메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 48-58

Perceiving is believing: A Bayesian approach to explaining the positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DOPAMINE; KETAMINE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; PHENCYCLIDINE;

EID: 57749177083     PISSN: 1471003X     EISSN: 14710048     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nrn2536     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (1029)

References (114)
  • 1
    • 55249091422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schizophrenia: A concise overview of incidence, prevalence, and mortality
    • McGrath, J., Saha, S., Chant, D. & Welham, J. Schizophrenia: a concise overview of incidence, prevalence, and mortality. Epidemiol. Rev. 30, 67-76 (2008).
    • (2008) Epidemiol. Rev , vol.30 , pp. 67-76
    • McGrath, J.1    Saha, S.2    Chant, D.3    Welham, J.4
  • 2
    • 0018899460 scopus 로고
    • Molecular pathology of schizophrenia: More than one disease process?
    • An influential paper that made the distinction between positive and negative symptoms
    • Crow, T. J. Molecular pathology of schizophrenia: more than one disease process? BMJ 280, 66-68 (1980). An influential paper that made the distinction between positive and negative symptoms.
    • (1980) BMJ , vol.280 , pp. 66-68
    • Crow, T.J.1
  • 3
    • 0023150624 scopus 로고
    • Schizophrenic syndromes, cognitive performance and neurological dysfunction
    • An empirical demonstration that the signs and symptoms of schizophrenia should be described in terms of three dimensions: psychomotor poverty, disorganization and reality distortion hallucinations and delusions
    • Liddle, P. F. Schizophrenic syndromes, cognitive performance and neurological dysfunction. Psychol. Med. 17, 49-57 (1987). An empirical demonstration that the signs and symptoms of schizophrenia should be described in terms of three dimensions: psychomotor poverty, disorganization and reality distortion (hallucinations and delusions).
    • (1987) Psychol. Med , vol.17 , pp. 49-57
    • Liddle, P.F.1
  • 4
    • 57749197662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Jaspers, K. General Psychopathology (Manchester Univ. Press, Manchester, 1962). The author of this book claimed that positive symptoms were 'not understandable'. We disagree.
    • Jaspers, K. General Psychopathology (Manchester Univ. Press, Manchester, 1962). The author of this book claimed that positive symptoms were 'not understandable'. We disagree.
  • 5
    • 38349193195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • in praise of cognitive neuropsychiatry
    • Frith, C. Editorial: in praise of cognitive neuropsychiatry. Cognit. Neuropsychiatry 13, 1-7 (2008).
    • (2008) Cognit. Neuropsychiatry , vol.13 , pp. 1-7
    • Frith, C.E.1
  • 7
    • 57749202557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schneider, K. Clinical Psychopathology (Grune & Stratton, New York, 1959). An influential attempt to list symptoms specific to schizophrenia.
    • Schneider, K. Clinical Psychopathology (Grune & Stratton, New York, 1959). An influential attempt to list symptoms specific to schizophrenia.
  • 9
    • 0016145967 scopus 로고
    • Delusional thinking and perceptual disorder
    • The original proposal that delusions are caused by anomalous perceptual experiences
    • Maher, B. A. Delusional thinking and perceptual disorder. J. Individ. Psychol. 30, 98-113 (1974). The original proposal that delusions are caused by anomalous perceptual experiences.
    • (1974) J. Individ. Psychol , vol.30 , pp. 98-113
    • Maher, B.A.1
  • 10
    • 0018387873 scopus 로고
    • Consciousness, information processing and schizophrenia
    • This paper used the term consciousness when doing so was neither popular nor profitable
    • Frith, C. D. Consciousness, information processing and schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 134, 225-235 (1979). This paper used the term consciousness when doing so was neither popular nor profitable.
    • (1979) Br. J. Psychiatry , vol.134 , pp. 225-235
    • Frith, C.D.1
  • 11
    • 0027281737 scopus 로고
    • A simple (or simplistic?) cognitive model for schizophrenia
    • Hemsley, D. R. A simple (or simplistic?) cognitive model for schizophrenia. Behav. Res. Ther. 31, 633-645 (1993).
    • (1993) Behav. Res. Ther , vol.31 , pp. 633-645
    • Hemsley, D.R.1
  • 12
    • 0037223711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychosis as a state of aberrant salience: A framework linking biology, phenomenology, and pharmacology in schizophrenia
    • An influential synthesis of ideas concerning the role of dopamine in the generation of positive symptoms
    • Kapur, S. Psychosis as a state of aberrant salience: a framework linking biology, phenomenology, and pharmacology in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 160, 13-23 (2003). An influential synthesis of ideas concerning the role of dopamine in the generation of positive symptoms.
    • (2003) Am. J. Psychiatry , vol.160 , pp. 13-23
    • Kapur, S.1
  • 13
    • 0018231420 scopus 로고
    • Efference copy and corollary discharge: Implications for thinking and its disorders
    • The original proposal that positive symptoms, in particular thought insertion, might be caused by a problem with corollary discharge
    • Feinberg, I. Efference copy and corollary discharge: implications for thinking and its disorders. Schizophr. Bull. 4, 636-640 (1978). The original proposal that positive symptoms, in particular thought insertion, might be caused by a problem with corollary discharge.
    • (1978) Schizophr. Bull , vol.4 , pp. 636-640
    • Feinberg, I.1
  • 14
    • 57749196024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • von Helmholtz, H. Handbuch der Physiologischen Optik (Voss, Leipzig, 1866). A work of genius that suggested, among many other things, that perception depends on inference.
    • von Helmholtz, H. Handbuch der Physiologischen Optik (Voss, Leipzig, 1866). A work of genius that suggested, among many other things, that perception depends on inference.
  • 15
    • 20544467501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disorders of agency in schizophrenia correlate with an inability to compensate for the sensory consequences of actions
    • Lindner, A., Thier, P., Kircher, T. T., Haarmeier, T. & Leube, D. T. Disorders of agency in schizophrenia correlate with an inability to compensate for the sensory consequences of actions. Curr. Biol. 15, 1119-1124 (2005).
    • (2005) Curr. Biol , vol.15 , pp. 1119-1124
    • Lindner, A.1    Thier, P.2    Kircher, T.T.3    Haarmeier, T.4    Leube, D.T.5
  • 17
    • 34547619191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inner speech models of auditory verbal hallucinations: Evidence from behavioural and neuroimaging studies
    • Allen, P., Aleman, A. & McGuire, P. K. Inner speech models of auditory verbal hallucinations: evidence from behavioural and neuroimaging studies. Int. Rev. Psychiatry 19, 407-415 (2007).
    • (2007) Int. Rev. Psychiatry , vol.19 , pp. 407-415
    • Allen, P.1    Aleman, A.2    McGuire, P.K.3
  • 18
    • 0019441389 scopus 로고
    • Reinforcement of vocal correlates of auditory hallucinations by auditory feedback: A case study
    • Green, P. & Preston, M. Reinforcement of vocal correlates of auditory hallucinations by auditory feedback: a case study. Br. J. Psychiatry 139, 204-208 (1981).
    • (1981) Br. J. Psychiatry , vol.139 , pp. 204-208
    • Green, P.1    Preston, M.2
  • 19
    • 0001324205 scopus 로고
    • Auditory hallucinations and subvocal speech
    • The first demonstration that hallucinations can be associated with the patient's own speech
    • Gould, L. N. Auditory hallucinations and subvocal speech. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 109, 418-427 (1949). The first demonstration that hallucinations can be associated with the patient's own speech.
    • (1949) J. Nerv. Ment. Dis , vol.109 , pp. 418-427
    • Gould, L.N.1
  • 20
    • 0023214554 scopus 로고
    • Vocal activity in verbal hallucinations
    • Junginger, J. & Rauscher, F. P. Vocal activity in verbal hallucinations. J. Psychiatr. Res. 21, 101-109 (1987).
    • (1987) J. Psychiatr. Res , vol.21 , pp. 101-109
    • Junginger, J.1    Rauscher, F.P.2
  • 21
    • 0025668604 scopus 로고
    • Subvocal activity and auditory hallucinations: Clues for behavioral treatments?
    • Green, M. F. & Kinsbourne, M. Subvocal activity and auditory hallucinations: clues for behavioral treatments? Schizophr. Bull. 16, 617-625 (1990).
    • (1990) Schizophr. Bull , vol.16 , pp. 617-625
    • Green, M.F.1    Kinsbourne, M.2
  • 22
    • 58149426727 scopus 로고
    • Neural basis of the spontaneous optokinetic response produced by visual inversion
    • Sperry, R. W. Neural basis of the spontaneous optokinetic response produced by visual inversion. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 43, 482-489 (1950).
    • (1950) J. Cogn. Neurosci , vol.43 , pp. 482-489
    • Sperry, R.W.1
  • 23
    • 34250961231 scopus 로고
    • Das reafferenzprinzip (Wechselwirkungen zwischen Zentralnervensystem und Peripherie).
    • von Holst, E. & Mittelstaedt, H. Das reafferenzprinzip (Wechselwirkungen zwischen Zentralnervensystem und Peripherie). Naturwissenshaften 37, 464-476 (1950).
    • (1950) Naturwissenshaften , vol.37 , pp. 464-476
    • von Holst, E.1    Mittelstaedt, H.2
  • 24
    • 47749095953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corollary discharge across the animal kingdom
    • Crapse, T. B. & Sommer, M. A. Corollary discharge across the animal kingdom. Nature Rev. Neurosci. 9, 587-600 (2008).
    • (2008) Nature Rev. Neurosci , vol.9 , pp. 587-600
    • Crapse, T.B.1    Sommer, M.A.2
  • 25
    • 0033826387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The perception of self-produced sensory stimuli in patients with auditory hallucinations and passivity experiences: Evidence for a breakdown in self-monitoring
    • A demonstration that patients with schizophrenia can tickle themselves
    • Blakemore, S. J., Smith, J., Steel, R., Johnstone, C. E. & Frith, C. D. The perception of self-produced sensory stimuli in patients with auditory hallucinations and passivity experiences: evidence for a breakdown in self-monitoring. Psychol. Med. 30, 1131-1139 (2000). A demonstration that patients with schizophrenia can tickle themselves.
    • (2000) Psychol. Med , vol.30 , pp. 1131-1139
    • Blakemore, S.J.1    Smith, J.2    Steel, R.3    Johnstone, C.E.4    Frith, C.D.5
  • 27
    • 0346881159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrophysiological evidence of corollary discharge dysfunction in schizophrenia during talking and thinking
    • Ford, J. M. & Mathalon, D. H. Electrophysiological evidence of corollary discharge dysfunction in schizophrenia during talking and thinking. J. Psychiatr. Res. 38, 37-46 (2004).
    • (2004) J. Psychiatr. Res , vol.38 , pp. 37-46
    • Ford, J.M.1    Mathalon, D.H.2
  • 28
    • 47749085607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain circuits for the internal monitoring of movements
    • Sommer, M. A. & Wurtz, R. H. Brain circuits for the internal monitoring of movements. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 31, 317-338 (2008).
    • (2008) Annu. Rev. Neurosci , vol.31 , pp. 317-338
    • Sommer, M.A.1    Wurtz, R.H.2
  • 29
    • 6344246397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can neuroscience explain consciousness?
    • An attempt to forge a link between neural processes and subjective experience
    • Hohwy, J. & Frith, C. Can neuroscience explain consciousness? J. Conscious. Stud. 11, 180-198 (2004). An attempt to forge a link between neural processes and subjective experience.
    • (2004) J. Conscious. Stud , vol.11 , pp. 180-198
    • Hohwy, J.1    Frith, C.2
  • 30
    • 84867122371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bayesian inference become "Bayesian"?
    • Fienberg, S. E. When did Bayesian inference become "Bayesian"? Bayesian Anal. 1, 1-40 (2006).
    • (2006) Bayesian Anal , vol.1 , pp. 1-40
    • Fienberg, S.1    When did, E.2
  • 31
    • 0022458203 scopus 로고
    • The formation and maintenance of delusions: A Bayesian analysis
    • An influential demonstration that patients with delusions have problems with probabilistic inferences
    • Hemsley, D. R. & Garety, P. A. The formation and maintenance of delusions: a Bayesian analysis. Br. J. Psychiatry 149, 51-56 (1986). An influential demonstration that patients with delusions have problems with probabilistic inferences.
    • (1986) Br. J. Psychiatry , vol.149 , pp. 51-56
    • Hemsley, D.R.1    Garety, P.A.2
  • 33
    • 0025903542 scopus 로고
    • Reasoning in deluded schizophrenic and paranoid patients. Biases in performance on a probabilistic inference task
    • Garety, P. A., Hemsley, D. R. & Wessely, S. Reasoning in deluded schizophrenic and paranoid patients. Biases in performance on a probabilistic inference task. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 179, 194-201 (1991).
    • (1991) J. Nerv. Ment. Dis , vol.179 , pp. 194-201
    • Garety, P.A.1    Hemsley, D.R.2    Wessely, S.3
  • 34
    • 0025978988 scopus 로고
    • Paranoia and social reasoning: An attribution theory analysis
    • Bentall, R. P., Kaney, S. & Dewey, M. E. Paranoia and social reasoning: an attribution theory analysis. Br. J. Clin. Psychol. 30, 13-23 (1991).
    • (1991) Br. J. Clin. Psychol , vol.30 , pp. 13-23
    • Bentall, R.P.1    Kaney, S.2    Dewey, M.E.3
  • 35
    • 38349001085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reasoning and delusion proneness - confidence in decisions
    • Warman, D. M. Reasoning and delusion proneness - confidence in decisions. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 196, 9-15 (2008).
    • (2008) J. Nerv. Ment. Dis , vol.196 , pp. 9-15
    • Warman, D.M.1
  • 37
    • 44749084127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decision-making impairments in the context of intact reward sensitivity in schizophrenia
    • Heerey, E. A., Bell-Warren, K. R. & Gold, J. M. Decision-making impairments in the context of intact reward sensitivity in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 64, 62-69 (2008).
    • (2008) Biol. Psychiatry , vol.64 , pp. 62-69
    • Heerey, E.A.1    Bell-Warren, K.R.2    Gold, J.M.3
  • 38
    • 34547533177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive neuropsychiatry and delusional belief
    • A persuasive demonstration that perceptual anomalies are not sufficient to cause delusions
    • Coltheart, M. Cognitive neuropsychiatry and delusional belief. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. (Colchester) 60, 1041-1062 (2007). A persuasive demonstration that perceptual anomalies are not sufficient to cause delusions.
    • (2007) Q. J. Exp. Psychol. (Colchester) , vol.60 , pp. 1041-1062
    • Coltheart, M.1
  • 39
    • 34548038422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schizophrenia and monothematic delusions
    • Coltheart, M., Langdon, R. & McKay, R. Schizophrenia and monothematic delusions. Schizophr. Bull. 33, 642-647 (2007).
    • (2007) Schizophr. Bull , vol.33 , pp. 642-647
    • Coltheart, M.1    Langdon, R.2    McKay, R.3
  • 40
    • 44249120305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Confabulation: Damage to a specific inferior medial prefrontal system
    • Turner, M. S., Cipolotti, L., Yousry, T. A. & Shallice, T. Confabulation: damage to a specific inferior medial prefrontal system. Cortex 44, 637-648 (2008).
    • (2008) Cortex , vol.44 , pp. 637-648
    • Turner, M.S.1    Cipolotti, L.2    Yousry, T.A.3    Shallice, T.4
  • 41
    • 0000353562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychotic experiences induced in deluded patients using distorted auditory feedback
    • Cahill, C., Silbersweig, D. & Frith, C. D. Psychotic experiences induced in deluded patients using distorted auditory feedback. Cogn. Neuropsychiatry 1, 201-211 (1996).
    • (1996) Cogn. Neuropsychiatry , vol.1 , pp. 201-211
    • Cahill, C.1    Silbersweig, D.2    Frith, C.D.3
  • 42
    • 0344990163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delusions of alien control in the normal brain
    • Blakemore, S. J., Oakley, D. A. & Frith, C. D. Delusions of alien control in the normal brain. Neuropsychologia 41, 1058-1067 (2003).
    • (2003) Neuropsychologia , vol.41 , pp. 1058-1067
    • Blakemore, S.J.1    Oakley, D.A.2    Frith, C.D.3
  • 43
    • 0038152904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two eyes for an eye: The neuroscience of force escalation
    • Shergill, S. S., Bays, P. M., Frith, C. D. & Wolpert, D. M. Two eyes for an eye: the neuroscience of force escalation. Science 301, 187-187 (2003).
    • (2003) Science , vol.301 , pp. 187-187
    • Shergill, S.S.1    Bays, P.M.2    Frith, C.D.3    Wolpert, D.M.4
  • 45
    • 0034078434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Speaking modifies voice-evoked activity in the human auditory cortex
    • Curio, G., Neuloh, G., Numminen, J., Jousmaki, V. & Hari, R. Speaking modifies voice-evoked activity in the human auditory cortex. Hum. Brain Mapp. 9, 183-191 (2000).
    • (2000) Hum. Brain Mapp , vol.9 , pp. 183-191
    • Curio, G.1    Neuloh, G.2    Numminen, J.3    Jousmaki, V.4    Hari, R.5
  • 47
    • 13944275555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suppressed responses to self-triggered sounds in the human auditory cortex
    • Martikainen, M. H., Kaneko, K. & Hari, R. Suppressed responses to self-triggered sounds in the human auditory cortex. Cereb. Cortex 15, 299-302 (2005).
    • (2005) Cereb. Cortex , vol.15 , pp. 299-302
    • Martikainen, M.H.1    Kaneko, K.2    Hari, R.3
  • 49
    • 0027268190 scopus 로고
    • Increased blood flow in Broca's area during auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia
    • An early demonstration that hallucinations are associated with activity in speech-production regions of the brain
    • McGuire, P. K., Shah, G. M. & Murray, R. M. Increased blood flow in Broca's area during auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. Lancet 342, 703-706 (1993). An early demonstration that hallucinations are associated with activity in speech-production regions of the brain.
    • (1993) Lancet , vol.342 , pp. 703-706
    • McGuire, P.K.1    Shah, G.M.2    Murray, R.M.3
  • 50
    • 0033764501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mapping auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia using functional magnetic resonance imaging
    • Shergill, S. S., Brammer, M. J., Williams, S. C. R., Murray, R. M. & McGuire, P. K. Mapping auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 57, 1033-1038 (2000).
    • (2000) Arch. Gen. Psychiatry , vol.57 , pp. 1033-1038
    • Shergill, S.S.1    Brammer, M.J.2    Williams, S.C.R.3    Murray, R.M.4    McGuire, P.K.5
  • 51
    • 0033797859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional anatomy of auditory verbal imagery in schizophrenic patients with auditory hallucinations
    • Shergill, S. S., Bullmore, E., Simmons, A., Murray, R. & McGuire, P. Functional anatomy of auditory verbal imagery in schizophrenic patients with auditory hallucinations. Am. J. Psychiatry 157, 1691-1693 (2000).
    • (2000) Am. J. Psychiatry , vol.157 , pp. 1691-1693
    • Shergill, S.S.1    Bullmore, E.2    Simmons, A.3    Murray, R.4    McGuire, P.5
  • 52
    • 0035477282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortical responsiveness during talking and listening in schizophrenia: An event-related brain potential study
    • Ford, J. M. et al. Cortical responsiveness during talking and listening in schizophrenia: an event-related brain potential study. Biol. Psychiatry 50, 540-549 (2001).
    • (2001) Biol. Psychiatry , vol.50 , pp. 540-549
    • Ford, J.M.1
  • 53
    • 0033764501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mapping auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia using functional magnetic resonance imaging
    • Shergill, S. S., Brammer, M. J., Williams, S. J., Murray, R. M. & McGuire, P. K. Mapping auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 57, 1033-1038 (2000).
    • (2000) Arch. Gen. Psychiatry , vol.57 , pp. 1033-1038
    • Shergill, S.S.1    Brammer, M.J.2    Williams, S.J.3    Murray, R.M.4    McGuire, P.K.5
  • 54
    • 0034776306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modality specific neural correlates of auditory and somatic hallucinations
    • Shergill, S. S. et al. Modality specific neural correlates of auditory and somatic hallucinations. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 71, 688-690 (2001).
    • (2001) J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry , vol.71 , pp. 688-690
    • Shergill, S.S.1
  • 55
    • 10444281563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal course of auditory hallucinations
    • Shergill, S. S. et al. Temporal course of auditory hallucinations. Br. J. Psychiatry 185, 516-517 (2004).
    • (2004) Br. J. Psychiatry , vol.185 , pp. 516-517
    • Shergill, S.S.1
  • 56
    • 0034694348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The functional anatomy of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia
    • Lennox, B. R., Park, S. B., Medley, I., Morris, P. G. & Jones, P. B. The functional anatomy of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 100, 13-20 (2000).
    • (2000) Psychiatry Res , vol.100 , pp. 13-20
    • Lennox, B.R.1    Park, S.B.2    Medley, I.3    Morris, P.G.4    Jones, P.B.5
  • 57
    • 34047141068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synch before you speak: Auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia
    • Evidence that hallucinations are associated with a reduction of long-range connectivity in the brain
    • Ford, J. M., Roach, B. J., Faustmann, W. O. & Mathalon, D. H. Synch before you speak: auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 164, 458-466 (2007). Evidence that hallucinations are associated with a reduction of long-range connectivity in the brain.
    • (2007) Am. J. Psychiatry , vol.164 , pp. 458-466
    • Ford, J.M.1    Roach, B.J.2    Faustmann, W.O.3    Mathalon, D.H.4
  • 58
    • 33750697963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of diffusion tensor imaging studies in schizophrenia
    • Kubicki, M. et al. A review of diffusion tensor imaging studies in schizophrenia. J. Psychiatr. Res. 41, 15-30 (2007) .
    • (2007) J. Psychiatr. Res , vol.41 , pp. 15-30
    • Kubicki, M.1
  • 59
    • 34548244986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Misattribution of speech and impaired connectivity in patients with auditory verbal hallucinations
    • Structural evidence for connectivity problems in schizophrenia
    • Mechelli, A. et al. Misattribution of speech and impaired connectivity in patients with auditory verbal hallucinations. Hum. Brain Mapp. 28, 1213-1222 (2007). Structural evidence for connectivity problems in schizophrenia.
    • (2007) Hum. Brain Mapp , vol.28 , pp. 1213-1222
    • Mechelli, A.1
  • 60
    • 0035736288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The exploitation of regularities in the environment by the brain
    • discussion 652-671
    • Barlow, H. The exploitation of regularities in the environment by the brain. Behav. Brain. Sci. 24, 602-607; discussion 652-671 (2001).
    • (2001) Behav. Brain. Sci , vol.24 , pp. 602-607
    • Barlow, H.1
  • 61
    • 0001185873 scopus 로고
    • An essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chances
    • A work of genius providing the computational basis for the process of inference that underlies perception and belief formation
    • Bayes, T. R. An essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chances. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 53, 370-418 (1763). A work of genius providing the computational basis for the process of inference that underlies perception and belief formation.
    • (1763) Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond , vol.53 , pp. 370-418
    • Bayes, T.R.1
  • 62
    • 0015748659 scopus 로고
    • Latent inhibition
    • Lubow, R. E. Latent inhibition. Psychol. Bull. 79, 398-407 (1973).
    • (1973) Psychol. Bull , vol.79 , pp. 398-407
    • Lubow, R.E.1
  • 63
    • 0024993995 scopus 로고
    • Conditions for versatile learning, Helmholtz's unconscious inference, and the task of perception
    • An important proposal about the mechanism of inference in the visual system
    • Barlow, H. Conditions for versatile learning, Helmholtz's unconscious inference, and the task of perception. Vision Res. 30, 1561-1571 (1990). An important proposal about the mechanism of inference in the visual system.
    • (1990) Vision Res , vol.30 , pp. 1561-1571
    • Barlow, H.1
  • 64
    • 33746220445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vision as Bayesian inference: Analysis by synthesis?
    • Review of the evidence that vision depends on inference
    • Yuille, A. & Kersten, D. Vision as Bayesian inference: analysis by synthesis? Trends Cogn. Sci. 10, 301-308 (2006). Review of the evidence that vision depends on inference.
    • (2006) Trends Cogn. Sci , vol.10 , pp. 301-308
    • Yuille, A.1    Kersten, D.2
  • 65
    • 0036568798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Latent inhibition and schizophrenia: Pavlovian conditioning of autonomic responses
    • Vaitl, D. et al. Latent inhibition and schizophrenia: Pavlovian conditioning of autonomic responses. Schizophr. Res. 55, 147-158 (2002).
    • (2002) Schizophr. Res , vol.55 , pp. 147-158
    • Vaitl, D.1
  • 66
    • 0002981963 scopus 로고
    • eds Campbell, B. A. & Church, R. M, Appleton Century Crofts, New York
    • Kamin, L. J. in Punishment and Aversive Behaviour (eds Campbell, B. A. & Church, R. M.) 279-296 (Appleton Century Crofts, New York, 1969).
    • (1969) Punishment and Aversive Behaviour , pp. 279-296
    • Kamin, L.J.1
  • 67
    • 57749185970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rescorla, R. A. & Wagner, A. R. in Classical Conditioning II (eds Black, A. H. & Prokasy, W. F.) 64-99 (Appleton Century Crofts, New York, 1972). The computational basis of learning by association.
    • Rescorla, R. A. & Wagner, A. R. in Classical Conditioning II (eds Black, A. H. & Prokasy, W. F.) 64-99 (Appleton Century Crofts, New York, 1972). The computational basis of learning by association.
  • 68
    • 0034078011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuronal coding of prediction errors
    • An important account of the role of prediction errors in learning
    • Schultz, W. & Dickinson, A. Neuronal coding of prediction errors. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 23, 473-500 (2000). An important account of the role of prediction errors in learning.
    • (2000) Annu. Rev. Neurosci , vol.23 , pp. 473-500
    • Schultz, W.1    Dickinson, A.2
  • 69
    • 0030777485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disruption of the Kamin blocking effect in schizophrenia and in normal subjects following amphetamine
    • Jones, S. H., Hemsley, D., Ball, S. & Serra, A. Disruption of the Kamin blocking effect in schizophrenia and in normal subjects following amphetamine. Behav. Brain Res. 88, 103-114 (1997).
    • (1997) Behav. Brain Res , vol.88 , pp. 103-114
    • Jones, S.H.1    Hemsley, D.2    Ball, S.3    Serra, A.4
  • 70
    • 33644688754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dopamine neurons report an error in the temporal prediction of reward during learning
    • Hollerman, J. R. & Schultz, W. Dopamine neurons report an error in the temporal prediction of reward during learning. Nature Neurosci. 1, 304-309 (1998).
    • (1998) Nature Neurosci , vol.1 , pp. 304-309
    • Hollerman, J.R.1    Schultz, W.2
  • 71
    • 0027964829 scopus 로고
    • Importance of unpredictability for reward responses in primate dopamine neurons
    • Mirenowicz, J. & Schultz, W. Importance of unpredictability for reward responses in primate dopamine neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 72, 1024-1027 (1994).
    • (1994) J. Neurophysiol , vol.72 , pp. 1024-1027
    • Mirenowicz, J.1    Schultz, W.2
  • 72
    • 0035811464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dopamine responses comply with basic assumptions of formal learning theory
    • Waelti, P., Dickinson, A. & Schultz, W. Dopamine responses comply with basic assumptions of formal learning theory. Nature 412, 43-48 (2001).
    • (2001) Nature , vol.412 , pp. 43-48
    • Waelti, P.1    Dickinson, A.2    Schultz, W.3
  • 73
    • 33748302924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dopamine-dependent prediction errors underpin reward-seeking behaviour in humans
    • Pessiglione, M., Seymour, B., Flandin, G., Dolan, R. J. & Frith, C. D. Dopamine-dependent prediction errors underpin reward-seeking behaviour in humans. Nature 442, 1042-1045 (2006).
    • (2006) Nature , vol.442 , pp. 1042-1045
    • Pessiglione, M.1    Seymour, B.2    Flandin, G.3    Dolan, R.J.4    Frith, C.D.5
  • 74
    • 30344455038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dysfunction of ventral striatal reward prediction in schizophrenia
    • Juckel, G. et al. Dysfunction of ventral striatal reward prediction in schizophrenia. Neuroimage 29, 409-416 (2006).
    • (2006) Neuroimage , vol.29 , pp. 409-416
    • Juckel, G.1
  • 75
    • 43049109241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Substantia nigra/ventral tegmental reward prediction error disruption in psychosis
    • Evidence of abnormal neural correlates of prediction errors in schizophrenia
    • Murray, G. K. et al. Substantia nigra/ventral tegmental reward prediction error disruption in psychosis. Mol. Psychiatry 13, 267-276 (2007). Evidence of abnormal neural correlates of prediction errors in schizophrenia.
    • (2007) Mol. Psychiatry , vol.13 , pp. 267-276
    • Murray, G.K.1
  • 76
    • 34548206360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disrupted prediction error signal in psychosis: Evidence for an associative account of delusions
    • Corlett, P. R. et al. Disrupted prediction error signal in psychosis: evidence for an associative account of delusions. Brain 130, 2387-2400 (2007).
    • (2007) Brain , vol.130 , pp. 2387-2400
    • Corlett, P.R.1
  • 77
    • 38149136439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The formation of abnormal associations in schizophrenia: Neural and behavioral evidence
    • Jensen, J. et al. The formation of abnormal associations in schizophrenia: neural and behavioral evidence. Neuropsychopharmacology 33, 473-479 (2008).
    • (2008) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.33 , pp. 473-479
    • Jensen, J.1
  • 78
    • 23844441981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathological gambling caused by drugs used to treat Parkinson disease
    • Dodd, M. L. et al. Pathological gambling caused by drugs used to treat Parkinson disease. Arch. Neurol. 62, 1377-1381 (2005).
    • (2005) Arch. Neurol , vol.62 , pp. 1377-1381
    • Dodd, M.L.1
  • 79
    • 37849187806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A free energy principle for the brain
    • An important proposal that the brain consists of a hierarchy of Bayesian inferencing devices
    • Friston, K., Kilner, J. & Harrison, L. A free energy principle for the brain. J. Physiol. (Paris) 100, 70-87 (2006). An important proposal that the brain consists of a hierarchy of Bayesian inferencing devices.
    • (2006) J. Physiol. (Paris) , vol.100 , pp. 70-87
    • Friston, K.1    Kilner, J.2    Harrison, L.3
  • 81
    • 0042565834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hierarchical Bayesian inference in the visual cortex
    • Lee, T. S. & Mumford, D. Hierarchical Bayesian inference in the visual cortex. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A Opt. Image Sci. Vis. 20, 1434-1448 (2003).
    • (2003) J. Opt. Soc. Am. A Opt. Image Sci. Vis , vol.20 , pp. 1434-1448
    • Lee, T.S.1    Mumford, D.2
  • 82
    • 47749155980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A neural representation of prior information during perceptual inference
    • Summerfield, C. & Koechlin, E. A neural representation of prior information during perceptual inference. Neuron 59, 336-347 (2008).
    • (2008) Neuron , vol.59 , pp. 336-347
    • Summerfield, C.1    Koechlin, E.2
  • 83
    • 33746358592 scopus 로고
    • A theory of attention: Variations in associability of stimuli with reinforcement
    • Mackintosh, N. J. A theory of attention: variations in associability of stimuli with reinforcement. Psychol. Rev. 82, 276-298 (1975).
    • (1975) Psychol. Rev , vol.82 , pp. 276-298
    • Mackintosh, N.J.1
  • 84
    • 0019089514 scopus 로고
    • A model for Pavlovian learning: Variations in the effectiveness of conditioned but not of unconditioned stimuli
    • Pearce, J. M. & Hall, G. A model for Pavlovian learning: variations in the effectiveness of conditioned but not of unconditioned stimuli. Psychol. Rev. 87, 532-552 (1980).
    • (1980) Psychol. Rev , vol.87 , pp. 532-552
    • Pearce, J.M.1    Hall, G.2
  • 85
    • 33746365099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bayesian theories of conditioning in a changing world
    • Courville, A. C., Daw, N. D. & Touretzky, D. S. Bayesian theories of conditioning in a changing world. Trends Cogn. Sci. 10, 294-300 (2006).
    • (2006) Trends Cogn. Sci , vol.10 , pp. 294-300
    • Courville, A.C.1    Daw, N.D.2    Touretzky, D.S.3
  • 86
    • 0017132898 scopus 로고
    • Schizophrenic psychology, associative learning and the role of forebrain dopamine
    • Miller, R. Schizophrenic psychology, associative learning and the role of forebrain dopamine. Med. Hypotheses 2, 203-211 (1976).
    • (1976) Med. Hypotheses , vol.2 , pp. 203-211
    • Miller, R.1
  • 87
    • 23244450977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The development of a cognitive model of schizophrenia: Placing it in context
    • Hemsley, D. R. The development of a cognitive model of schizophrenia: placing it in context. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 29, 977-988 (2005).
    • (2005) Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev , vol.29 , pp. 977-988
    • Hemsley, D.R.1
  • 89
    • 44649110226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incentive motivation in first-episode psychosis: A behavioural study
    • Murray, G. K. et al. Incentive motivation in first-episode psychosis: a behavioural study. BMC Psychiatry 8, 34 (2008).
    • (2008) BMC Psychiatry , vol.8 , pp. 34
    • Murray, G.K.1
  • 90
    • 64849099978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do patients with schizophrenia exhibit aberrant salience?
    • 30 Jun, doi:10.1017/ S0033291708003863
    • Roiser, J. P. et al. Do patients with schizophrenia exhibit aberrant salience? Psychol. Med. 30 Jun 2008 (doi:10.1017/ S0033291708003863).
    • (2008) Psychol. Med
    • Roiser, J.P.1
  • 91
    • 20444388016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uncertainty, neuromodulation, and attention
    • Yu, A. J. & Dayan, P. Uncertainty, neuromodulation, and attention. Neuron 46, 681-692 (2005).
    • (2005) Neuron , vol.46 , pp. 681-692
    • Yu, A.J.1    Dayan, P.2
  • 92
    • 27144554931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Weak suppression of visual context in chronic schizophrenia
    • Dakin, S., Carlin, P. & Hemsley, D. Weak suppression of visual context in chronic schizophrenia. Curr. Biol. 15, R822-R824 (2005).
    • (2005) Curr. Biol , vol.15
    • Dakin, S.1    Carlin, P.2    Hemsley, D.3
  • 93
    • 1842420624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compromised late-stage motion processing in schizophrenia
    • Chen, Y., Levy, D. L., Sheremata, S. & Holzman, P. S. Compromised late-stage motion processing in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 55, 834-841 (2004).
    • (2004) Biol. Psychiatry , vol.55 , pp. 834-841
    • Chen, Y.1    Levy, D.L.2    Sheremata, S.3    Holzman, P.S.4
  • 94
    • 0013578406 scopus 로고
    • Disorders of attention and perception in early schizophrenia
    • An influential survey of experiences in the early stages of psychosis
    • McGhie, A. & Chapman, J. Disorders of attention and perception in early schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 34, 103-116 (1961). An influential survey of experiences in the early stages of psychosis.
    • (1961) Br. J. Psychiatry , vol.34 , pp. 103-116
    • McGhie, A.1    Chapman, J.2
  • 95
    • 0013890775 scopus 로고
    • The early symptoms of schizophrenia
    • Chapman, J. The early symptoms of schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 112, 225-251 (1966).
    • (1966) Br. J. Psychiatry , vol.112 , pp. 225-251
    • Chapman, J.1
  • 96
    • 0005296837 scopus 로고
    • The step ladder to the impossible: A first hand phenomenological account of a schizoaffective psychotic crisis
    • A fascinating personal account of a psychotic breakdown
    • Chadwick, P. K. The step ladder to the impossible: a first hand phenomenological account of a schizoaffective psychotic crisis. J. Ment. Health 2, 239-250 (1993). A fascinating personal account of a psychotic breakdown.
    • (1993) J. Ment. Health , vol.2 , pp. 239-250
    • Chadwick, P.K.1
  • 97
    • 33645217100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prenatal infection as a risk factor for schizophrenia
    • Brown, A. S. Prenatal infection as a risk factor for schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 32, 200-202 (2006).
    • (2006) Schizophr. Bull , vol.32 , pp. 200-202
    • Brown, A.S.1
  • 99
    • 45749158144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychiatric genetics: Progress amid controversy
    • Burmeister, M., McInnis, M. G. & Zollner, S. Psychiatric genetics: progress amid controversy. Nature Rev. Genet. 9, 527-540 (2008).
    • (2008) Nature Rev. Genet , vol.9 , pp. 527-540
    • Burmeister, M.1    McInnis, M.G.2    Zollner, S.3
  • 100
    • 33744901419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain volume in first-episode schizophrenia: Systematic review and meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies
    • Steen, R. G., Mull, C., McClure, R., Hamer, R. M. & Lieberman, J. A. Brain volume in first-episode schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies. Br. J. Psychiatry 188, 510-518 (2006).
    • (2006) Br. J. Psychiatry , vol.188 , pp. 510-518
    • Steen, R.G.1    Mull, C.2    McClure, R.3    Hamer, R.M.4    Lieberman, J.A.5
  • 101
    • 0347722470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altered cortical glutamate neurotransmission in schizophrenia: Evidence from morphological studies of pyramidal neurons
    • Lewis, D. A., Glantz, L. A., Pierri, J. N. & Sweet, R. A. Altered cortical glutamate neurotransmission in schizophrenia: evidence from morphological studies of pyramidal neurons. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1003, 102-112 (2003).
    • (2003) Ann. NY Acad. Sci , vol.1003 , pp. 102-112
    • Lewis, D.A.1    Glantz, L.A.2    Pierri, J.N.3    Sweet, R.A.4
  • 102
    • 0345690100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Half a century of antipsychotics and still a central role for dopamine D2 receptors
    • Kapur, S. & Mamo, D. Half a century of antipsychotics and still a central role for dopamine D2 receptors. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 27, 1081-1090 (2003).
    • (2003) Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry , vol.27 , pp. 1081-1090
    • Kapur, S.1    Mamo, D.2
  • 104
    • 0032903301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The neuropsychopharmacology of phencyclidine: From NMDA receptor hypofunction to the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
    • Jentsch, J. D. & Roth, R. H. The neuropsychopharmacology of phencyclidine: from NMDA receptor hypofunction to the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 20, 201-225 (1999).
    • (1999) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.20 , pp. 201-225
    • Jentsch, J.D.1    Roth, R.H.2
  • 105
    • 34250689063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From prediction error to psychosis: Ketamine as a pharmacological model of delusions
    • Corlett, P. R., Honey, G. D. & Fletcher, P. C. From prediction error to psychosis: ketamine as a pharmacological model of delusions. J. Psychopharmacol. 21, 238-252 (2007).
    • (2007) J. Psychopharmacol , vol.21 , pp. 238-252
    • Corlett, P.R.1    Honey, G.D.2    Fletcher, P.C.3
  • 106
    • 57749196224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC, 1994). The official definition of schizophrenia.
    • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC, 1994). The official definition of schizophrenia.
  • 107
    • 33745269268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dreaming sleep stage: A new neurobiological model of schizophrenia?
    • Gottesmann, C. The dreaming sleep stage: a new neurobiological model of schizophrenia? Neuroscience 140, 1105-1115 (2006).
    • (2006) Neuroscience , vol.140 , pp. 1105-1115
    • Gottesmann, C.1
  • 108
    • 0036145050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sleep imaging and the neuro-psychological assessment of dreams
    • Schwartz, S. & Maquet, P. Sleep imaging and the neuro-psychological assessment of dreams. Trends Cogn. Sci. 6, 23-30 (2002).
    • (2002) Trends Cogn. Sci , vol.6 , pp. 23-30
    • Schwartz, S.1    Maquet, P.2
  • 109
    • 0037690687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathways to emotional dysfunction in first-episode psychosis
    • Birchwood, M. Pathways to emotional dysfunction in first-episode psychosis. Br. J. Psychiatry 182, 373-375 (2003).
    • (2003) Br. J. Psychiatry , vol.182 , pp. 373-375
    • Birchwood, M.1
  • 112
    • 0001023339 scopus 로고
    • Living with schizophrenia
    • Macdonald, N. Living with schizophrenia. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 82, 218-221 (1960).
    • (1960) Can. Med. Assoc. J , vol.82 , pp. 218-221
    • Macdonald, N.1
  • 113
    • 0037087327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced communication between frontal and temporal lobes during talking in schizophrenia
    • Ford, J. M., Mathalon, D. H., Whitfield, S., Faustman, W. O. & Roth, W. T. Reduced communication between frontal and temporal lobes during talking in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 51, 485-492 (2002).
    • (2002) Biol. Psychiatry , vol.51 , pp. 485-492
    • Ford, J.M.1    Mathalon, D.H.2    Whitfield, S.3    Faustman, W.O.4    Roth, W.T.5
  • 114
    • 0014810971 scopus 로고
    • First rank symptoms of schizophrenia
    • Mellor, C. S. First rank symptoms of schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 117, 15-23 (1970).
    • (1970) Br. J. Psychiatry , vol.117 , pp. 15-23
    • Mellor, C.S.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.