Increased risk of psychosis in patients with hearing impairment: Review and meta-analyses

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews

Volumn 62, Issue , 2016, Pages 1-20

  Linszen, Mascha M J ^a   Brouwer, Rachel M ^a   Heringa, Sophie M ^a   Sommer, Iris E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER UTRECHT   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Delirium; Delusion; Hallucination; Hearing impairment; Hearing loss; Mechanisms; Meta analysis; Psychosis; Psychosis prevention; Review; Risk factor; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

AUDITORY DEAFFERENTIATION; BRAIN DYSFUNCTION; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMMUNICATION DISORDER; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; DEAFFERENTATION; DELIRIUM; DELUSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE DURATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC DISORDER; HALLUCINATION; HEARING IMPAIRMENT; HUMAN; LONELINESS; PARANOIA; PERCEPTION DISORDER; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSIS; PURE TONE AUDIOMETRY; REVIEW; RISK; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SOCIAL BELIEF; SOCIAL ISOLATION; SOURCE MONITORING DISTURBANCE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THEORY OF MIND; TOP DOWN PROCESSING DISTURBANCE; COMPLICATION; HALLUCINATIONS; META ANALYSIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; RISK FACTOR;

DELUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; HEARING LOSS; HUMANS; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; RISK FACTORS; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

EID: 84953859915     PISSN: 01497634     EISSN: 18737528     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.12.012     Document Type: Review

References (199)

1. Aas M., Dazzan P., Mondelli V., Melle I., Murray R.M., Pariante C.M. A systematic review of cognitive function in first-episode psychosis, including a discussion on childhood trauma, stress, and inflammation. Front. Psychiatry 2014, 4(Jan):182.
2. Abrahao A.L., Focaccia R., Gattaz W.F. Childhood meningitis increases the risk for adult schizophrenia. World J. Biol. Psychiatry 2005, 6(Suppl. 2):44-48.
3. Ahmed S., Leurent B., Sampson E.L. Risk factors for incident delirium among older people in acute hospital medical units: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing 2014 May, 43(3):326-333.
4. Almeida O.P., Howard R.J., Levy R., David A.S. Psychotic states arising in late life (late paraphrenia). The role of risk factors. Br. J. Psychiatry 1995 Feb, 166(2):215-228.
5. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 2000, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC. fourth ed., text rev.
6. Andersson E.M., Gustafson L., Hallberg I.R. Acute confusional state in elderly orthopaedic patients: factors of importance for detection in nursing care. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2001, 16(1):7-17.
7. Arlinger S. Negative consequences of uncorrected hearing loss--a review. Int. J. Audiol. 2003, 42(Jul (Suppl. 2)):2S17-20S.
8. Ballard C., Bannister C., Graham C., Oyebode F., Wilcock G. Associations of psychotic symptoms in dementia sufferers. Br. J. Psychiatry 1995, 167(Oct (4)):537-540.
9. Baillarger M.J. Des Hallucinations. Memoires l'Academie Royale de Medecine 1846, 12:273-475. Via: Berrios GE. Musical hallucinations. A historical and clinical study. Br. J. Psychiatry 1990 Feb;156:188-194.
10. Barker F., Mackenzie E., Elliott L., Jones S., de Lusignan S. Interventions to improve hearing aid use in adult auditory rehabilitation. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2014, 7:CD010342.
11. Barlow H. Conditions for versatile learning, Helmholtz's unconscious inference, and the task of perception. Vision Res. 1990, 30(11):1561-1571.
12. Barnes J., Boubert L., Harris J., Lee A., David A.S. Reality monitoring and visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia 2003, 41(5):565-574.
13. Bayes T.R. An essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of changes. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London 1763, 53:370-418. Via: Fletcher PC, Frith CD. Perceiving is believing: a Bayesian approach to explaining the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2009 Jan;10(1):48-58.
14. Behrendt R.P. Contribution of hippocampal region CA3 to consciousness and schizophrenic hallucinations. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2010, 34(Jul (8)):1121-1136.
15. Bentall R.P. The illusion of reality: a review and integration of psychological research on hallucinations. Psychol. Bull. 1990, 107(1):82-95.
16. Berrios G.E. Musical hallucinations. A historical and clinical study. Br. J. Psychiatry 1990, 156(Feb):188-194.
17. Beswick R., Driscoll C., Kei J. Monitoring for postnatal hearing loss using risk factors: a systematic literature review. Ear Hear. 2012, 33(6):745-756.
18. Blazer D.G., Hays J.C., Salive M.E. Factors associated with paranoid symptoms in a community sample of older adults. Gerontologist 1996, 36(Feb (1)):70-75.
19. Borenstein M., Hedges L., Higgins J., Rothstein H. Comprehensive Meta Analysis Version 2 2005, Biostat Inc., Engelwood, NJ.
20. Brodaty H., Sachdev P., Rose N., Rylands K., Prenter L. Schizophrenia with onset after age 50 years. I: Phenomenology and risk factors. Br. J. Psychiatry 1999, 175(Nov):410-415.
21. Brookwell M.L., Bentall R.P., Varese F. Externalizing biases and hallucinations in source-monitoring, self-monitoring and signal detection studies: a meta-analytic review. Psychol. Med. 2013, 43(12):2465-2475.
22. Brown A.S., Begg M.D., Gravenstein S., Schaefer C.A., Wyatt R.J., Bresnahan M., Babulas V.P., Susser E.S. Serologic evidence of prenatal influenza in the etiology of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2004, 61(8):774-780.
23. Brown A.S., Cohen P., Greenwald S., Susser E. Nonaffective psychosis after prenatal exposure to rubella. Am. J. Psychiatry 2000, 157(3):438-443.
24. Brüne M. Theory of mind" in schizophrenia: a review of the literature. Schizophr. Bull. 2005, 31(1):21-42.
25. Bull H.C., Venables P.H. Speech perception in schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 1974, 125(Oct (0)):350-354.
26. Burghaus L., Eggers C., Timmermann L., Fink G.R., Diederich N.J. Hallucinations in neurodegenerative diseases. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 2012, 18(2):149-159.
27. Carvill S. Sensory impairments, intellectual disability and psychiatry. J. Intellect. Disabil. Res. 2001, 45(Dec (Pt 6)):467-483.
28. Callison D.A., Armstrong H.F., Elam L., Cannon R.L., Paisley C.B., Himwich H.E. The effects of aging on schizophrenic and mentally defective patients: visual, auditory, and grip strength measurements. J. Gerontol. 1971, 26(Apr (2)):137-145.
29. Castle D.J., Wessely S., Howard R., Murray R.M. Schizophrenia with onset at the extremes of adult life. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 1997, 12(7):712-717.
30. Christenson R., Blazer D. Epidemiology of persecutory ideation in an elderly population in the community. Am. J. Psychiatry 1984, 141(9):1088-1091.
31. Coebergh J.A., Lauw R.F., Bots R., Sommer I.E., Blom J.D. Musical hallucinations: review of treatment effects. Front. Psychol. 2015, 6(Jun):814.
32. Cohen C.I., Magai C., Yaffee R., Walcott-Brown L. Racial differences in paranoid ideation and psychoses in an older urban population. Am. J. Psychiatry 2004, 161(5):864-871.
33. Cohen-Mansfield J., Golander H., Ben-Israel J., Garfinkel D. The meanings of delusions in dementia: a preliminary study. Psychiatry Res. 2011, 189(Aug (1)):97-104.
34. Cole M.G., Dowson L., Dendukuri N., Belzile E. The prevalence and phenomenology of auditory hallucinations among elderly subjects attending an audiology clinic. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2002, 17(5):444-452.
35. Corlett P.R., Frith C.D., Fletcher P.C. From drugs to deprivation: a Bayesian framework for understanding models of psychosis. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2009, 206(Nov (4)):515-530.
36. Cooper A.F., Curry A.R., Kay D.W., Garside R.F., Roth M. Hearing loss in paranoid and affective psychoses of the elderly. Lancet 1974, 2(Oct (7885)):851-854.
37. Daalman K., Verkooijen S., Derks E.M., Aleman A., Sommer I.E. The influence of semantic top-down processing in auditory verbal hallucinations. Schizophr. Res. 2012, 139(Aug (1-3)):82-86.
38. Dai Y.T., Lou M.F., Yip P.K., Huang G.S. Risk factors and incidence of postoperative delirium in elderly Chinese patients. Gerontology 2000, 46(1):28-35.
39. Dalman C., Thomas H.V., David A.S., Gentz J., Lewis G., Allebeck P. Signs of asphyxia at birth and risk of schizophrenia. Population-based case-control study. Br. J. Psychiatry 2001, 179(Nov):403-408.
40. David A., Malmberg A., Lewis G., Brandt L., Allebeck P. Are there neurological and sensory risk factors for schizophrenia?. Schizophr. Res. 1995, 14(Feb (3)):247-251.
41. Davis A.C. Epidemiological profile of HIs: the scale and nature of the problem with special reference to the elderly. Acta Otolaryngol. Suppl. 1990, 476:23-31.
42. De Ridder D., Vanneste S., Freeman W. The Bayesian brain: phantom percepts resolve sensory uncertainty. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2014, 44(Jul):4-15.
43. Dominguez M.D., Wichers M., Lieb R., Wittchen H.U., van Os J. Evidence that onset of clinical psychosis is an outcome of progressively more persistent subclinical psychotic experiences: an 8-year cohort study. Schizophr. Bull. 2011, 37(1):84-93.
44. Downs M.P., Yoshinaga-Itano C. The efficacy of early identification and intervention for children with hearing impairment. Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 1999, 46(Feb (1)):79-87.
45. Drane D.L., Lee G.P., Huthwaite J.S., Tirschwell D.L., Baudin B.C., Jurado M., Ghodke B., Marchman H.B. Development of a partial Balint's syndrome in a congenitally deaf patient presenting as pseudo-aphasia. Clin. Neuropsychol. 2009, 23(May (4)):715-728.
46. Duppils G.S., Wikblad K. Acute confusional states in patients undergoing hip surgery. A prospective observation study. Gerontology 2000, 46(1):36-43.
47. Duval S., Tweedie R. Trim and fill: a simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics 2000, 56(Jun (2)):455-463.
48. Eastwood M.R., Corbin S.L., Reed M., Nobbs H., Kedward H.B. Acquired hearing loss and psychiatric illness: an estimate of prevalence and co-morbidity in a geriatric setting. Br. J. Psychiatry 1985, 147(Nov):552-556.
49. Eggermont J.J. Hearing loss, hyperacusis, and tinnitus: what is modeled in animal research?. Hearing Res. 2013, 295:140-149.
50. Eggermont J.J., Roberts L.E. The neuroscience of tinnitus: understanding abnormal and normal auditory perception. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 2012, 6(Jul):53.
51. Epkins C.C., Heckler D.R. Integrating etiological models of social anxiety and depression in youth: evidence for a cumulative interpersonal risk model. Clin. Child Fam. Psychol. Rev. 2011, 14(Dec (4)):329-376.
52. Esquirol J.E.D. Des Maladies Mentales considerées sous les rapports medical, hygienique, et médico-legal 1838, J.B. Ballière, Paris, Via: Berrios GE. Musical hallucinations. A historical and clinical study. Br. J. Psychiatry 1990 Feb;156:188-194.
53. Evers S., Ellger T. The clinical spectrum of musical hallucinations. J. Neurol. Sci. 2004, 227(Dec (1)):55-65.
54. Fanning J., Hunt K.D., Sennello A., Schroeder P., Hilgers R.D. Postoperative delirium following radical gynecologic oncology surgery. Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer 1996, 6:94-97.
55. Fletcher P.C., Frith C.D. Perceiving is believing: a Bayesian approach to explaining the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2009, 10(1):48-58.
56. ffytche D.H., Wible C.G. From tones in tinnitus to sensed social interaction in schizophrenia: how understanding cortical organization can inform the study of hallucinations and psychosis. Schizophr. Bull. 2014, 40(Jul (Suppl. 4)):S305-S316.
57. ffytche D.H. Visual hallucinatory syndromes: past, present, and future. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 2007, 9(2):173-189.
58. Fors A., Abel K.M., Wicks S., Magnusson C., Dalman C. Hearing and speech impairment at age 4 and risk of later non-affective psychosis. Psychol. Med. 2013, 43(10):2067-2076.
59. Forsell Y., Henderson A.S. Epidemiology of paranoid symptoms in an elderly population. Br. J. Psychiatry 1998, 172(May):429-432.
60. Forsell Y. Predictors for depression, anxiety and psychotic symptoms in a very elderly population: data from a 3-year follow-up study. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 2000, 35(6):259-263.
61. Fong T.G., Davis D., Growdon M.E., Albuquerque A., Inouye S.K. The interface between delirium and dementia in elderly adults. Lancet Neurol. 2015, 14(8):823-832.
62. Fowler E.P. Head noises in normal and disordered ears: significance, measurement, differentiation and treatment. Arch. Otolaryngol. 1944, 39:490-503.
63. Freeman D., McManus S., Brugha T., Meltzer H., Jenkins R., Bebbington P. Concomitants of paranoia in the general population. Psychol. Med. 2011, 41(5):923-936. Epub 2010 Aug 24.
64. Freeman W.J. Neurodynamic models of brain in psychiatry. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003, 28(Jul (Suppl. 1)):S54-S63.
65. Friston K., Kilner J., Harrison L. A free energy principle for the brain. J. Physiol. Paris 2006, 100(Jul-Sep (1-3)):70-87.
66. Frith C.D. The Cognitive Neuropsychology of Schizophrenia 1992, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hove, UK.
67. Fuchs T. Life events in late paraphrenia and depression. Psychopathology 1999, 32(2):60-69.
68. Galanakis P., Bickel H., Gradinger R., Von Gumppenberg S., Förstl H. Acute confusional state in the elderly following hip surgery: incidence, risk factors and complications. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2001, 16(4):349-355.
69. Gates G.A., Mills J.H. Presbycusis. Lancet 2005, 366:1111-1120.
70. Genç G.A., Muluk N.B., Belgin E. The effects of tinnitus and/or hearing loss on the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised test. Auris Nasus Larynx 2013, 40(Apr (2)):154-161.
71. George J., Bleasdale S., Singleton S.J. Causes and prognosis of delirium in elderly patients admitted to a district general hospital. Age Ageing 1997, 26(Nov (6)):423-427.
72. Gevonden M.J., Myin-Germeys I., van den Brink W., van Os J., Selten J.P., Booij J. Psychotic reactions to daily life stress and dopamine function in people with severe hearing impairment. Psychol. Med. 2015, 45(Jun (8)):1665-1674.
73. Gevonden M., Booij J., van den Brink W., Heijtel D., van Os J., Selten J.P. Increased release of dopamine in the striata of young adults with hearing impairment and its relevance for the social defeat hypothesis of schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry 2014, 71(12):1364-1372.
74. Griffiths T.D. Musical hallucinosis in acquired deafness. Phenomenology and brain substrate. Brain 2000, 123(Pt 10):2065-2076.
75. Gold K., Rabins P.V. Isolated visual hallucinations and the Charles Bonnet syndrome: a review of the literature and presentation of six cases. Compr. Psychiatry 1989, 30(1):90-98.
76. Hamann J., Bickel H., Schwaibold H., Hartung R., Förstl H. Postoperative acute confusional state in typical urologic population: incidence, risk factors, and strategies for prevention. Urology 2005, 65(3):449-453.
77. Han J.H., Zimmerman E.E., Cutler N., Schnelle J., Morandi A., Dittus R.S., Storrow A.B., Ely E.W. Delirium in older emergency department patients: recognition, risk factors, and psychomotor subtypes. Acad. Emerg. Med. 2009, 16(3):193-200. Epub 2009 Jan 20.
78. Henderson A.S., Korten A.E., Levings C., Jorm A.F., Christensen H., Jacomb P.A., Rodgers B. Psychotic symptoms in the elderly: a prospective study in a population sample. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 1998, 13(7):484-492.
79. Henquet C., Murray R., Linszen D., van Os J. The environment and schizophrenia: the role of cannabis use. Schizophr. Bull. 2005, 31(Jul (3)):608-612.
80. Higgins J.P.T., Green S. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011] 2011, The Cochrane Collaboration, Available from 〈www.cochrane-handbook.org〉 Chapter 9.5.2: Identifying and measuring heterogeneity.
81. Higgins J.P.T., Green S. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011] 2011, The Cochrane Collaboration, Available from 〈www.cochrane-handbook.org〉 Chapter 10.4.1: Funnel plots.
82. Higgins J.P.T., Green S. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011] 2011, The Cochrane Collaboration, Available from 〈www.cochrane-handbook.org〉 Chapter 10.4.4: Trim and fill.
83. Higgins J.P., Thompson S.G., Deeks J.J., Altman D.G. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003, 327(Sep (7414)):557-560.
84. Hoare D.J., Edmondson-Jones M., Sereda M., Akeroyd M.A., Hall D. Amplification with hearing aids for patients with tinnitus and co-existing hearing loss. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2014, 1:CD010151.
85. Hoffman R.E. A social deafferentation hypothesis for induction of active schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 2007, 33(Sep (5)):1066-1070.
86. Holliday P.L., Climie A.R., Gilroy J., Mahmud M.Z. Mitochondrial myopathy and encephalopathy: three cases-a deficiency of NADH-CoQ dehydrogenase?. Neurology 1983, 33(12):1619-1622.
87. Houston F., Royse A.B. Relationship between deafness and psychotic illness. J. Ment. Sci. 1954, 100(Oct (421)):990-993.
88. Howard R., Almeida O., Levy R. Phenomenology, demography and diagnosis in late paraphrenia. Psychol. Med. 1994, 24(May (2)):397-410.
89. Hugdahl K. Hearing voices": auditory hallucinations as failure of top-down control of bottom-up perceptual processes. Scand. J. Psychol. 2009, 50(Dec (6)):553-560.
90. Hunter J.E., Schmidt F.L. Fixed effects vs. random effects meta-analysis models: implications for cumulative research knowledge. Int. J. Sel. Assess. 2000, 8:275-292.
91. Inouye S.K., Bogardus S.T., Charpentier P.A., Leo-Summers L., Acampora D., Holford T.R., Cooney L.M. A multicomponent intervention to prevent delirium in hospitalized older patients. N. Engl. J. Med. 1999, 340(Mar (9)):669-676.
92. Inouye S.K., Viscoli C.M., Horwitz R.I., Hurst L.D., Tinetti M.E. A predictive model for delirium in hospitalized elderly medical patients based on admission characteristics. Ann. Intern. Med. 1993, 119(Sep (6)):474-481.
93. International Society of Audiology.ISO 8253-1 Acoustics-Audiometric test methods. Part 1-Basic Pure Tone Air and Bone Conduction Threshold Audiometry 2010.
94. Jardri R., Denève S. Circular inferences in schizophrenia. Brain 2013, 136(Nov (Pt 11)):3227-3241.
95. Jarjour I.T. Neurodevelopmental outcome after extreme prematurity: a review of the literature. Pediatr. Neurol. 2015, 52(2):143-152.
96. Johnson M.K., Hashtroudi S., Lindsay D.S. Source monitoring. Psychol. Bull. 1993, 114(Jul (1)):3-28.
97. Jones P.B., Rantakallio P., Hartikainen A.L., Isohanni M., Sipila P. Schizophrenia as a long-term outcome of pregnancy, delivery, and perinatal complications: a 28-year follow-up of the 1966 north Finland general population birth cohort. Am. J. Psychiatry 1998, 155(3):355-364.
98. Jung P., Pereira M.A., Hiebert B., Song X., Rockwood K., Tangri N., Arora R.C. The impact of frailty on postoperative delirium in cardiac surgery patients. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2015, 149(3). 869-75.e1-869-75.e2.
99. Kalayam B., Meyers B.S., Kakuma T., Alexopoulos G.S., Young R.C., Solomon S., Shotland R., Nambudiri D., Goldsmith D. Age at onset of geriatric depression and sensorineural hearing deficits. Biol. Psychiatry 1995, 38(Nov (10)):649-658.
100. Kamil R.J., Genther D.J., Lin F.R. Factors associated with the accuracy of subjective assessments of hearing impairment. Ear Hear. 2015, 36(1):164-167.
101. Kelley G.A., Kelley K.S. Statistical models for meta-analysis: a brief tutorial. World J. Methodol. 2012, 2(Aug (4)):27-32.
102. Khandaker G.M., Zimbron J., Dalman C., Lewis G., Jones P.B. Childhood infection and adult schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of population-based studies. Schizophr. Res. 2012, 139(Aug (1-3)):161-168.
103. Khurana P.S., Sharma P.S., Avasthi A. Risk factors in delirious geriatric general medical inpatients. Indian J. Psychiatry 2002, 44(Jul (3)):266-272.
104. Knutson J.F., Johnson A., Murray K.T. Social and emotional characteristics of adults seeking a cochlear implant and their spouses. Br. J. Health Psychol. 2006, 11(May (Pt 2)):279-292.
105. Kraepelin E. Psychiatrie 1915, vol. IV:1441. Barth Verlag, Leipzig.
106. Kral A., O'Donoghue G.M. Profound deafness in childhood. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010, 363(Oct (15)):1438-1450.
107. Kramer S.E., Kapteyn T.S., Kuik D.J., Deeg D.J. The association of HI and chronic diseases with psychosocial health status in older age. J. Aging Health 2002, 14(Feb (1)):122-137.
108. Kumar R.A. Two-hit wonder: a novel genetic model to explain variable expressivity in severe pediatric phenotypes. Clin. Genet. 2010, 78(Dec (6)):517-519.
109. Kumar S., Sedley W., Barnes G.R., Teki S., Friston K.J., Griffiths T.D. A brain basis for musical hallucinations. Cortex 2014, 52(Mar):86-97.
110. Livingston G., Kitchen G., Manela M., Katona C., Copeland J. Persecutory symptoms and perceptual disturbance in a community sample of older people: the Islington study. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2001, 16(5):462-468.
111. Low W.K., Tham C.A., D'Souza V.D., Teng S.W. Musical ear syndrome in adult cochlear implant patients. J. Laryngol. Otol. 2013, 127(9):854-858.
112. Mantel N., Haenszel W. Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1959, 22(4):719-748.
113. Mason P., Rimmer M., Richman A., Garg G., Johnson J., Mottram P.G. Middle-ear disease and schizophrenia: a case-control study. Br. J. Psychiatry 2008, 193(Sep (3)):192-196.
114. Mason P.R., Winton F.E. Ear disease and schizophrenia: a case-control study. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1995, 91(4):217-221.
115. Matsuoka T., Fujimoto H., Kato Y., Fukui K., Narumoto J. Late-onset psychosis in older outpatients: a retrospective chart review. Int. Psychogeriatr. 2015, 27(4):694-696.
116. Menon G.J., Rahman I., Menon S.J., Dutton G.N. Complex visual hallucinations in the visually impaired: the Charles Bonnet Syndrome. Surv. Ophthalmol. 2003, 48:58-72.
117. Moore A.M., Voytas J., Kowalski D., Maddens M. Cerumen, hearing, and cognition in the elderly. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 2002, 3(3):136-139.
118. Moore N.C. Is paranoid illness associated with sensory defects in the elderly?. J. Psychosom. Res. 1981, 25(2):69-74.
119. Moreno C., Nuevo R., Chatterji S., Verdes E., Arango C., Ayuso-Mateos J.L. Psychotic symptoms are associated with physical health problems independently of a mental disorder diagnosis: results from the WHO World Health Survey. World Psychiatry. 2013, 12(Oct (3)):251-257.
120. Morgan C., Kirkbride J., Hutchinson G., Craig T., Morgan K., Dazzan P., Boydell J., Doody G.A., Jones P.B., Murray R.M., Leff J., Fearon P. Cumulative social disadvantage, ethnicity and first-episode psychosis: a case-control study. Psychol. Med. 2008, 38(12):1701-1715.
121. Naguib M., Levy R. Late paraphrenia: neuropsychological impairment and structural brain abnormalities on computed tomography. Int. J. Geriat. Psychiatry 1987, 2(2):83-90.
122. NCGC: National Clinical Guideline Centre (UK) Delirium: Diagnosis, Prevention and Management. Clinical guideline 103. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence: Guidance 2010 Jul, Royal College of Physicians (UK), London.
123. Nosarti C., Reichenberg A., Murray R.M., Cnattingius S., Lambe M.P., Yin L., MacCabe J., Rifkin L., Hultman C.M. Preterm birth and psychiatric disorders in young adult life. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2012, 69(6):E1-E8.
124. Nuevo R., Van Os J., Arango C., Chatterji S., Ayuso-Mateos J.L. Evidence for the early clinical relevance of hallucinatory-delusional states in the general population. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2013, 127(6):482-493.
125. Nunes T., Pretzlik U., Olsson J. Deaf children's social relationships in mainstream schools. Deafness Educ. Int. 2001, 3:123-136.
126. O'Neal P., Robins L.N. Childhood patterns predictive of adult schizophrenia: a 30-year follow-up study. Am. J. Psychiatry 1958, 115(Nov (5)):385-391.
127. O'Reilly K., Peterson C.C., Wellman H.M. Sarcasm and advanced theory of mind understanding in children and adults with prelingual deafness. Dev. Psychol. 2014, 50(7):1862-1877.
128. Östling S., Skoog I. Psychotic symptoms and paranoid ideation in a nondemented population-based sample of the very old. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2002, 59(1):53-59.
129. Östling S., Börjesson-Hanson A., Skoog I. Psychotic symptoms and paranoid ideation in a population-based sample of 95-year-olds. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2007, 15(12):999-1004.
130. Panza F., Solfrizzi V., Logroscino G. Age-related HI-a risk factor and frailty marker for dementia and AD. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 2015, 11(3):166-175.
131. Perälä J., Kuoppasalmi K., Pirkola S., Härkänen T., Saarni S., Tuulio-Henriksson A., Viertiö S., Latvala A., Koskinen S., Lönnqvist J., Suvisaari J. Alcohol-induced psychotic disorder and delirium in the general population. Br. J. Psychiatry 2010, 197(3):200-206.
132. Peters J.L., Sutton A.J., Jones D.R., Abrams K.R., Rushton L. Performance of the trim and fill method in the presence of publication bias and between-study heterogeneity. Stat. Med. 2007, 26(Nov (25)):4544-4562.
133. Peterson C.C., Siegal M. Deafness, conversation and theory of mind. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 1995, 36(3):459-474.
134. Pichora-Fuller M.K., Schneider B.A., Daneman M. How young and old adults listen to and remember speech in noise. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1995, 97(1):593-608.
135. Pierre J.M. Hallucinations in nonpsychotic disorders: toward a differential diagnosis of "hearing voices". Harv. Rev. Psychiatry. 2010, 18(1):22-35.
136. Pirozzo S., Papinczak T., Glasziou P. Whispered voice test for screening for hearing impairment in adults and children: systematic review. BMJ 2003, 327:967.
137. Prager S., Jeste D.V. Sensory impairment in late-life schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 1993, 19(4):755-772.
138. Premack D., Woodruff G. Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?. Behav. Brain Sci. 1978, 4(4):515-629.
139. Pronk M., Deeg D.J., Smits C., Twisk J.W., van Tilburg T.G., Festen J.M., Kramer S.E. Hearing loss in older persons: does the rate of decline affect psychosocial health?. J. Aging Health 2014, 26(Apr (5)):703-723.
140. Pronk M., Deeg D.J., Smits C., van Tilburg T.G., Kuik D.J., Festen J.M., Kramer S.E. Prospective effects of hearing status on loneliness and depression in older persons: identification of subgroups. Int. J. Audiol. 2011, 50(12):887-896.
141. Quinlan N., Marcantonio E.R., Inouye S.K., Gill T.M., Kamholz B., Rudolph J.L. Vulnerability: the crossroads of frailty and delirium. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2011, 59(Nov (Suppl 2)):S262-S268.
142. Quinlan P.E., King C.A., Hanna G.L., Ghaziuddin N. Psychotic versus nonpsychotic depression in hospitalized adolescents. Depress. Anxiety 1997, 6(1):40-42.
143. Rao A.V. Madhavan T."Late paraphrenia" (a report from the geropsychiatric clinic, madurai, India). Indian J. Psychiatry 1981, 23(Oct (4)):291-297.
144. Rantakallio P., Jones P., Moring J., Von Wendt L. Association between central nervous system infections during childhood and adult onset schizophrenia and other psychoses: a 28-year follow-up. Int. J. Epidemiol. 1997, 26(Aug (4)):837-843.
145. Roberts L.E., Eggermont J.J., Caspary D.M., Shore S.E., Melcher J.R., Kaltenbach J.A. Ringing ears: the neuroscience of tinnitus. J. Neurosci. 2010, 30(Nov (45)):14972-14979.
146. Roland P.S., Smith T.L., Schwartz S.R., Rosenfeld R.M., Ballachanda B., Earll J.M., Fayad J., Harlor A.D., Hirsch B.E., Jones S.S., Krouse H.J., Magit A., Nelson C., Stutz D.R., Wetmore S. Clinical practice guideline: cerumen impaction. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2008, 139(Sep (3 Suppl. 2)):S1-S21.
147. Rothstein H.M., Sutton A.J., Borenstein M. Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis-Prevention, Assessment And Adjustments. Chapter 1: Publication Bias In Meta-Analysis 2005, 1-7. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Chichester, UK.
148. Saana E., Eila S., Kaisla J., Matti H., Jaana S. Cerumen impaction in patients with schizophrenia. Clin. Schizophr. Relat. Psychoses. 2014, 8(Jul (2)):110-112.
149. Saha S., Scott J., Varghese D., McGrath J. Social support and delusional-like experiences: a nationwide population-based study. Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci. 2012, 21(Jun (2)):203-212.
150. Schaette R., Kempter R. Computational models of neurophysiological correlates of tinnitus. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 2012, 6(May):34.
151. Schakenraad S.M., Teunisse R.J., Olde Rikkert M.G. Musical hallucinations in psychiatric patients. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2006, 21(4):394-397.
152. Schick B., de Villiers P., de Villiers J., Hoffmeister R. Language and theory of mind: a study of deaf children. Child Dev. 2007, 78(2):376-396.
153. Schor J.D., Levkoff S.E., Lipsitz L.A., Reilly C.H., Cleary P.D., Rowe J.W., Evans D.A. Risk factors for delirium in hospitalized elderly. JAMA. 1992, 267(Feb (6)):827-831.
154. Schuurmans M.J., Duursma S.A., Shortridge-Baggett L.M., Clevers G.J., Pel-Littel R. Elderly patients with a hip fracture: the risk for delirium. Appl. Nurs. Res. 2003, 16(May (2)):75-84.
155. Selten J.P., van der Ven E., Rutten B.P., Cantor-Graae E. The social defeat hypothesis of schizophrenia: an update. Schizophr. Bull. 2013, 39(Nov (6)):1180-1186.
156. Selten J.P., Cantor-Graae E. Social defeat: risk factor for schizophrenia?. Br. J. Psychiatry 2005, 187(Aug):101-102.
157. Sindhusake D., Mitchell P., Smith W., Golding M., Newall P., Hartley D., Rubin G. Validation of self-reported hearing loss. The Blue Mountains Hearing Study. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2001, 30(Dec (6)):1371-1378.
158. Sommer I.E., Roze C.M., Linszen M.M., Somers M., van Zanten G.A. Hearing loss; the neglected risk factor for psychosis. Schizophr. Res. 2014, 158(Sep (1-3)):266-267.
159. Sri-On J., Tirrell G.P., Vanichkulbodee A., Niruntarai S., Liu S.W. The prevalence, risk factors and short-term outcomes of delirium in Thai elderly emergency department patients. Emerg Med J. 2015, (Mar). piI:emermed-2014-204379.
160. Stefanis N., Thewissen V., Bakoula C., van Os J., Myin-Germeys I. HI and psychosis: a replication in a cohort of young adults. Schizophr. Res. 2006, 85(Jul (1-3)):266-272.
161. Stein L.M., Thienhaus O.J. HI and psychosis. Int. Psychogeriatr. 1993, 5(Spring (1)):49-56.
162. Stevens G., Flaxman S., Brunskill E., Mascarenhas M., Mathers C.D., Finucane M. Global and regional HI prevalence: an analysis of 42 studies in 29 countries. Eur. J. Public Health 2013, 23(1):146. On Behalf of the Global Burden of Disease Hearing Loss Expert Group.
163. Stilo S.A., Di Forti M., Mondelli V., Falcone A.M., Russo M., O'Connor J., Palmer E., Paparelli A., Kolliakou A., Sirianni M., Taylor H., Handley R., Dazzan P., Pariante C., Marques T.R., Zoccali R., David A., Murray R.M., Morgan C., Strawbridge W.J., Wallhagen M.I., Shema S.J., Kaplan G.A. Social disadvantage: cause or consequence of impending psychosis?. Schizophr. Bull. 2013, 39(Nov (6)):1288-1295.
164. Summerfield C., Koechlin E. A neural representation of prior information during perceptual inference. Neuron 2008, 59(Jul (2)):336-347.
165. Sutterland A.L., Fond G., Kuin A., Koeter M.W., Lutter R., van Gool T., Yolken R., Szoke A., Leboyer M., de Haan L. Beyond the association. Toxoplasma gondii in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and addiction: systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2015, 132:161-179.
166. Strawbridge W.J., Wallhagen M.I., Shema S.J., Kaplan G.A. Negative consequences of HI in old age: a longitudinal analysis. Gerontologist 2000, 40(Jun (3)):320-326.
167. Świtaj P., Grygiel P., Anczewska M., Wciórka J. Loneliness mediates the relationship between internalised stigma and depression among patients with psychotic disorders. Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry 2014, 60(Dec (8)):733-740.
168. Terrin N., Schmid C.H., Lau J., Olkin I. Adjusting for publication bias in the presence of heterogeneity. Stat. Med. 2003, 22(Jul (13)):2113-2126.
169. Teunisse R.J., Olde Rikkert M.G. Prevalence of musical hallucinations in patients referred for audiometric testing. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2012, 20(12):1075-1077.
170. Thewissen V., Myin-Germeys I., Bentall R., de Graaf R., Vollebergh W., van Os J. HI and psychosis revisited. Schizophr. Res. 2005, 76(Jul (1)):99-103.
171. Trikalinos T.A., Churchill R., Ferri M., Leucht S., Tuunainen A., Wahlbeck K., Ioannidis J.P. EU-PSI project. Effect sizes in cumulative meta-analyses of mental health randomized trials evolved over time. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 2004, 57(11):1124-1130.
172. Turvey C.L., Schultz S.K., Arndt S., Ellingrod V., Wallace R., Herzog R. Caregiver report of hallucinations and paranoid delusions in elders aged 70 or older. Int. Psychogeriatr. 2001, 13(Jun (2)):241-249.
173. Ushida T., Yokoyama T., Kishida Y., Hosokawa M., Taniguchi S., Inoue S., Takemasa R., Suetomi K., Arai Y.C., McLaughlin M., Tani T. Incidence and risk factors of postoperative delirium in cervical spine surgery. Spine (Phila, PA, 1976) 2009, 34(Nov (23)):2500-2504.
174. Vanneste S., Song J.J., De Ridder D. Tinnitus and musical hallucinosis: the same but more. Neuroimage 2013, 82(Nov):373-383.
175. Varese F., Smeets F., Drukker M., Lieverse R., Lataster T., Viechtbauer W., Read J., van Os J., Bentall R.P. Childhood adversities increase the risk of psychosis: a meta-analysis of patient-control, prospective- and cross-sectional cohort studies. Schizophr. Bull. 2012, 38(Jun (4)):661-671.
176. Vercammen A., Aleman A. Semantic expectations can induce false perceptions in hallucination-prone individuals. Schizophr. Bull. 2010, 36(1):151-156.
177. Videhult Pierre P., Johnson A.C., Fridberger A. Subjective and clinically assessed hearing loss; a cross-sectional register-based study on a swedish population aged 18 through 50 years. PLoS ONE 2015, 10(4):e0123290.
178. Viertiö S., Perälä J., Saarni S., Koskinen S., Suvisaari J. Hearing loss in persons with psychotic disorder-findings from a population-based survey. Schizophr. Res. 2014, 159(Nov (2-3)):309-311.
179. Viertiö S., Laitinen A., Perälä J., Saarni S.I., Koskinen S., Lönnqvist J., Suvisaari J. Visual impairment in persons with psychotic disorder. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 2007, 42(11):902-908.
180. von Gunten A., Mosimann U.P., Antonietti J.P. A longitudinal study on delirium in nursing homes. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2013 Oct, 21(10):963-972. Epub 2013 Feb 6.
181. von Helmholtz H. Handbuch der Physiologischen Optik 1866, Voss, Leipzig, Via: Fletcher PC, Frith CD. Perceiving is believing: a Bayesian approach to explaining the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2009 Jan;10(1):48-58.
182. Waters F., Collerton D., Ffytche D.H., Jardri R., Pins D., Dudley R., Blom J.D., Mosimann U.P., Eperjesi F., Ford S., Larøi F. Visual hallucinations in the psychosis spectrum and comparative information from neurodegenerative disorders and eye disease. Schizophr. Bull. 2014, 40(Jul (Suppl. 4)):S233-S245.
183. Waters F., Woodward T., Allen P., Aleman A., Sommer I. Self-recognition deficits in schizophrenia patients with auditory hallucinations: a meta-analysis of the literature. Schizophr. Bull. 2012, 38(Jun (4)):741-750.
184. Waters F., Allen P., Aleman A., Fernyhough C., Woodward T.S., Badcock J.C., Barkus E., Johns L., Varese F., Menon M., Vercammen A., Larøi F. Auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia and nonschizophrenia populations: a review and integrated model of cognitive mechanisms. Schizophr. Bull. 2012, 38(Jun (4)):683-693.
185. Watt J.A. Hearing and premorbid personality in paranoid states. Am. J. Psychiatry 1985, 142(12):1453-1455.
186. Wauters L.N., Knoors H. Social integration of deaf children in inclusive settings. J. Deaf Stud. Deaf Educ. 2008, 13(1):21-36.
187. Webster R., Holroyd S. Prevalence of psychotic symptoms in delirium. Psychosomatics 2000, 41(6):519-522.
188. Weiser M., Werbeloff N., Levine A., Livni G., Schreiber S., Halperin D., Yoffe R., Davidson M. CNS infection in childhood does not confer risk for later schizophrenia: a case-control study. Schizophr. Res. 2010, 124(Dec (1-3)):231-235.
189. van der Werf M., Thewissen V., Dominguez M.D., Lieb R., Wittchen H., van Os J. Adolescent development of psychosis as an outcome of HI: a 10-year longitudinal study. Psychol. Med. 2011, 41(3):477-485.
190. van der Werf M., van Winkel R., van Boxtel M., van Os J. Evidence that the impact of HI on psychosis risk is moderated by the level of complexity of the social environment. Schizophr. Res. 2010, 122(Sep (1-3)):193-198.
191. van der Werf M., van Boxtel M., Verhey F., Jolles J., Thewissen V., van Os J., Mild H.I. and psychotic experiences in a normal aging population. Schizophr. Res. 2007, 94(Aug (1-3)):180-186.
192. Wigman J.T., van Nierop M., Vollebergh W.A., Lieb R., Beesdo-Baum K., Wittchen H.U., van Os J. Evidence that psychotic symptoms are prevalent in disorders of anxiety and depression, impacting on illness onset, risk, and severity-implications for diagnosis and ultra-high risk research. Schizophr. Bull. 2012, 38(2):247-257.
193. Wilson R.S., Krueger K.R., Arnold S.E., Schneider J.A., Kelly J.F., Barnes L.L., Tang Y., Bennett D.A. Loneliness and risk of Alzheimer disease. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2007, 64(2):234-240.
194. Woolfe T., Want S.C., Siegal M. Signposts to development: theory of mind in deaf children. Child Dev. 2002, 73(3):768-778.
195. World Health Organization ICD-10: International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th revision 2010, World Health Organization.
196. World Health Organization Grades of HI 2015, Via 〈http://www.who.int/pbd/deafness/hearing_impairment_grades/en/〉.
197. Yamakawa H., Takenaka K., Sumi Y., Morita T., Suhara T., Kato H., Sakai N., Yamada H. Intracranial bullet retained since the Sino-Japanese war manifesting as hallucination--case report. Neurol. Med. Chir. (Tokyo) 1994, 34(7):451-454.
198. Yoshimura Y., Kubo S., Shirata K., Hirohashi K., Tanaka H., Shuto T., Takemura S., Kinoshita H. Risk factors for postoperative delirium after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. World J. Surg. 2004, 28(10):982-986. Epub 2004 Sep 29.
199. Yueh B., Shapiro N., MacLean C.H., Shekelle P.G. Screening and management of adult hearing loss in primary care: scientific review. JAMA 2003, 289(Apr (15)):1976-1985.