The contributions of early experience to biological development and sensitivity to context

Handbook of Developmental Psychopathology: Third Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 287-309

  Bush, Nicole R ^a   Boyce, W Thomas ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84952648605     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-9608-3_15     Document Type: Chapter

References (164)

1. Adler, N. E., Boyce, W. T., Chesney, M. A., Cohen, S., Folkman, S., Kahn, R. L., et al. (1994). Socioeconomic status and health: The challenge of the gradient. American Psychologist, 49 (1), 15-24.
2. Adler, N. E., Bush, N. R., & Pantell, M. S. (2012). Rigor, vigor, and the study of health disparities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109, 17154-17159. doi: 10.1073/ pnas.1121399109.
3. Adler, N. E., & Stewart, J. (2010). Preface to the biology of disadvantage: Socioeconomic status and health. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1186, 1-4. NYAS5385 [pii]10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05385.x.
4. Alkon, A., Lippert, S., Vujan, N., Rodriquez, M. E., Boyce, W. T., & Eskenazi, B. (2006). The ontogeny of autonomic measures in 6-and 12-month-old infants. Developmental Psychobiology, 48 (3), 197-208. doi: 10.1002/dev.20129.
5. American Psychological Association, T. F. o. S. S. (2007). Report of the APA task force on socioeconomic status. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
6. Andersen, S. L., & Teicher, M. H. (2008). Stress, sensitive periods and maturational events in adolescent depression. Trends in Neurosciences, 31 (4), 183-191. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2008.01.004.
7. Anisman, H., Zaharia, M. D., Meaney, M. J., & Merali, Z. (1998). Do early-life events permanently alter behavioral and hormonal responses to stressors? International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 16 (3-4), 149-164.
8. Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van, I. M. H., Pijlman, F. T., Mesman, J., & Juffer, F. (2008). Experimental evidence for differential susceptibility: Dopamine D4 receptor polymorphism (DRD4 VNTR) moderates intervention effects on toddlers' externalizing behavior in a randomized controlled trial. Developmental Psychology, 44 (1), 293-300. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.44.1.293. 2007-19851-030 [pii].
9. Barr, C. S., Dvoskin, R. L., Gupte, M., Sommer, W., Sun, H., Schwandt, M. L., et al. (2009). Functional CRH variation increases stress-induced alcohol consumption in primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106 (34), 14593-14598. doi: 10.1073/ pnas.0902863106.
10. Belsky, J. (1997). Variation in susceptibility to environmental influence: An evolutionary argument. Psychological Inquiry, 8 (3), 182-186.
11. Belsky, J. (2005). Differential susceptibility to rearing influence: An evolutionary hypothesis and some evidence. In B. Ellis & D. Bjorklund (Eds.), Origins of the social mind: Evolutionary psychology and child development (pp. 139-163). New York: Guilford Press.
12. Belsky, J., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2007). For better and for worse: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16 (6), 300-304.
13. Belsky, J., & Pluess, M. (2009). Beyond diathesis stress: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Psychological Bulletin, 135 (6), 885-908. 2009-19763-005 [pii]10.1037/a0017376.
14. Belsky, J., & Pluess, M. (2013). Beyond risk, resilience and dysregulation: Phenotypic plasticity and human development. Development & Psychopathology, 25, 1243-1261.
15. Berntson, G. G., Cacioppo, J. T., & Quigley, K. S. (1993). Cardiac psychophysiology and autonomic space in humans: Empirical perspectives and conceptual implications. Psychological Bulletin, 114 (2), 296-322.
16. Bogdan, R., & Hariri, A. R. (2012). Neural embedding of stress reactivity. [10.1038/nn.3270]. Nature Neuroscience, 15 (12), 1605-1607.
17. Borghol, N., Suderman, M., McArdle, W., Racine, A., Hallett, M., Pembrey, M., et al. (2012). Associations with early-life socio-economic position in adult DNA methylation. International Journal of Epidemiology, 41 (1), 62-74. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyr147.
18. Boyce, W. T. (1996). Biobehavioral reactivity and injuries in children and adolescents. In M. H. Bornstein & J. Genevro (Eds.), Child development and behavioral pediatrics: Toward understanding children and health. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
19. Boyce, W. T. (2004). Social stratification, health and violence in the very young. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1036, 47-68.
20. Boyce, W. T. (2007). A biology of misfortune: Stress reactivity, social context, and the ontogeny of psychopathology in early life. In A. Masten (Ed.), Multilevel dynamics in developmental psychopathology: Pathways to the future (34th ed., pp. 45-82). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota.
21. Boyce, W. T., Chesney, M., Alkon-Leonard, A., Tschann, J., Adams, S., Chesterman, B., et al. (1995). Psychobiologic reactivity to stress and childhood respiratory illnesses: Results of two prospective studies. Psychosomatic Medicine, 57, 411-422.
22. Boyce, W. T., & Ellis, B. J. (2005). Biological sensitivity to context: I. An evolutionary-developmental theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity. Development and Psychopathology, 17 (2), 271-301.
23. Boyce, W. T., Obradovic, J., Bush, N. R., Stamperdahl, J., Kim, Y. S., & Adler, N. E. (2012). Social stratification, classroom climate, and the behavioral adaptation of kindergarten children. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1201730109.
24. Braveman, P., & Egerter, S. (2008). Overcoming obstacles to health: Report to the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Commission to build a healthier America. Princeton, NJ: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.commissiononhealth.org
25. Bredy, T. W., Humpartzoomian, R. A., Cain, D. P., & Meaney, M. J. (2003). Partial reversal of the effect of maternal care on cognitive function through environmental enrichment. Neuroscience, 118 (2), 571-576. doi: 10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00918-1.
26. Bredy, T. W., Sun, Y. E., & Kobor, M. S. (2010). How the epigenome contributes to the development of psychiatric disorders. [Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review]. Developmental Psychobiology, 52 (4), 331-342.
27. Burghy, C. A., Stodola, D. E., Ruttle, P. L., Molloy, E. K., Armstrong, J. M., Oler, J. A., et al. (2012). Developmental pathways to amygdala-prefrontal function and internalizing symptoms in adolescence. [ 10.1038/nn.3257 ]. Nature Neuroscience, 15 (12), 1736-1741. doi: http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/ v15/n12/abs/nn.3257.html#supplementary-information
28. Bush, N. R., Adler, N., & Boyce, W. T. (2013). Mechanisms for socioeconomic health disparities: SES predicts longitudinal change in children's ANS reactivity. Unpublished work.
29. Bush, N. R., Alkon, A., Stamperdahl, J., Obradovic, J., & Boyce, W. T. (2011). Differentiating challenge reactivity from psychomotor activity in studies of children's psychophysiology: Considerations for theory and measurement. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 110 (1), 62-79.
30. Bush, N. R., Guendelman, M., Adler, N. E., & Boyce, W. T. (2013a). BDNF allelic variants moderate social disparities in children's chronic cortisol expression. Manuscript submitted for publication.
31. Bush, N. R., Guendelman, M., Adler, N. E., & Boyce, W. T. (2013b). Serotonin transporter allelic variants moderate social disparities in children's chronic cortisol expression. Unpublished manuscript.
32. Bush, N. R., Obradovic, J., Adler, N., & Boyce, W. T. (2011). Kindergarten stressors and cumulative adrenocortical activation: The "first straws" of allostatic load? Development and Psychopathology, 23 (4), 1089-1106. doi: 10.1017/s0954579411000514.
33. Carlson, M., & Earls, F. (1997). Psychological and neuroendocrinological sequelae of early social deprivation in institutionalized children in Romania. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 807, 419-428.
34. Chen, E., Cohen, S., & Miller, G. E. (2010). How low socioeconomic status affects 2-year hormonal trajectories in children. Psychological Science, 21 (1), 31-37. doi: 10.1177/0956797609355566.
35. Chen, E., Langer, D. A., Raphaelson, Y. E., & Matthews, K. A. (2004). Socioeconomic status and health in adolescents: The role of stress interpretations. Child Development, 75 (4), 1039-1052.
36. Chen, E., Matthews, K. A., & Boyce, W. T. (2002). Socioeconomic differences in children's health: How and why do these relationships change with age? Psychological Bulletin, 128 (2), 295-329.
37. Chiao, J. Y. (2009). Cultural neuroscience: A once and future discipline. In Y. C. Joan (Ed.), Progress in brain research (Vol. 178, pp. 287-304). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
38. Christakis, D. A., Ramirez, J. S. B., & Ramirez, J. M. (2012). Overstimulation of newborn mice leads to behavioral differences and deficits in cognitive performance. Scientific Reports, 2. doi: 10.1038/srep00546
39. Cicchetti, D., & Gunnar, M. (2008). Integrating biological measures into the design and evaluation of preventative interventions. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 737-743.
40. Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2001). The impact of child maltreatment and psychopathology on neuroendocrine functioning. Development and Psychopathology, 13 (4), 783-804.
41. Cohen, S., Janicki-Deverts, D., Chen, E., & Matthews, K. A. (2010). Childhood socioeconomic status and adult health. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1186 (1), 37-55. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05334.x.
42. Cohen, S., Kesler, R., & Underwood, L. (1995). Strategies for measuring stress in studies of psychiatric and physical disorders. In R. Cohen, R. C. Kessler, & L. G. Underwood (Eds.), Measuring stress: A guide for health and social scientists (pp. 3-28). New York: Oxford University Press.
43. Conti, G., Hansman, C., Heckman, J. J., Novak, M. F. X., Ruggiero, A., & Suomi, S. J. (2012). Primate evidence on the late health effects of early-life adversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109 (23), 8866-8871. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1205340109.
44. Cummings, E. M., El-Sheikh, M., Kouros, C. D., & Keller, P. S. (2007). Children's skin conductance reactivity as a mechanism of risk in the context of parental depressive symptoms. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48 (5), 436-445. JCPP1713 [pii] 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01713.x.
45. D'Angiulli, A., Van Roon, P. M., Weinberg, J., Oberlander, T. F., Grunau, R. E., Hertzman, C., et al. (2012). Frontal EEG/ERP correlates of attentional processes, cortisol and motivational states in adolescents from lower and higher socioeconomic status. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00306.
46. de Kloet, E. R., Sibug, R. M., Helmerhorst, F. M., & Schmidt, M. (2005). Stress, genes and the mechanism of programming the brain for later life. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 29 (2), 271-281. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.10.008.
47. De Meyer, T. (2011). Telomere length integrates psychological factors in the successful aging story, but what about the biology? Psychosomatic Medicine, 73 (7), 524-527. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e31822ed876.
48. Del Giudice, M., Ellis, B. J., & Shirtcliff, E. A. (2011). The adaptive calibration model of stress responsivity [Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review]. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35 (7), 1562-1592.
49. DeSantis, A. S., Adam, E. K., Doane, L. D., Mineka, S., Zinbarg, R. E., & Craske, M. G. (2007). Racial/ethnic differences in cortisol diurnal rhythms in a community sample of adolescents. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 41 (1), 3-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.03.006.
50. Dettling, A. C., Parker, S. W., Lane, S., Sebanc, A., & Gunnar, M. R. (2000). Quality of care and temperament determine changes in cortisol concentrations over the day for young children in childcare. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 25 (8), 819-836.
51. Dettmer, A. M., Novak, M. A., Suomi, S. J., & Meyer, J. S. (2012). Physiological and behavioral adaptation to relocation stress in differentially reared rhesus monkeys: Hair cortisol as a biomarker for anxiety-related responses. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37 (2), 191-199. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.06.003.
52. Dienstbier, R. A. (1989). Arousal and physiological toughness-Implications for mental and physical health. Psychological Review, 96 (1), 84-100.
53. Dozier, M., Manni, M., Gordon, M. K., Peloso, E., Gunnar, M. R., Stovall-McClough, K. C., et al. (2006). Foster children's diurnal production of cortisol: An exploratory study. Child Maltreatment, 11 (2), 189-197. doi: 10.1177/1077559505285779.
54. Drury, S. S., Gleason, M. M., Theall, K. P., Smyke, A. T., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., et al. (2012). Genetic sensitivity to the caregiving context: The influence of 5httlpr and BDNF val66met on indiscriminate social behavior. Physiology & Behavior, 106 (5), 728-735. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.11.014.
55. Drury, S. S., Theall, K., Gleason, M. M., Smyke, A. T., De Vivo, I., Wong, J. Y. Y., et al. (2012). Telomere length and early severe social deprivation: Linking early adversity and cellular aging. Molecular Psychiatry, 17 (7), 719-727. doi: 10.1038/mp.2011.53.
56. Ellis, B. J., & Boyce, W. T. (2011). Differential susceptibility to the environment: Toward an understanding of sensitivity to developmental experiences and context. Development and Psychopathology, 23 (1), 1-5. doi: 10.1017/s095457941000060x.
57. Ellis, B. J., Boyce, W. T., Belsky, J., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2011). Differential susceptibility to the environment: An evolutionary-neurodevelopmental theory. Development and Psychopathology, 23 (1), 7-28. doi: 10.1017/s0954579410000611.
58. Ellis, B. J., Essex, M. J., & Boyce, W. T. (2005). Biological sensitivity to context: II. Empirical explorations of an evolutionary-developmental theory. Development and Psychopathology, 17 (2), 303-328.
59. Ellis, B. J., McFadyen-Ketchum, S., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (1999). Quality of early family relationships and individual differences in the timing of pubertal maturation in girls: A longitudinal test of an evolutionary model. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 77 (2), 387-401.
60. El-Sheikh, M. (2005). The role of emotional responses and physiological reactivity in the marital conflictchild functioning link. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46 (11), 1191-1199. PP418 [pii] 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.00418.x.
61. El-Sheikh, M., Keller, P. S., & Erath, S. A. (2007). Marital conflict and risk for child maladjustment over time: Skin conductance level reactivity as a vulnerability factor. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35 (5), 715-727. doi: 10.1007/s10802-007-9127-2.
62. Engert, V., Efanov, S. I., Dedovic, K., Duchesne, A., Dagher, A., & Pruessner, J. C. (2010). Perceived early-life maternal care and the cortisol response to repeated psychosocial stress. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 35 (6), 370-377. doi: 10.1503/jpn.100022.
63. Entringer, S., Epel, E. S., Kumsta, R., Lin, J., Hellhammer, D. H., Blackburn, E. H., et al. (2011). Stress exposure in intrauterine life is associated with shorter telomere length in young adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108 (33), E513-E518. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1107759108.
64. Entringer, S., Epel, E., Lin, J., Buss, C., Shahbaba, B., Blackburn, E. H., et al. (2013). Maternal psychosocial stress during pregnancy is associated with newborn leukocyte telomere length. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 208, 134.e131-134.e137.
65. Epel, E. S., Blackburn, E. H., Lin, J., Dhabhar, F. S., Adler, N. E., Morrow, J. D., et al. (2004). Accelerated telomere shortening in response to life stress. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101 (49), 17312-17315.
66. Essex, M. J., Boyce, W. T., Hertzman, C., Lam, L. L., Armstrong, J. M., Neumann, S. M. A., et al. (2013). Epigenetic vestiges of early developmental adversity: Childhood stress exposure and DNA methylation in adolescence. Child Development, 84 (1), 58-75. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01641.x.
67. Essex, M. J., Klein, M. H., Cho, E., & Kalin, N. H. (2002). Maternal stress beginning in infancy may sensitize children to later stress exposure: Effects on cortisol and behavior. Biological Psychiatry, 52 (8), 776-784.
68. Evans, G. W., Chen, E., Miller, G., & Seeman, T. (2012). How poverty gets under the skin. In V. Maholmes & R. B. King (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of poverty and child development (pp. 13-26). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
69. Evans, G. W., & Kim, P. (2007). Childhood poverty and health: Cumulative risk exposure and stress dysregulation. Psychological Science, 18 (11), 953-957. PSCI2008 [pii] 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.02008.x.
70. Evans, G. W., Kim, P., Ting, A. H., Tesher, H. B., & Shannis, D. (2007). Cumulative risk, maternal responsiveness, and allostatic load among young adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 43 (2), 341-351. 2007-02739-006 [pii] 10.1037/0012-1649.43.2.341.
71. Fernald, L. C., Burke, H. M., & Gunnar, M. R. (2008). Salivary cortisol levels in children of low-income women with high depressive symptomatology. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 423-436.
72. Fisher, P. A., Stoolmiller, M., Gunnar, M. R., & Burraston, B. O. (2007). Effects of a therapeutic intervention for foster preschoolers on diurnal cortisol activity. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32 (8-10), 892-905. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.06.008.
73. Fox, S. E., Levitt, P., & Nelson, C. A. (2010). How the timing and quality of early experiences influence the development of brain architecture [Review]. Child Development, 81 (1), 28-40.
74. Ganzel, B. L., Morris, P. A., & Wethington, E. (2010). Allostasis and the human brain: Integrating models of stress from the social and life sciences. Psychological Review, 117 (1), 134-174. doi: 10.1037/a0017773.
75. Garcia-Coll, C., Akerman, A., & Cicchetti, D. (2000). Cultural influences on developmental processes and outcomes: Implications for the study of development and psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 333-356.
76. Ghera, M. M., Marshall, P. J., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., Nelson, C. A., Smyke, A. T., et al. (2009). The effects of foster care intervention on socially deprived institutionalized children's attention and positive affect: Results from the BEIP study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50 (3), 246-253. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01954.x.
77. Giedd, J. N., Vaituzis, A. C., Hamburger, S. D., Lange, N., Rajapakse, J. C., Kaysen, D., Vauss, Y. C., & Rapoport, J. L. (1996). Quantitative MRI of the temporal lobe, amygdala, and hippocampus in normal human development: Ages 4-18 years. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 366, 223-230.
78. Goldstein, L. H., Trancik, A., Bensadoun, J., Boyce, W. T., & Adler, N. E. (1999). Social dominance and cardiovascular reactivity in preschoolers: Associations with SES and health. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896, 363-366.
79. Green, J., McLaughlin, K. A., Berglund, P. A., Gruber, M., Sampson, N., Zaslavsky, A., et al. (2010). Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication i: Associations with first onset of dsm-iv disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67 (2), 113-123. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.186.
80. Gunnar, M. R., Frenn, K., Wewerka, S. S., & Van Ryzin, M. J. (2009). Moderate versus severe early life stress: Associations with stress reactivity and regulation in 10-12-year-old children. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34 (1), 62-75. S0306-4530(08)00217-5 [pii] 10.1016/j. psyneuen.2008.08.013.
81. Gunnar, M. R., Sebanc, A. M., Tout, K., Donzella, B., & van Dulmen, M. H. (2003). Peer rejection, temperament, and cortisol activity in preschoolers. Developmental Psychobiology, 43 (4), 346-358.
82. Gunnar, M. R., Tout, K., de Haan, M., Pierce, S., & Stansbury, K. (1997). Temperament, social competence, and adrenocortical activity in preschoolers. Developmental Psychobiology, 31, 65-85.
83. Gunnar, M. R., & Vazquez, D. M. (2001). Low cortisol and a flattening of expected daytime rhythm: Potential indices of risk in human development. Development and Psychopathology, 13 (3), 515-538.
84. Gunnar, M. R., & Vazquez, D. (2006). Stress neurobiology and developmental psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology (Vol. 2, pp. 533-577). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
85. Hackman, D. A., & Farah, M. J. (2009). Socioeconomic status and the developing brain. Trends in Cognitive Science, 13 (2), 65-73. S1364-6613(08)00263-5 [pii] 10.1016/j.tics.2008.11.003.
86. Hammock, E. A. D., & Levitt, P. (2006). The discipline of neurobehavioral development: The emerging interface of processes that build circuits and skills. Human Development, 49 (5), 294-309.
87. Heim, C., Plotsky, P. M., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2004). Importance of studying the contributions of early adverse experience to neurobiological findings in depression. Neuropsychopharmacology, 29 (4), 641-648. doi: http://www.nature.com/npp/journal/v29/n4/ suppinfo/1300397s1.html
88. Hertzman, C. (1999). The biological embedding of early experience and its effects on health in adulthood. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896, 85-95.
89. Hertzman, C. (2012). Putting the concept of biological embedding in historical perspective. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109, 17160-17167. doi: 10.1073/ pnas.1202203109.
90. Hertzman, C., & Boyce, W. T. (2010). How experience gets under the skin to create gradients in developmental health. Annual Review of Public Health, 31, 329-347. doi: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103538.
91. Hertzman, C., & Wiens, M. (1996). Child development and long-term outcomes: A population health perspective and summary of successful interventions. Social Science and Medicine, 43 (7), 1083-1095.
92. Keating, D. P., & Hertzman, C. (1999). Developmental health and the wealth of nations: Social, biological, and educational dynamics. New York: Guilford Press.
93. King, J. A., Barkley, R. A., & Barrett, S. (1998). Attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder and the stress response. Biological Psychiatry, 44 (1), 72-74.
94. Kishiyama, M. M., Boyce, W. T., Jimenez, A. M., Perry, L. M., & Knight, R. T. (2009). Socioeconomic disparities affect prefrontal function in children. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 21 (6), 1106-1115. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21101.
95. Klimes-Dougan, B., Hastings, P. D., Granger, D. A., Usher, B. A., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2001). Adrenocortical activity in at-risk and normally developing adolescents: Individual differences in salivary cortisol basal levels, diurnal variation, and responses to social challenges. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 695-719.
96. Knafo, A., Israel, S., & Ebstein, R. P. (2011). Heritability of children's prosocial behavior and differential susceptibility to parenting by variation in the dopamine receptor D4 gene. Development and Psychopathology, 23 (01), 53-67. doi: 10.1017/S0954579410000647.
97. Kroenke, C. H., Epel, E., Adler, N., Bush, N. R., Obradovic, J., Lin, J., et al. (2011). Autonomic and adrenocortical reactivity and buccal cell telomere length in kindergarten children. Psychosomatic Medicine, 73 (7), 533-540. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e318229acfc.
98. Levine, S. (2005). Developmental determinants of sensitivity and resistance to stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30 (10), 939-946. S0306-4530(05)00090-9 [pii] 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.03.013.
99. Liu, D., Diorio, J., Tannenbaum, B., Caldji, C., Francis, D., Freedman, A., et al. (1997). Maternal care, hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors, and hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal responses to stress. Science, 277, 1659-1662.
100. Loman, M. M., & Gunnar, M. R. (2009). Early experience and the development of stress reactivity and regulation in children. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. doi: S0149-7634(09)00075-X[pii].10.1016/j. neubiorev.2009.05.007
101. Lupien, S. J., King, S., Meaney, M. J., & McEwen, B. S. (2000). Child's stress hormone levels correlate with mother's socioeconomic status and depressive state. Biological Psychiatry, 48 (10), 976-980. S0006-3223(00)00965-3 [pii].
102. Lupien, S. J., Ouellet-Morin, I., Hupbach, A., Tu, M. T., Buss, C., Walker, D., et al. (2006). Beyond the stress concept: Allostatic load-a developmental biological and cognitive perspective. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology, Vol 2: Developmental neuroscience (Vol. 2, pp. 578-628). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
103. Luthar, S. S., Lyman, E. L., & Crossman, E. J. (2014). Resilience and positive psychology. In M. Lewis & K. Rudolph (Eds.), Handbook of developmental psychopathology . New York: Springer.
104. Lyons, D. M., Parker, K. J., & Schatzberg, A. F. (2010). Animal models of early life stress: Implications for understanding resilience. Developmental Psychobiology, 52 (5), 402-410. doi: 10.1002/dev.20429.
105. Macri, S., Zoratto, F., & Laviola, G. (2011). Early-stress regulates resilience, vulnerability and experimental validity in laboratory rodents through motheroffspring hormonal transfer. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35 (7), 1534-1543. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.12.014.
106. Makinodan, M., Rosen, K. M., Ito, S., & Corfas, G. (2012). A critical period for social experience-dependent oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination. Science, 337 (6100), 1357-1360. doi: 10.1126/ science.1220845.
107. Masten, A. (2012). Risk and resilience in development. In P. D. Zelazo (Ed.), Oxford handbook of developmental psychology. Oxford: Oxford Press.
108. McEwen, B. S. (1998). Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. New England Journal of Medicine, 338, 171-179.
109. McEwen, B. S. (2000). Effects of adverse experiences for brain structure and function. Biological Psychiatry, 48 (8), 721-731.
110. McEwen, B. S. (2007). Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: Central role of the brain. Physiological Reviews, 87 (3), 873-904. 87/3/873 [pii] 10.1152/physrev.00041.2006.
111. McEwen, B. S., & Stellar, E. (1993). Stress and the individual. Mechanisms leading to disease. Archives of Internal Medicine, 153 (18), 2093-2101.
112. McGrath, J. J., Matthews, K. A., & Brady, S. S. (2006). Individual versus neighborhood socioeconomic status and race as predictors of adolescent ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate. Social Science & Medicine, 63 (6), 1442-1453. S0277-9536(06)00152-3 [pii] 10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.03.019.
113. McLoyd, V. C. (1998). Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development. American Psychologist, 53 (2), 185-204.
114. Meaney, M. J. (2010). Epigenetics and the biological defi-nition of gene x environment interactions. Child Development, 81 (1), 41-79.
115. Meaney, M. J., Aitken, D. H., Van Berkel, C., Bhatnagar, S., & Sapolsky, R. M. (1988). Effect of neonatal handling on age-related impairments associated with the hippocampus. Science, 239, 766-768.
116. Miller, G. E., Chen, E., & Zhou, E. S. (2007). If it goes up, must it come down? Chronic stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in humans. Psychological Bulletin, 133 (1), 25-45. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.25.
117. Monroe, S. M., & Harkness, K. L. (2005). Life stress, the "Kindling" hypothesis, and the recurrence of depression: Considerations from a life stress perspective. Psychological Review, 112 (2), 417-445. doi: 10.1192/ bjp.168.1.68 10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00112-x.
118. Nelson, C. A., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., Marshall, P. J., Smyke, A. T., & Guthrie, D. (2007). Cognitive recovery in socially deprived young children: The Bucharest early intervention project. Science, 318 (5858), 1937-1940. doi: 10.1126/science.1143921.
119. O'Donovan, A., Tomiyama, A. J., Lin, J., Puterman, E., Adler, N. E., Kemeny, M., et al. (2012). Stress appraisals and cellular aging: A key role for anticipatory threat in the relationship between psychological stress and telomere length. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 26 (4), 573-579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2012.01.007.
120. Oberlander, T. F., Weinberg, J., Papsdorf, M., Grunau, R., Misri, S., & Devlin, A. M. (2008). Prenatal exposure to maternal depression, neonatal methylation of human glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) and infant cortisol stress response. Epigenetics, 3 (2), 97-106.
121. Obradovic, J., & Boyce, W. T. (2009). Individual differences in behavioral, physiological, and genetic sensitivities to contexts: Implications for development and adaptation. Developmental Neuroscience, 31 (4), 300-308.
122. Obradovic, J., Bush, N. R., Stamperdahl, J., Adler, N. E., & Boyce, W. T. (2010). Biological sensitivity to context: The interactive effects of stress reactivity and family adversity on socioemotional behavior and school readiness. [Review]. Child Development, 81 (1), 270-289.
123. Oomen, C. A., Soeters, H., Audureau, N., Vermunt, L., van Hasselt, F. N., Manders, E. M. M., et al. (2010). Severe early life stress hampers spatial learning and neurogenesis, but improves hippocampal synaptic plasticity and emotional learning under high-stress conditions in adulthood. Journal of Neuroscience, 30 (19), 6635-6645. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.0247-10.2010.
124. Oosterlaan, J., Geurts, H. M., Knol, D. L., & Sergeant, J. A. (2005). Low basal salivary cortisol is associated with teacher-reported symptoms of conduct disorder. Psychiatry Research, 134 (1), 1-10. doi: 10.1016/j. psychres.2004.12.005.
125. Oosterman, M., De Schipper, J. C., Fisher, P., Dozier, M., & Schuengel, C. (2010). Autonomic reactivity in relation to attachment and early adversity among foster children. Development and Psychopathology, 22 (01), 109-118. doi: 10.1017/S0954579409990290.
126. Piatti, V. C., Davies-Sala, M. G., Esposito, M. S., Mongiat, L. A., Trinchero, M. F., & Schinder, A. F. (2011). The timing for neuronal maturation in the adult hippocampus is modulated by local network activity. Journal of Neuroscience, 31 (21), 7715-7728. doi: 10.1523/ jneurosci.1380-11.2011.
127. Plotsky, P. M., & Meaney, M. J. (1993). Early, postnatal experience alters hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) mRNA, median eminence CRF content and stress-induced release in adult rats. Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research, 18 (3), 195-200.
128. Pollak, S. D. (2005). Early adversity and mechanisms of plasticity: Integrating affective neuroscience with developmental approaches to psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 17 (3), 735-752. doi: 10.1017/s0954579405050352.
129. Provencal, N., Suderman, M. J., Guillemin, C., Massart, R., Ruggiero, A., Wang, D. S., et al. (2012). The Signature of maternal rearing in the methylome in rhesus macaque prefrontal cortex and T cells. Journal of Neuroscience, 32 (44), 15626-15642. doi: 10.1523/ jneurosci.1470-12.2012.
130. Puterman, E., & Epel, E. (2012). An intricate dance: Life experience, multisystem resiliency, and rate of telomere decline throughout the lifespan. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6 (11), 807-825.
131. Rudolph, K. D., Troop-Gordon, W., & Granger, D. A. (2010). Peer victimization and aggression: Moderation by individual differences in salivary cortiol and alphaamylase. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38 (6), 843-856. doi: 10.1007/s10802-010-9412-3.
132. Rudolph, K. D., Troop-Gordon, W., & Granger, D. A. (2011). Individual differences in biological stress responses moderate the contribution of early peer victimization to subsequent depressive symptoms. Psychopharmacology, 214 (1), 209-219. doi: 10.1007/ s00213-010-1879-7.
133. Rutter, M. (2012). Resilience as a dynamic concept. Development and Psychopathology, 24 (2), 335-344. doi: 10.1017/s0954579412000028.
134. Saffery, R., Morley, R., Carlin, J. B., Joo, J.-H. E., Ollikainen, M., Novakovic, B., et al. (2012). Cohort profile: The peri/post-natal epigenetic twins study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 41 (1), 55-61. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyr140.
135. Sahin, E., Colla, S., Liesa, M., Moslehi, J., Muller, F. L., Guo, M, et al. (2011). Telomere dysfunction induces metabolic and mitochondrial compromise (vol 470, pg 359, 2011). Nature, 475 (7355). doi: 10.1038/ nature10223
136. Sanchez, M. M., Ladd, C. O., & Plotsky, P. M. (2001). Early adverse experience as a developmental risk factor for later psychopathology: Evidence from rodent and primate models. Development and Psychopathology, 13 (3), 419-449.
137. Sapolsky, R. M. (1994). The physiological relevance of glucocorticoid endangerment of the hippocampus. Brain Corticosteroid Receptors, 746, 294-307.
138. Sapolsky, R. M., Romero, L. M., & Munck, A. U. (2000). How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions. Endocrine Reviews, 21, 55-89.
139. Seeman, T., Epel, E., Gruenewald, T., Karlamangla, A., & McEwen, B. S. (2010). Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1186, 223-239.
140. Seeman, T., Gruenewald, T., Karlamangla, A., Sidney, S., Liu, K. A., McEwen, B., et al. (2010). Modeling multisystem biological risk in young adults: The coronary artery risk development in young adults study. American Journal of Human Biology, 22 (4), 463-472. doi: 10.1002/ajhb.21018.
141. Seeman, T., McEwen, B. S., Rowe, J. W., & Singer, B. H. (2001). Allostatic load as a marker of cumulative biological risk: MacArthur studies of successful aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98 (8), 4770-4775. doi: 10.1073/pnas.081072698 081072698 [pii].
142. Selye, H. (1950). Stress: The physiology and pathology of exposure to stress. Montreal, QC: Acta Medical Publishers.
143. Selye, H. (1956). Stress and psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry, 113 (5), 423-427.
144. Shalev, I. (2012). Early life stress and telomere length: Investigating the connection and possible mechanisms. A critical survey of the evidence base, research methodology and basic biology. Bioessays, 34 (11), 943-952. doi: 10.1002/bies.201200084.
145. Shannon, K. E., Beauchaine, T. P., Brenner, S. L., Neuhaus, E., & Gatzke-Kopp, L. (2007). Familial and temperamental predictors of resilience in children at risk for conduct disorder and depression. Development and Psychopathology, 19 (3), 701-727. S0954579407000351 [pii] 10.1017/S0954579407000351.
146. Sheridan, M. A., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., McLaughlin, K. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2012). Variation in neural development as a result of exposure to institutionalization early in childhood. The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109 (32), 12927-12932. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1200041109.
147. Sheridan, M. A., Sarsour, K., Jutte, D., D'Esposito, M., & Boyce, W. T. (2012). The Impact of Social Disparity on Prefrontal Function in Childhood. PLoS ONE, 7 (4). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035744
148. Shirtcliff, E. A., Granger, D. A., Booth, A., & Johnson, D. (2005). Low salivary cortisol levels and externalizing behavior problems in youth. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 167-184.
149. Simon, N. M., Smoller, J. W., McNamara, K. L., Maser, R. S., Zalta, A. K., Pollack, M. H., et al. (2006). Telomere shortening and mood disorders: preliminary support for a chronic stress model of accelerated aging [Comparative Study Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Biological Psychiatry, 60 (5), 432-435.
150. Smider, N. A., Essex, M. J., Kalin, N. H., Buss, K. A., Klein, M. H., Davidson, R. J., et al. (2002). Salivary cortisol as a predictor of socioemotional adjustment during kindergarten: A prospective study. Child Development, 73, 75-92.
151. Staff, R. T., Murray, A. D., Ahearn, T. S., Mustafa, N., Fox, H. C., & Whalley, L. J. (2012). Childhood socioeconomic status and adult brain size: Childhood socioeconomic status influences adult hippocampal size. Annals of Neurology, 71 (5), 653-660. doi: 10.1002/ ana.22631.
152. Sterling, P., & Eyer, J. (1989). Allostasis: A new paradigm to explain arousal pathology. In S. Fisher & J. Reason (Eds.), Handbook of life stress, cognition and health (pp. 629-649). Oxford: Wiley.
153. Sumner, M. M., Bernard, K., & Dozier, M. (2010). Young children's full-day patterns of cortisol production on child care days. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 164 (6), 567-571.
154. Swain, J. E., Lorberbaum, J. P., Kose, S., & Strathearn, L. (2007). Brain basis of early parent-infant interactions: Psychology, physiology, and in vivo functional neuroimaging studies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48 (3-4), 262-287. JCPP1731 [pii] 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01731.x.
155. Talge, N. M., Neal, C., & Glover, V. (2007). Antenatal maternal stress and long-term effects on child neurodevelopment: How and why? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48 (3-4), 245-261.
156. Tarullo, A. R., & Gunnar, M. R. (2006). Child maltreatment and the developing HPA axis. Hormones and Behavior, 50 (4), 632-639. doi: 10.1016/j. yhbeh.2006.06.010.
157. Taylor, Z. E., Spinrad, T. L., Vanschyndel, S. K., Eisenberg, N., Huynh, J., Sulik, M. J., et al. (2013). Sociodemographic risk, parenting, and effortful control: Relations to salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol in early childhood. Developmental Psychobiology, 55 (8), 869-80.
158. Theall, K. P., Drury, S. S., & Shirtcliff, E. A. (2012). Cumulative neighborhood risk of psychosocial stress and allostatic load in adolescents. American Journal of Epidemiology, 176, S164-S174. doi: 10.1093/aje/kws185.
159. Tomiyama, A. J., O'Donovan, A., Lin, J., Puterman, E., Lazaro, A., Chan, J., et al. (2012). Does cellular aging relate to patterns of allostasis? An examination of basal and stress reactive HPA axis activity and telomere length. Physiology & Behavior, 106 (1), 40-45. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.11.016.
160. Tottenham, N., & Sheridan, M. A. (2010). A review of adversity, the amygdala and the hippocampus: a consideration of developmental timing. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 3. doi: 10.3389/ neuro.09.068.2009
161. Werner, E. E. (2012). Children and war: Risk, resilience, and recovery. Development and Psychopathology, 24 (2), 553-558. doi: 10.1017/s0954579412000156.
162. Whittle, S., Yap, M. B. H., Sheeber, L., Dudgeon, P., Yücel, M., Pantelis, C., et al. (2011). Hippocampal volume and sensitivity to maternal aggressive behavior: A prospective study of adolescent depressive symptoms. Development and Psychopathology, 23 (01), 115-129. doi: 10.1017/S0954579410000684.
163. Wolkowitz, O. M., Epel, E. S., Reus, V. I., & Mellon, S. H. (2010). Depression gets old fast: Do stress and depression accelerate cell aging? Depression and Anxiety, 27 (4), 327-338. doi: 10.1002/da.20686.
164. Zalewski, M., Lengua, L. J., Kiff, C. J., & Fisher, P. A. (2012). Understanding the relation of low income to HPA-axis functioning in preschool children: Cumulative family risk and parenting as pathways to disruptions in cortisol. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 43 (6), 924-942. doi: 10.1007/s10578-012-0304-3.