et al. (2001) The complete genome of the crenarchaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus P2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98, 7835-7840
43. Musfeldt, M., Selig, M. and Schönheit, P. (1999) Acetyl coenzyme A synthetase (ADP forming) from the hyperthermophilic Archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus: identification, cloning, separate expression of the encoding genes, acdAl and acdBl, in Escherichia coli, and in vitro reconstitution of the active heterotetrameric enzyme from its recombinant subunits. J. Bacteriol. 181, 5885-5888
44. Musfeldt, M. and Schönheit, P. (2002) Novel type of ADP-forming acetyl coenzyme A synthetase in hyperthermophilic archaea: heterologous expression and characterization of isoenzymes from the sulfate reducer Archaeoglobus fulgidus and the methanogen Methanococcus jannaschii. J. Bacteriol. 184, 636-644
45. Sakuraba, H., Utsumi, E., Kujo, C. and Ohshima, T. (1999) An AMP-dependent (ATP-forming) kinase in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus: characterization and novel physiological role. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 364, 125-128
46. Tuininga, J. E., Verhees, C. H., van der Oost, J., Kengen, S. W., Stams, A. J. and de Vos, W. M. (1999) Molecular and biochemical characterization of the ADP-dependent phosphofructokinase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 21023-21028
47. Koga, S., Yoshioka, I., Sakuraba, H., Takahashi, M., Sakasegawa, S., Shimizu, S. and Ohshima, T. (2000) Biochemical characterization, cloning, and sequencing of ADP-dependent (AMP-forming) glucokinase from two hyperthermophilic archaea, Pyrococcus furiosus and Thermococcus litoralis. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 128, 1079-1085
48. Labes, A. and Schönheit, P. (2001) Sugar utilization in the hyperthermophilic, sulfate-reducing archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus strain 7324: starch degradation to acetate and C02 via a modified Embden-Meyerhof pathway and acetyl-CoA synthetase (ADP-forming). Arch. Microbiol. 176, 329-338
49. Hansen, T., Reichstein, B., Schmid, R. and Schönheit, P. (2002) The first archaeal ATP-dependent glucokinase, from the hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon Aeropyrum pernix, represents a monomeric, extremely thermophilic ROK glucokinase with broad hexose specificity. J. Bacteriol. 184, 5955-5965
50. Dorr, C., Zaparty, M., Tjaden, B., Brinkmann, H. and Siebers, B. (2003) The hexokinase of the hyperthermophile Thermoproteus tenax: ATP-dependent hexokinases and ADP-dependent glucokinases, two alternatives for glucose phosphorylation in Archaea. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 18744-18753
51. Hansen, T., Oehlmann, M. and Schönheit, P. (2001) Novel type of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. J. Bacteriol. 183, 3428-3435
52. Verhees, C. H., Huynen, M. A., Ward, D. E., Schiltz, E., de Vos, W. M. and van der Oost, J. (2001) The phosphoglucose isomerase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus is a unique glycolytic enzyme that belongs to the cupin superfamily. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 40926-40932
53. Jeong, J. J., Fushinobu, S., Ito, S., Jeon, B. S., Shoun, H. and Wakagi, T. (2003) Characterization of the cupin-type phosphoglucose isomerase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus litoralis. FEBS Lett. 535, 200-204
54. 53a Berrisford, J. M., Akerboom, J., Turnbull, A. P., De Geus, D., Sedelnikova, S. E., Staton, I., McLeod, C. W., Verhees, C. H., van der Oost, J., Rice, D. W. and Baker, P. J. (2003) Crystal structure of Pyrococcus furiosus phosphoglucose isomerase: implications for substrate binding and catalysis. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 33290-33297
55. Schut, G. J., Zhou, J. and Adams, M. W. (2001) DNA microarray analysis of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus: evidence for a new type of sulfur-reducing enzyme complex. J. Bacteriol. 183, 7027-7036
56. Bateman, A. (1999) The SIS domain: a phosphosugar-binding domain. Trends Biochem. Sci. 24, 94-95
57. Ronimus, R. S., Koning, J. and Morgan, H. W. (1999) Purification and characterization of an ADP-dependent phosphofructokinase from Thermococcus zilligii. Extremophiles 3, 121-129
58. Verhees, C. H., Tuininga, J. E., Kengen, S. W., Stams, A. J., van der Oost, J. and de Vos, W. M. (2001) ADP-dependent phosphofructokinases in mesophilic and thermophilic methanogenic archaea. J. Bacteriol. 183, 7145-7153
59. Sakuraba, H., Yoshioka, I., Koga, S., Takahashi, M., Kitahama, Y., Satomura, T., Kawakami, R. and Ohshima, T. (2002) ADP-dependent glucokinase/ phosphofructokinase, a novel bifunctional enzyme from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Methanococcus jannaschii. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 12495-12498
60. Ito, S., Fushinobu, S., Yoshioka, I., Koga, S., Matsuzawa, H. and Wakagi, T. (2001) Structural basis for the ADP-specificity of a novel glucokinase from a hyperthermophilic archaeon. Struct. Fold Des. 9, 205-214
61. Hansen, T. and Schönheit, P. (2000) Purification and properties of the first-identified, archaeal, ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase, an extremely thermophilic non-allosteric enzyme, from the hyperthermophile Desulfurococcus amylolyticus. Arch. Microbiol. 173, 103-109
62. i-dependent phosphofructokinase from Thermoproteus tenax, an archaeal descendant of an ancient line in phosphofructokinase evolution. J. Bacteriol. 180, 2137-2143
63. Siebers, B., Brinkmann, H., Dorr, C., Tjaden, B., Lilie, H., van der Oost, J. and Verhees, C. H. (2001) Archaeal fructose-1,6-bisphosphale aldolases constitute a new family of archaeal type class I aldolase. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 28710-28718
64. Galperin, M. Y., Aravind, L. and Koonin, E. V. (2000) Aldolases of the DhnA family: a possible solution to the problem of pentose and hexose biosynthesis in archaea. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 183, 259-264
65. Kohlhoff, M., Dahm, A. and Hensel, R. (1996) Tetrameric triosephosphate isomerase from hyperthermophilic Archaea. FEBS Lett. 383, 245-250
66. Walden, H., Bell, G. S., Russell, R. J., Siebers, B., Hensel, R. and Taylor, G. L. (2001) Tiny TIM: a small, tetrameric, hyperthermostable triosephosphate isomerase. J. Mol. Biol. 306, 745-757
67. Mukund, S. and Adams, M. W. (1995) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ferredoxin oxidoreductase, a novel tungsten-containing enzyme with a potential glycolytic role in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 8389-8392
68. van der Oost, J., Schut, G., Kengen, S. W., Hagen, W. R., Thomm, M. and de Vos, W. M. (1998) The ferredoxin-dependent conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus represents a novel site of glycolytic regulation. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 28149-28154
69. Roy, R., Menon, A. L. and Adams, M. W. (2001) Aldehyde oxidoreductases from Pyrococcus furiosus. Methods Enzymol. 331, 132-144
70. +-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Thermoproteus tenax: the first identified archaeal member of the aldehyde dehydrogenase superfamily is a glycolytic enzyme with unusual regulatory properties. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 6149-6156
71. Koonin, E. V., Mushegian, A. R., Galperin, M. Y. and Walker, D. R. (1997) Comparison of archaeal and bacterial genomes: computer analysis of protein sequences predicts novel functions and suggests a chimeric origin for the archaea. Mol. Microbiol. 25, 619-637
72. Galperin, M. Y., Bairoch, A. and Koonin, E. V. (1998) A superfamily of metalloenzymes unifies phosphopentomutase and cofactor-independent phosphoglycerate mutase with alkaline phosphatases and sulfatases. Protein Sci. 7, 1829-1835
73. van der Oost, J., Huynen, M. and Verhees, C. H. (2002) Molecular characterization of phosphoglycerate mutase in archaea. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 212, 111-120
74. Graham, D. E., Xu, H. and White, R. H. (2002) A divergent archaeal member of the alkaline phosphatase binuclear metalloenzyme superfamily has phosphoglycerate mutase activity. FEBS Lett. 517, 190-194
75. Peak, M. J., Peak, J. G., Stevens, F. J., Blamey, J., Mai, X., Zhou, Z. H. and Adams, M. W. (1994) The hyperthermophilic glycolytic enzyme enolase in the archaeon, Pyrococcus furiosus: comparison with mesophilic enolases. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 313, 280-286
76. Tracy, M. R. and Hedges, S. B. (2000) Evolutionary history of the enolase gene family. Gene 259, 129-138
77. Hutchins, A. M., Holden, J. F. and Adams, M. W. (2001) Phosphoenolpyruvate synthetase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. J. Bacteriol. 183, 709-715
78. De Rosa, M., Gambacorta, A., Nicolaus, B., Giardina, P., Poerio, E. and Buonocore, V. (1984) Glucose metabolism in the extreme thermoacidophilic archaebacterium Sulfolobus solfataricus. Biochem. J. 224, 407-414
79. Hensel, R., Laumann, S., Lang, J., Heumann, H. and Lottspeich, F. (1987) Characterization of two D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases from the extremely thermophilic archaebacterium Thermoproteus tenax. Eur. J. Biochem. 170, 325-333
80. Budgen, N. and Danson, M. J. (1986) Metabolism of glucose via a modified Entner-Doudoroff pathway in the thermoacidophilic archaeabacterium Thermoplasma acidophilum. FEBS Lett. 196, 207-210
81. Giardina, P., de Biasi, M. G., de Rosa, M., Gambacorta, A. and Buonocore, V. (1986) Glucose dehydrogenase from the thermoacidophilic archaebacterium Sulfolobus solfataricus. Biochem. J. 239, 517-522
82. Bright, J. R., Bryom, D., Danson, M. J., Hough, D. W. and Towner, P. (1993) Cloning, sequencing and expression of the gene encoding glucose dehydrogenase from the thermophilic archaeon Thermoplasma acidophilum. Eur. J. Biochem. 211, 549-554
83. Siebers, B., Wendisch, V. F. and Hensel, R. (1997) Carbohydrate metabolism in Thermoproteus tenax: in vivo utilization of the non-phosphorylative Entner-Doudoroff pathway and characterization of its first enzyme, glucose dehydrogenase. Arch. Microbiol. 168, 120-127
84. Bonete, M.-J., Pire, C., Llorca, F. I. and Camacho, M. L. (1996) Glucose dehydrogenase from the halophilic Archaeon Haloferax mediterranei: enzyme purification, characterisation and N-terminal sequence. FEBS Lett. 383, 227-229
85. Johnsen, U., Selig, M., Xavier, K. B., Santos, H. and Schonheit, P. (2001) Different glycolytic pathways for glucose and fructose in the halophilic archaeon Halococcus saccharolyticus. Arch. Microbiol. 175, 52-61
86. Buchanan, C. L., Connaris, H., Danson, M. J., Reeve, C. D. and Hough, D. W. (1999) An extremely thermostable aldolase from Sulfolobus solfataricus with specificity for non-phosphorylated substrates. Biochem. J. 343, 563-570
87. Griffiths, J. S., Wymer, N. J., Njolito, E., Niranjanakumari, S., Fierke, C. A. and Toone, E. J. (2002) Cloning, isolation and characterization of the Thermotoga maritima KDPG aldolase. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 10, 545-550
88. Danson, M. J. (1989) Central metabolism of the archaeabacteria: an overview. Can. J. Microbiol. 35, 58-63
89. Selkov, E., Maltsev, N., Olsen, G. J., Overbeek, R. and Whitman, W. B. (1997) A reconstruction of the metabolism of Methanococcus jannaschii from sequence data. Gene 197, 11-26
90. Makarova, K. S., Aravind, L., Galperin, M. Y., Grishin, N. V., Tatusov, R. L., Wolf, Y. I. and Koonin, E. V. (1999) Comparative genomics of the Archaea (Euryarchaeota): evolution of conserved protein families, the stable core, and the variable shell. Genome Res. 9, 608-628
91. Schut, G. J., Brehm, S. D., Datta, S. and Adams, M. W. (2003) Whole-genome DNA microarray analysis of a hyperthermophile and an archaeon: Pyrococcus furiosus grown on carbohydrates or peptides. J. Bacteriol. 185, 3935-3947
92. 13C-labeling experiments and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. J. Bacteriol. 182, 4632-4636
93. Kandler, O. (1983) Carbohydrate metabolism in lactic acid bacteria. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 49, 209-224
94. Konig, H., Skorko, R., Zillig, W. and Reiter, W. D. (1982) Glycogen in thermoacidophilic archaebacteria of the genera Sulfolobus, Thermoproteus, Desulfurococcus and Thermococcus. Arch. Microbiol. 132, 297-303
95. Foster, J. D. and Nordlie, R. C. (2002) The biochemistry and molecular biology of the glucose-6-phosphatase system. Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood) 227, 601-608
96. Robinson, K. A. and Schreier, H. J. (1994) Isolation, sequence and characterization of the maltose-regulated mlrA gene from the hyperthermophilic archaeum Pyrococcus furiosus. Gene 151, 173-176
97. Adams, M. W., Holden, J. F., Menon, A. L., Schut, G. J., Grunden, A. M., Hou, C., Hutchins, A. M., Jenney, Jr, F. E., Kim, C., Ma, K. et al. (2001) Key role for sulfur in peptide metabolism and in regulation of three hydrogenases in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. J. Bacteriol. 183, 716-724
98. Stec, B., Yang, H., Johnson, K. A., Chen, L. and Roberts, M. F. (2000) MJ0109 is an enzyme that is both an inositol monophosphatase and the 'missing' archaeal fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. Nat. Struct. Biol. 7, 1046-1050
99. Verhees, C. H., Akerboom, J., Schiltz, E., de Vos, W. M. and van der Oost, J. (2002) Molecular and biochemical characterization of a distinct type of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase from Pyrococcus furiosus. J. Bacteriol. 184, 3401-3405
100. Rashid, N., Imanaka, H., Kanai, T., Fukui, T., Atomi, H. and Imanaka, T. (2002) A novel candidate for the true fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase in archaea. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 30649-30655
101. Peng, L. and Shimizu, K. (2003) Global metabolic regulation analysis for Escherichia coli K12 based on protein expression by 2-dimensional electrophoresis and enzyme activity measurement. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 61, 163-178
102. Oh, M. K., Rohlin, L., Kao, K. C. and Liao, J. C. (2002) Global expression profiling of acetate-grown Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 13175-13183
103. Ramseier, T. M., Bledig, S., Michotey, V., Feghali, R. and Saier, Jr, M. H. (1995) The global regulatory protein FruR modulates the direction of carbon flow in Escherichia coli. Mol. Microbiol. 16, 1157-1169
104. Plumbridge, J. (2002) Regulation of gene expression in the PTS in Escherichia coli: the role and interactions of Mfc. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 5, 187-193
105. Hengge-Aronis, R. (1999) Interplay of global regulators and cell physiology in the general stress response of Escherichia coli. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2, 148-152
106. Llanos, R. M., Harris, C. J., Hillier, A. J. and Davidson, B. E. (1993) Identification of a novel operon in Lactococcus lactis encoding three enzymes for lactic acid synthesis: phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase. J. Bacteriol. 175, 2541-2551
107. Luesink, E. J., van Herpen, R. E., Grossiord, B. P., Kuipers, O. P. and de Vos, W. M. (1998) Transcriptional activation of the glycolytic las operon and catabolite repression of the gal operon in Lactococcus lactis are mediated by the catabolite control protein CcpA. Mol. Microbiol. 30, 789-798
108. Moore, P. A., Sagliocco, F. A., Wood, R. M. and Brown, A. J. (1991) Yeast glycolytic mRNAs are differentially regulated. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11, 5330-5337
109. Baker, H. V. (1986) Glycolytic gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: nucleotide sequence of GRC1, null mutations, and evidence for expression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6, 3774-3784
110. Baker, H. V. (1991 ) GCR1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a DNA binding protein whose binding is abolished by mutations in the CTTCC sequence motif. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 9443-9447
111. Schäfer, T. and Schönheit, P. (1993) Gluconeogenesis from pyruvate in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus: involvement of reactions of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. Arch. Microbiol. 159, 359-363
112. Plaumann, M., Pelzer-Reith, B., Martin, W. F. and Schnarrenberger, C. (1997) Multiple recruitment of class-I aldolase to chloroplasts and eubacterial origin of eukaryotic class-II aldolases revealed by cDNAs from Euglena gracilis. Curr. Genet. 31, 430-438
113. van den Bergh, E. R., Baker, S. C., Raggers, R. J., Terpstra, P., Woudstra, E. C., Dijkhuizen, L. and Meijer, W. G. (1996) Primary structure and phylogeny of the Calvin cycle enzymes transketolase and fructosebisphosphate aldolase of Xanthobacter flavus. J. Bacteriol. 178, 888-893
114. Verhees, C. H. (2002) Molecular characterization of glycolysis in Pyrococcus furiosus. PhD Thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
115. Schramm, A., Siebers, B., Tjaden, B., Brinkmann, H. and Hensel, R. (2000) Pyruvate kinase of the hyperthermophilic crenarchaeote Thermoproteus tenax: physiological role and phylogenetic aspects. J. Bacteriol. 182, 2001-2009
116. Brunner, N. A., Siebers, B. and Hensel, R. (2001) Role of two different glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases in controlling the reversible Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway in Thermoproteus tenax: regulation on protein and transcript level. Extremophiles 5, 101-109
117. Fothergill-Gilmore, L. A. and Michels, P. A. M. (1993) Evolution of glycolysis. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 59, 105-235
118. Ettema, T., van der Oost, J. and Huynen, M. (2001) Modularity in the gain and loss of genes: applications for function prediction. Trends Genet. 17, 485-487
119. Barbier, G., Godfrey, A., Meunier, J. R., Querellou, J., Cambon, M. A., Lesongeur, F., Grimont, P. A. and Raguenes, G. (1999) Pyrococcus glycovorans sp. nov., a hyperthermophilic archaeon isolated from the East Pacific Rise. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49, 1829-1837
120. Zillig, W., Holz, I., Janekovic, D., Schäfer, T. and Reiter, W. D. (1983) The archaeabacterium Thermococcus celer represents a novel genus within the thermophilic branch of the archaeabacteria. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 4, 88-94
121. Ronimus, R. S., Reysenbach, A., Musgrave, D. R. and Morgan, H. W. (1997) The phylogenetic position of the Thermococcus isolate AN1 based on 16 S rRNA gene sequence analysis: a proposal that AN1 represents a new species, Thermococcus zilligii sp. nov. Arch. Microbiol. 168, 245-248
122. Xavier, K. B., Peist, R., Kossmann, M., Boos, W. and Santos, H. (1999) Maltose metabolism in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus litoralis: purification and characterization of key enzymes. J. Bacteriol. 181, 3358-3367
123. Godfroy, A., Lesongeur, F., Raguenes, G., Querellou, J., Antoine, E., Meunier, J. R., Guezennec, J. and Barbier, G. (1997) Thermococcus hydrothermalis sp. nov., a new hyperthermophilic archaeon isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47, 622-626
124. Canganella, F., Jones, W. J., Gambacorta, A. and Antranikian, G. (1998) Thermococcus guaymasensis sp. nov. and Thermococcus aggregans sp. nov., two novel thermophilic archaea isolated from the Guaymas Basin hydrothermal vent site. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48, 1181-1185
125. Miroshnichenko, M. L., Gongadze, G. M., Rainey, F. A., Kostyukova, A. S., Lysenko, A. M., Chernyh, N. A. and Bonch-Osmolovskaya, E. A. (1998) Thermococcus gorgonarius sp. nov. and Thermococcus pacificus sp. nov.: heterotrophic extremely thermophilic archaea from New Zealand submarine hot vents. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48, 23-29
126. Godfroy, A., Meunier, J. R., Guezennec, J., Lesongeur, F., Raguenes, G., Rimbault, A. and Barbier, G. (1996) Thermococcus fumicolans sp. nov., a new hyperthermophilic archaeon isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent in the north Fiji Basin. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 46, 1113-1119
127. Kobayashi, T., Higuchi, S., Kimura, K., Kudo, T. and Horikoshi, K. (1995) Properties of glutamate dehydrogenase and its involvement in alanine production in a hyperthermophilic archaeon, Thermococcus profundus. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 118, 587-592
128. Montera, C. G., Ventosa, A., Rodriguez-Valera, F., Kates, M., Moldoveanu, N. and Ruiz-Berraquero, F. (1989) Halococcus saccharolyticus sp. nov., a new species of extremely halophilic non-alkaliphilic cocci. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 12, 167-171
129. Rodriguez-Valera, F., Juez, G. and Kushner, D. J. (1983) Halobacterium mediterranei spec. nov., a new carbohydrate-utilizing extreme halophile. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 4, 369-381
130. Altekar, W. and Rangaswamy, V. (1990) Indication of a modifies EMP pathway for fructose breakdown in a halophilic archaebacterium. FEBS Microbiol. Lett. 69, 139-143
131. Rawal, N., Kelkar, S. M. and Altekar, W. (1988) Alternative routes of carbohydrate metabolism in halophilic archaebacteria. Indian J. Biochem. Biophys. 25, 674-686
132. Verhees, C. H., Koot, D. G. M., Ettema, T. J. G., Dijkema, C., de Vos, W. M. and van der Oost, J. (2002) Biochemical adaptations of two sugar kinases from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. Biochem. J. 366, 121-127
133. Jones, C. E., Fleming, T. M., Cowan, D. A., Littlechild, J. A. and Piper, P. W. (1995) The PGK and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes from the thermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solflataricus overlap by 8-bp: isolation, sequencing of the genes and expression in Escherichia coli. Eur. J. Biochem. 233, 800-808
134. Zwickl, P., Fabry, S., Bogedain, C., Haas, A. and Hensel, R. (1990) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium Pyrococcus woesei: characterization of the enzyme, cloning and sequencing of the gene, and expression in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 172, 4329-4338