Contribution of hippocampal region CA3 to consciousness and schizophrenic hallucinations

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews

Volumn 34, Issue 8, 2010, Pages 1121-1136

  Behrendt, Ralf Peter ^a  

^a The Retreat Hospital   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Oscillations; Consciousness; Episodic memory; Hallucinations; Hippocampus; Imagery; Mind body problem; Schizophrenia; Voluntary behaviour.

Indexed keywords

AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; BEHAVIOR; BRAIN DAMAGE; CINGULATE GYRUS; CONSCIOUSNESS; DISEASE MODEL; DREAM; EPISODIC MEMORY; HALLUCINATION; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; IMAGERY; LEARNING; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; ORBITAL CORTEX; OSCILLATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERCEPTION; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PYRAMIDAL NERVE CELL; REM SLEEP; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SENSORY SYSTEM; SIMULATION;

ANIMALS; CA3 REGION, HIPPOCAMPAL; CONSCIOUSNESS; HALLUCINATIONS; HUMANS; MEMORY DISORDERS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SERIAL LEARNING; SLEEP, REM;

EID: 77954083486     PISSN: 01497634     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.12.009     Document Type: Review

References (164)

1. Addis D.R., Wong A.T., Schacter D.L. Remembering the past and imagining the future: common and distinct neural substrates during event construction and elaboration. Neuropsychologia 2007, 45:1363-1377.
2. Albouy G., Sterpenich V., Balteau E., Vandewalle G., Desseilles M., Dang-Vu T., Darsaud A., Ruby P., Luppi P.H., Degueldre C., Peigneux P., Luxen A., Maquet P. Both the hippocampus and striatum are involved in consolidation of motor sequence memory. Neuron 2008, 58:261-272.
3. Amaral G. The primate amygdala and the neurobiology of social behaviour: implications for understanding social anxiety. Biological Psychiatry 2002, 52:11-17.
4. Amat J., Baratta M.V., Paul E., Bland S.T., Watkins L.R., Maier S.F. Medial prefrontal cortex determines how stressor controllability affects behavior and dorsal raphe nucleus. Nature Neuroscience 2005, 8:365-371.
5. Andersen R.A., Buneo C.A. Intentional maps in posterior parietal cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience 2002, 25:189-220.
6. Anderson M.I., Jeffery K.J. Heterogeneous modulation of place cell firing by changes in context. The Journal of Neuroscience 2003, 23:8827-8835.
7. Bakshi V.P., Geyer M.A. Multiple limbic regions mediate the disruption of prepulse inhibition produced in rats by the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist dizocilpine. The Journal of Neuroscience 1998, 18:8394-8401.
8. Bauer E.P., Paz R., Paré D. Gamma oscillations coordinate amygdalo-rhinal interactions during learning. The Journal of Neuroscience 2007, 27:9369-9379.
9. Behrendt R.P. Hallucinations: synchronisation of thalamocortical gamma oscillations underconstrained by sensory input. Consciousness and Cognition 2003, 12:413-451.
10. Behrendt R.P. Dysregulation of thalamic sensory transmission in schizophrenia: neurochemical vulnerability to hallucinations. Journal of Psychopharmacology 2006, 20:356-372.
11. Behrendt R.P. The subjectivity of the perceived world: psychopathology and the mind-body problem from a perspective of idealism. New Developments in Consciousness Research 2007, Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, NY. V.W. Fallio (Ed.).
12. Behrendt R.P., Young C. Hallucinations in schizophrenia, sensory impairment, and brain disease: a unifying model. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2004, 27:771-787.
13. Benes F.M. Searching for unique endophenotypes for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder within neural circuits and their molecular regulatory mechanisms. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2007, 33:932-936.
14. Benes F.M., Lim B., Matzilevich D., Walsh J.P., Subburaju S., Minns M. Regulation of the GABA cell phenotype in hippocampus of schizophrenics and bipolars. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 2007, 104:10164-10169.
15. Benes F.M., Lim B., Matzilevich D., Subburaju S., Walsh J.P. Circuitry-based gene expression profiles in GABA cells of the trisynaptic pathway in schizophrenics versus bipolars. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 2008, 105:20935-20940.
16. Berretta S., Lange N., Bhattacharyya S., Sebro R., Garces J., Benes F.M. Long-term effects of amygdala GABA receptor blockade on specific subpopulations of hippocampal interneurons. Hippocampus 2004, 14:876-894.
17. Birchwood M., Meaden A., Trower P., Gilbert P., Plaistow J. The power and omnipotence of voices: subordination and entrapment by voices and significant others. Psychological Medicine 2000, 30:337-344.
18. Boroditsky L. Metaphoric structuring: understanding time through spatial metaphors. Cognition 2000, 75:1-28.
19. Brun V.H., Otnass M.K., Molden S., Steffenach H.A., Witter M.P., Moser M.B., Moser E.I. Place cells and place recognition maintained by direct entorhinal-hippocampal circuitry. Science 2002, 296:2243-2246.
20. Brunson K.L., Eghbal-Ahmadi M., Bender R., Chen Y., Baram T.Z. Long-term, progressive hippocampal cell loss and dysfunction induced by early-life administration of corticotropin-releasing hormone reproduce the effects of early-life stress. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 2001, 98:8856-8861.
21. Buzsáki G. The hippocampo-neocortical dialogue. Cerebral Cortex 1996, 6:81-92.
22. Buzsáki G. Theta rhythm of navigation: link between path integration and landmark navigation, episodic and semantic memory. Hippocampus 2005, 15:827-840.
23. Byrne P., Becker S., Burgess N. Remembering the past and imagining the future: a neural model of spatial memory and imagery. Psychological Review 2007, 114:340-375.
24. Carretié L., Hinojosa J.A., Mercado F., Tapia M. Cortical response to subjectively unconscious danger. NeuroImage 2005, 24:615-623.
25. Carter C.S. Cognitive neuroscience: the new neuroscience of the mind and its implications for psychiatry. Advances in Brain Imaging 2001, American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington. J.M. Morihisa (Ed.).
26. Chalmers D.J. The conscious mind 1996, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
27. Chrobak J.J., Buzsáki G. Gamma oscillations in the entorhinal cortex of the freely behaving rat. The Journal of Neuroscience 1998, 18:388-398.
28. Colby C.L., Goldberg M.E. Space and attention in parietal cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience 1999, 22:319-349.
29. Compton R.J. The interface between emotion and attention: a review of evidence from psychology and neuroscience. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews 2003, 2:115-129.
30. Coyle J.T. Glutamate and schizophrenia: beyond the dopamine hypothesis. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 2006, 26:365-384.
31. Critchley H.D., Mathias C.J., Dolan R.J. Neural activity in the human brain relating to uncertainty and arousal during anticipation. Neuron 2001, 29:537-545.
32. Crottaz-Herbette S., Menon V. Where and when the anterior cingulate cortex modulates attentional response: combined fMRI and ERP evidence. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2006, 18:766-780.
33. Davidson T.J., Kloosterman F., Wilson M.A. Hippocampal replay of extended experience. Neuron 2009, 63:497-507.
34. Degonda N., Mondadori C.R., Bosshardt S., Schmidt C.F., Boesiger P., Nitsch R.M., Hock C., Henke K. Implicit associative learning engages the hippocampus and interacts with explicit associative learning. Neuron 2005, 46:505-520.
35. Eichenbaum H., Fortin N.J. Bridging the gap between brain and behavior: cognitive and neural mechanisms of episodic memory. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 2005, 84:619-629.
36. Eichenbaum H., Yonelinas A.P., Ranganath C. The medial temporal lobe and recognition memory. Annual Review of Neuroscience 2007, 30:123-152.
37. Elsner B., Hommel B. Effect anticipation and action control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 2001, 27:229-240.
38. Ergorul C., Eichenbaum H. Essential role of the hippocampal formation in rapid learning of higher-order sequential associations. The Journal of Neuroscience 2006, 26:4111-4117.
39. Euston D.R., Tatsuno M., McNaughton B.L. Fast-forward playback of recent memory sequences in prefrontal cortex during sleep. Science 2007, 318:1147-1150.
40. Fell J., Fernández G., Lutz M.T., Kockelmann E., Burr W., Schaller C., Elger C.E., Helmstaedter C. Rhinal-hippocampal connectivity determines memory formation during sleep. Brain 2006, 129:108-114.
41. Ferguson M.J., Bargh J.A. How social perception can automatically influence behaviour. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2004, 8:33-39.
42. Floresco S.B., Seamans J.K., Phillips A.G. Selective roles for hippocampal, prefrontal cortical, and ventral striatal circuits in radial-arm maze tasks with or without a delay. The Journal of Neuroscience 1997, 17:1880-1890.
43. Fortin N.J., Wright S.P., Eichenbaum H. Recollection-like memory retrieval in rats is dependent on the hippocampus. Nature 2004, 431:188-191.
44. Foster D.J., Wilson M.A. Reverse replay of behavioural sequences in hippocampal place cells during the awake state. Nature 2006, 440:680-683.
45. Frankland P.W., Bontempi B. Fast track to the medial prefrontal cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 2006, 103:509-510.
46. Frankland P.W., Bontempi B., Talton L.E., Kaczmarek L., Silva A.J. The involvement of the anterior cingulate cortex in remote contextual fear memory. Science 2004, 304:881-883.
47. Fudge J.L., Emiliano A.B. The extended amygdala and the dopamine system: another piece of the dopamine puzzle. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2003, 15:306-316.
48. Gais S., Albouy G., Boly M., Dang-Vu T.T., Darsaud A., Desseilles M., Rauchs G., Schabus M., Sterpenich V., Vandewalle G., Maquet P., Peigneux P. Sleep transforms the cerebral trace of declarative memories. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 2007, 104:18778-18783.
49. Garrity A.G., Pearlson G.D., McKiernan K., Lloyd D., Kiehl K.A., Calhoun V.D. Aberrant " default mode" functional connectivity in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 2007, 164:450-457.
50. Garrod S., Pickering M.J. Why is conversation so easy?. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2004, 8:8-11.
51. Gilboa A., Winocur G., Grady C.L., Hevenor S.J., Moscovitch M. Remembering our past: functional neuroanatomy of recollection of recent and very remote personal events. Cerebral Cortex 2004, 14:1214-1225.
52. Gisabella B., Cunningham M.G., Bolshakov V.Y., Benes F.M. Amygdala-dependent regulation of electrical properties of hippocampal interneurons in a model of schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 2009, 65:464-472.
53. Goto Y., Grace A.A. Dopamine modulation of hippocampal-prefrontal cortical interaction drives memory-guided behavior. Cerebral Cortex 2008, 18:1407-1414.
54. Green M.F., Nuechterlein K.H., Breitmeyer B., Mintz J. Backward masking in unmedicated schizophrenic patients in psychotic remission: possible reflection of aberrant cortical oscillation. American Journal of Psychiatry 1999, 156:1367-1373.
55. Greicius M.D., Srivastava G., Reiss A.L., Menon V. Default-mode network activity distinguishes Alzheimer's disease from healthy aging: evidence from functional MRI. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 2004, 101:4637-4642.
56. Haddock G., Slade P.D., Bentall R.P. Auditory hallucinations and the verbal transformation effect: the role of suggestions. Personality and Individual Differences 1995, 19:301-306.
57. Harrison B.J., Yücel M., Pujol J., Pantelis C. Task-induced deactivation of midline cortical regions in schizophrenia assessed with fMRI. Schizophrenia Research 2007, 91:82-86.
58. Harte M.K., Powell S.B., Swerdlow N.R., Geyer M.A., Reynolds G.P. Deficits in parvalbumin and calbindin immunoreactive cells in the hippocampus of isolation reared rats. Journal of Neural Transmission 2007, 114:893-898.
59. Hasselmo M.E. The role of acetylcholine in learning and memory. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 2006, 16:710-715.
60. Heckers S. Neuroimaging studies of the hippocampus in schizophrenia. Hippocampus 2001, 11:520-528.
61. Heckers S., Stone D., Walsh J., Shick J., Koul P., Benes F.M. Differential hippocampal expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 and 67 messenger RNA in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 2002, 59:521-529.
62. Henke K., Mondadori C.R., Treyer V., Nitsch R.M., Buck A., Hock C. Nonconscious formation and reactivation of semantic associations by way of the medial temporal lobe. Neuropsychologia 2003, 41:863-876.
63. Hoffman K.L., McNaughton B.L. Coordinated reactivation of distributed memory traces in primate neocortex. Science 2002, 297:2070-2073.
64. Hyman J.M., Zilli E.A., Paley A.M., Hasselmo M.E. Medial prefrontal cortex cells show dynamic modulation with the hippocampal theta rhythm dependent on behavior. Hippocampus 2005, 15:739-749.
65. Isaacson R.L. Unsolved mysteries: the hippocampus. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews 2002, 1:87-107.
66. Ishikawa A., Nakamura S. Convergence and interaction of hippocampal and amygdalar projections within the prefrontal cortex in the rat. The Journal of Neuroscience 2003, 23:9987-9995.
67. Ishikawa A., Nakamura S. Ventral hippocampal neurons project axons simultaneously to the medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala in the rat. Journal of Neurophysiology 2006, 96:2134-2138.
68. Izaki Y., Takita M., Nomura M., Akema T. Differences between paired-pulse facilitation and long-term potentiation in the dorsal and ventral hippocampal CA1-prefrontal pathways of rats. Brain Research 2003, 992:142-145.
69. James W. The Principles of Psychology, vol. I 1890, Dover Publications, New York.
70. Janaway C. Self and World in Schopenhauer's Philosophy 1989, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
71. Ji D., Wilson M.A. Coordinated memory replay in the visual cortex and hippocampus during sleep. Nature Neuroscience 2007, 10:100-107.
72. Jodo E., Suzuki Y., Katayama T., Hoshino K.Y., Takeuchi S., Niwa S., Kayama Y. Activation of medial prefrontal cortex by phencyclidine is mediated via a hippocampo-prefrontal pathway. Cerebral Cortex 2005, 15:663-669.
73. Johnson A., Redish A.D. Neural ensembles in CA3 transiently encode paths forward of the animal at a decision point. The Journal of Neuroscience 2007, 27:12176-12189.
74. Jones M.W., Wilson M.A. Theta rhythms coordinate hippocampal-prefrontal interactions in a spatial memory task. PLoS Biology 2005, 3:e402.
75. Kahn I., Andrews-Hanna J.R., Vincent J.L., Snyder A.Z., Buckner R.L. Distinct cortical anatomy linked to subregions of the medial temporal lobe revealed by intrinsic functional connectivity. Journal of Neurophysiology 2008, 100:129-139.
76. Kalisch R., Korenfeld E., Stephan K.E., Weiskopf N., Seymour B., Dolan R.J. Context-dependent human extinction memory is mediated by a ventromedial prefrontal and hippocampal network. The Journal of Neuroscience 2006, 26:9503-9511.
77. Kant, I., 1781/2003. Critique of Pure Reason, trans. J. M. D. Meiklejohn. Dover, Mineola, N.Y.
78. Kesner R.P. Behavioral functions of the CA3 subregion of the hippocampus. Learning & Memory 2007, 14:771-781.
79. Klein T.A., Neumann J., Reuter M., Hennig J., von Cramon D.Y., Ullsperger M. Genetically determined differences in learning from errors. Science 2007, 318:1642-1645.
80. Krieghoff V., Brass M., Prinz W., Waszak F. Dissociating what and when of intentional actions. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2009, 3:3.
81. Kubik S., Miyashita T., Guzowski J.F. Using immediate-early genes to map hippocampal subregional functions. Learning & Memory 2007, 14:758-770.
82. Kumaran D., Maguire E.A. An unexpected sequence of events: mismatch detection in the human hippocampus. PLoS Biology 2006, 4:e424.
83. Kumaran D., Maguire E.A. The dynamics of hippocampal activation during encoding of overlapping sequences. Neuron 2006, 49:617-629.
84. Kumaran D., Maguire E.A. Match-mismatch processes underlie human hippocampal responses to associative novelty. The Journal of Neuroscience 2007, 27:8517-8524.
85. Kwon J.S., O'Donnell B.F., Wallenstein G.V., Greene R.W., Hirayasu Y., Nestor P.G., Hasselmo M.E., Potts G.F., Shenton M.E., McCarley R.W. Gamma frequency-range abnormalities to auditory stimulation in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 1999, 56:1001-1005.
86. Laing R.D. The Divided Self 1960, Tavistock, London.
87. Lathe R. Hormones and the hippocampus. Journal of Endocrinology 2001, 169:205-231.
88. Laviolette S.R. Dopamine modulation of emotional processing in cortical and subcortical neural circuits: evidence for a final common pathway in schizophrenia?. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2007, 33:971-981.
89. Lee A.K., Wilson M.A. Memory of sequential experience in the hippocampus during slow wave sleep. Neuron 2002, 36:1183-1194.
90. Lee I., Solivan F. The roles of the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in a spatial paired-association task. Learning & Memory 2008, 15:357-367.
91. Liddle P.F. Schizophrenic syndromes, cognitive performance and neurological dysfunction. Psychological Medicine 1987, 17:49-57.
92. Liddle P.F., Lane C.J., Ngan E.T. Immediate effects of risperidone on cortico-striato-thalamic loops and the hippocampus. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2000, 177:402-407.
93. Llinás R.R., Paré D. Of dreaming and wakefulness. Neuroscience 1991, 44:521-535.
94. Llinás R.R., Ribary U. Coherent 40-Hz oscillation characterizes dream state in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 1993, 90:2078-2081.
95. Linn E.L. Verbal auditory hallucinations: mind, self, and society. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1977, 164:8-17.
96. Lisman J.E., Grace A.A. The hippocampal-VTA loop: controlling the entry of information into long-term memory. Neuron 2005, 46:703-713.
97. Lisman J.E., Talamini L.M., Raffone A. Recall of memory sequences by interaction of the dentate and CA3: a revised model of the phase precession. Neural Networks 2005, 18:1191-1201.
98. Lisman J.E., Coyle J.T., Green R.W., Javitt D.C., Benes F.M., Heckers S., Grace A.A. Circuit-based framework for understanding neurotransmitter and risk gene interactions in schizophrenia. Trends in Neurosciences 2008, 31:234-242.
99. Lodge D.J., Grace A.A. Aberrant hippocampal activity underlies the dopamine dysregulation in an animal model of schizophrenia. The Journal of Neuroscience 2007, 27:11424-11430.
100. Louie K., Wilson M.A. Temporally structured replay of awake hippocampal ensemble activity during rapid eye movement sleep. Neuron 2001, 29:145-156.
101. Lyons D.M. Stress, depression, and inherited variation in primate hippocampal and prefrontal brain development. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 2002, 36:27-43.
102. Manford M., Andermann F. Complex visual hallucinations. Clinical and neurobiological insights. Brain 1998, 121:1819-1840.
103. Maren S., Hobin J.A. Hippocampal regulation of context-dependent neuronal activity in the lateral amygdala. Learning & Memory 2007, 14:318-324.
104. Nádasdy Z., Hirase H., Czurkó A., Csicsvari J., Buzsáki G. Replay and time compression of recurring spike sequences in the hippocampus. The Journal of Neuroscience 1999, 19:9497-9507.
105. Maren S., Fanselow M.S. Synaptic plasticity in the basolateral amygdala induced by hippocampal formation stimulation in vivo. The Journal of Neuroscience 1995, 15:7548-7564.
106. McGaugh J.L., Cahill L., Roozendaal B. Involvement of the amygdala in memory storage: interaction with other brain systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 1996, 93:13508-13514.
107. McGinn C. Can we solve the mind-body problem?. Mind 1989, 98:349-366.
108. McNaughton N. The role of the subiculum within the behavioural inhibition system. Behavioural Brain Research 2006, 174:232-250.
109. McNaughton N., Wickens J. Hebb, pandemonium and catastrophic hypermnesia: the hippocampus as a suppressor of inappropriate associations. Cortex 2003, 39:1139-1163.
110. Michail M., Birchwood M. Social anxiety disorder in first-episode psychosis: incidence, phenomenology and relationship with paranoia. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2009, 195:234-241.
111. Milad M.R., Vidal-Gonzalez I., Quirk G.J. Electrical stimulation of medial prefrontal cortex reduces conditioned fear in a temporally specific manner. Behavioural Neuroscience 2004, 118:389-394.
112. Montgomery S.M., Buzsáki G. Gamma oscillations dynamically couple hippocampal CA3 and CA1 regions during memory task performance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 2007, 104:14495-14500.
113. Montgomery S.M., Sirota A., Buzsáki G. Theta and gamma coordination of hippocampal networks during waking and rapid eye movement sleep. The Journal of Neuroscience 2008, 28:6731-6741.
114. Morris R.G., Moser E.I., Riedel G., Martin S.J., Sandin J., Day M., O'Carroll C. Elements of a neurobiological theory of the hippocampus: the role of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in memory. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London: Series B 2003, 358:773-786.
115. Nagel T. Consciousness and objective reality. The Mind-body Problem: A Guide to the Current Debate 1994, Blackwell, Oxford. R. Warner, T. Szubka (Eds.).
116. Nayani T.H., David A.S. The auditory hallucination: a phenomenological survey. Psychological Medicine 1996, 26:177-189.
117. Nitschke J.B., Sarinopoulos I., Mackiewicz K.L., Schaefer H.S., Davidson R.J. Functional neuroanatomy of aversion and its anticipation. NeuroImage 2006, 29:106-116.
118. Nuechterlein K.H., Dawson M.E., Gitlin M., Ventura J., Goldstein M.J., Snyder K.S., Yee C.M., Mintz J. Developmental processes in schizophrenic disorders: longitudinal studies of vulnerability and stress. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1992, 18:387-425.
119. Oertel V., Rotarska-Jagiela A., van de Ven V.G., Haenschel C., Maurer K., Linden D.E. Visual hallucinations in schizophrenia investigated with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Psychiatry Research 2007, 156:269-273.
120. Olypher A.V., Klement D., Fenton A.A. Cognitive disorganization in hippocampus: a physiological model of the disorganization in psychosis. The Journal of Neuroscience 2006, 26:158-168.
121. Paus T. Primate anterior cingulate cortex: where motor control, drive and cognition interface. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2001, 2:417-424.
122. Paz R., Bauer E.P., Paré D. Theta synchronizes the activity of medial prefrontal neurons during learning. Learn & Memory 2008, 15:524-531.
123. Peigneux P., Laureys S., Fuchs S., Collette F., Perrin F., Reggers J., Phillips C., Degueldre C., Del Fiore G., Aerts J., Luxen A., Maquet P. Are spatial memories strengthened in the human hippocampus during slow wave sleep?. Neuron 2004, 44:535-545.
124. Petrulis A., Alvarez P., Eichenbaum H. Neural correlates of social odor recognition and the representation of individual distinctive social odors within entorhinal cortex and ventral subiculum. Neuroscience 2005, 130:259-274.
125. Peyrache A., Khamassi M., Benchenane K., Wiener S.I., Battaglia F.P. Replay of rule-learning related neural patterns in the prefrontal cortex during sleep. Nature Neuroscience 2009, 12:919-926.
126. Posner M.I. Attention: the mechanisms of consciousness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 1994, 91:7398-7403.
127. Phan K.L., Fitzgerald D.A., Nathan P.J., Tancer M.E. Association between amygdala hyperactivity to harsh faces and severity of social anxiety in generalized social phobia. Biological Psychiatry 2006, 59:424-429.
128. Quirk G.L., Beer J.S. Prefrontal involvement in the regulation of emotion: convergence of rat and human studies. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 2006, 16:723-727.
129. Rolls E.T. An attractor network in the hippocampus: theory and neurophysiology. Learning & Memory 2007, 14:714-731.
130. Rolls E.T., Xiang J.Z. Reward-spatial view representations and learning in the primate hippocampus. The Journal of Neuroscience 2005, 25:6167-6174.
131. Rolls E.T., Xiang J., Franco L. Object, space, and object-space representations in the primate hippocampus. Journal of Neurophysiology 2005, 94:833-844.
132. Rosenkranz J.A, Grace A.A. Dopamine attenuates prefrontal cortical suppression of sensory inputs to the basolateral amygdala of rats. The Journal of Neuroscience 2001, 21:4090-4103.
133. h in layer V entorhinal cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience 2006, 26:3229-3244.
134. Ross R.S., Eichenbaum H. Dynamics of hippocampal and cortical activation during consolidation of a nonspatial memory. The Journal of Neuroscience 2006, 26:4852-4859.
135. Schacter D.L., Addis D.R. The cognitive neuroscience of constructive memory: remembering the past and imagining the future. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London: Series B 2007, 362:773-786.
136. Schendan H.E., Searl M.M., Melrose R.J., Stern C.E. An FMRI study of the role of the medial temporal lobe in implicit and explicit sequence learning. Neuron 2003, 37:1013-1025.
137. Schopenhauer, A., 1844/1966. The World as Will and Representation, translated by E. F. J. Payne. 2 vols. Dover, New York.
138. Searle J.R. The rediscovery of the mind 1992, Bradford Books/MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
139. Searle J.R. The mystery of consciousness 1997, Granta Books, London.
140. Shapiro M.L., Ferbinteanu J. Relative spike timing in pairs of hippocampal neurons distinguishes the beginning and end of journeys. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 2006, 103:4287-4292.
141. Shergill S.S., Brammer M.J., Williams S.C., Murray R.M., McGuire P.K. Mapping auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Archives of General Psychiatry 2000, 57:1033-1038.
142. Siapas A.G., Lubenov E.V., Wilson M.A. Prefrontal phase locking to hippocampal theta oscillations. Neuron 2005, 46:141-151.
143. Solomon R. Continental Philosophy since 1750: The Rise and Fall of the Self 1988, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
144. Spencer K.M., Nestor P.G., Niznikiewicz M.A., Salisbury D.F., Shenton M.E., McCarley R.W. Abnormal neural synchrony in schizophrenia. The Journal of Neuroscience 2003, 23:7407-7411.
145. Stein M.B., Goldin P.R., Sareen J., Zorrilla L.T., Brown G.G. Increased amygdala activation to angry and contemptuous faces in generalized social phobia. Archives of General Psychiatry 2002, 59:1027-1034.
146. Stein M.B., Simmons A.N., Feinstein J.S., Paulus M.P. Increased amygdala and insula activation during emotion processing in anxiety-prone subjects. American Journal of Psychiatry 2007, 164:318-327.
147. Sterpenich V., Albouy G., Boly M., Vandewalle G., Darsaud A., Balteau E., Dang-Vu T.T., Desseilles M., D'Argembeau A., Gais S., Rauchs G., Schabus M., Degueldre C., Luxen A., Collette F., Maquet P. Sleep-related hippocampo-cortical interplay during emotional memory recollection. PLoS Biology 2007, 5:e282.
148. Strange B.A., Fletcher P.C., Henson R.N., Friston K.J., Dolan R.J. Segregating the functions of human hippocampus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 1999, 96:4034-4039.
149. Strange B.A., Hurlemann R., Duggins A., Heinze H.J., Dolan R.J. Dissociating intentional learning from relative novelty responses in the medial temporal lobe. NeuroImage 2005, 25:51-62.
150. Straube E. Experiments on perception in schizophrenia (in German). Archiv fuer Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten 1975, 220:139-158.
151. Sullivan R.M., Gratton A. Behavioral effects of excitotoxic lesions of ventral medial prefrontal cortex in the rat are hemisphere-dependent. Brain Research 2002, 927:69-79.
152. Takashima A., Petersson K.M., Rutters F., Tendolkar I., Jensen O., Zwarts M.J., McNaughton B.L., Fernández G. Declarative memory consolidation in humans: a prospective functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 2006, 103:756-761.
153. Teixeira C.M., Pomedli S.R., Maei H.R., Kee N., Frankland P.W. Involvement of the anterior cingulate cortex in the expression of remote spatial memory. The Journal of Neuroscience 2006, 26:7555-7564.
154. VanRullen R., Koch C. Is perception discrete or continuous?. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2003, 7:207-213.
155. Vertes R.P. Hippocampal theta rhythm: a tag for short-term memory. Hippocampus 2005, 15:923-935.
156. Vertes R.P., Hoover W.B., Viana Di Prisco G. Theta rhythm of the hippocampus: subcortical control and functional significance. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews 2004, 3:173-200.
157. Vignal J.P., Maillard L., McGonigal A., Chauvel P. The dreamy state: hallucinations of autobiographic memory evoked by temporal lobe stimulations and seizures. Brain 2007, 130:88-99.
158. Vincent J.L., Snyder A.Z., Fox M.D., Shannon B.J., Andrews J.R., Raichle M.E., Buckner R.L. Coherent spontaneous activity identifies a hippocampal-parietal memory network. Journal of Neurophysiology 2006, 96:3517-3531.
159. Wang C., Ulbert I., Schomer D.L., Marinkovic K., Halgren E. Responses of human anterior cingulate cortex microdomains to error detection, conflict monitoring, stimulus-response mapping, familiarity, and orienting. The Journal of Neuroscience 2005, 25:604-613.
160. Weissman D.H., Roberts K.C., Visscher K.M., Woldorff M.G. The neural bases of momentary lapses in attention. Nature Neuroscience 2006, 9:971-978.
161. West A.R., Grace A.A. The role of frontal-subcortical circuits in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Frontal-Subcortical Circuits in Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders 2001, The Guilford Press, New York. D.G. Lichter, J.L. Cummings (Eds.).
162. Young W.S., Li J., Wersinger S.R., Palkovits M. The vasopressin 1b receptor is prominent in the hippocampal area CA2 where it is unaffected by restraint stress or adrenalectomy. Neuroscience 2006, 143:1031-1039.
163. Zeman A. Consciousness. Brain 2001, 124:1263-1289.
164. Zhang Z.J., Reynolds G.P. A selective decrease in the relative density of parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the hippocampus in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2002, 55:1-10.