Re-Examining High-Fat Diets for Sports Performance: Did We Call the ‘Nail in the Coffin’ Too Soon?

Sports Medicine

Volumn 45, Issue , 2015, Pages 33-49

  Burke, Louise M ^a,b  

^a AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF SPORT   (Australia)

^b AUSTRALIAN CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBOHYDRATE DIET; FAT INTAKE; GLYCOGEN;

ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE; ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; CARBOHYDRATE DIET; ENERGY METABOLISM; EXERCISE; FAT INTAKE; HUMAN; KETOGENIC DIET; LIPID DIET; LOW CARBOHYDRATE DIET; METABOLISM; NUTRITION; PHYSIOLOGY; SKELETAL MUSCLE;

ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; DIET, CARBOHYDRATE-RESTRICTED; DIET, HIGH-FAT; DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES; DIETARY FATS; ENERGY METABOLISM; EXERCISE; GLYCOGEN; HUMANS; KETOGENIC DIET; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; SPORTS NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA;

EID: 84949098610     PISSN: 01121642     EISSN: 11792035     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0393-9     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. Havemann L, West S, Goedecke JH, et al. Fat adaptation followed by carbohydrate-loading compromises high-intensity sprint performance. J Appl Physiol. 2006;100:194–202.
2. Burke LM, Kiens B. “Fat adaptation” for athletic performance—the nail in the coffin? J Appl Physiol. 2006;100:7–8.
3. Noakes T, Volek JS, Phinney SD. Low-carbohydrate diets for athletes: what evidence? Br J Sports Med. 2014;48:1077–8.
4. Brukner P. Challenging beliefs in sports nutrition: are two ‘core principles’ proving to be myths ripe for busting? Br J Sports Med. 2013;47:663–4.
5. Volek JS, Noakes T, Phinney SD. Rethinking fat as a fuel for endurance exercise. Eur J Sports Sci. 2014;79:1–8.
6. Phinney SD. Ketogenic diets and physical performance. Nutr Metab. 2004;1:2.
7. Volek JS, Phinney SD. The art and science of low carbohydrate performance. Beyond Obesity LLC; 2012.
8. Brukner P. Can elite athletes eat LCHF and win? 2013. Available from: www.youtube.com/watch?v=JMuD4Z-Oxys. Accessed 30 June 2015.
9. Olsen A. Tim Noakes: low carbohydrate diet for endurance sports. 2014. Available from: www.youtube.com/watch?v=iFxz7YFjycg. Accessed 30 June 2015.
10. Hall N. The Kardashian index: a measure of discrepant social media profile for scientists. Genome Biol. 2014;15:424.
11. Noakes TD. Low-carbohydrate and high-fat intake can manage obesity and associated conditions: Occasional survey. S Afr Med J. 2013;103:824–5.
12. Hopkins WG, Hawley JA, Burke LM. Design and analysis of research on sport performance enhancement. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31:472–85.
13. Hawley JA, Burke LM, Phillips SM, et al. Nutritional modulation of training-induced skeletal muscle adaptations. J Appl Physiol. 2011;110:834–45.
14. Stellingwerff T. Contemporary nutrition approaches to optimize elite marathon performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2013;8:573–8.
15. Burke L. Training and competition nutrition. In: Burke L, editor. Practical sports nutrition. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 2007. p. 1–26.
16. Spriet LL. New insights into the interaction of carbohydrate and fat metabolism during exercise. Sports Med. 2014;44:S87–96.
17. Fernandez-Garcia B, Perez-Landaluce J, Rodriguez-Alonso M, et al. Intensity of exercise during road race pro-cycling competition. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32:1002–6.
18. Bentley DJ, Millet GP, Vleck VE, et al. Specific aspects of contemporary triathlon: implications for physiological analysis and performance. Sports Med. 2002;32:345–59.
19. Tucker R. Science of sport: marathon analysis. In: Marathon analysis. http://sportsscientists.com/thread/marathon-analysis-2/. Accessed 20 Oct 2014.
20. Joyner MJ, Ruiz JR, Lucia A. The two-hour marathon: who and when? J Appl Physiol. 2011;110:275–7.
21. Peters A, Schweiger U, Pellerin L, et al. The selfish brain: competition for energy resources. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2004;28:143–80.
22. Matsui T, Soya S, Okamoto M, et al. Brain glycogen decreases during prolonged exercise. J Physiol. 2011;589:3383–93.
23. Zhang Y, Kuang Y, LaManna JC, et al. Contribution of brain glucose and ketone bodies to oxidative metabolism. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2013;765:365–70.
24. Karelis AD, Smith JW, Passe DH, et al. Carbohydrate administration and exercise performance: what are the potential mechanisms involved? Sports Med. 2010;40:747–63.
25. Jeukendrup AE, Saris WHM, Wagenmakers AJM. Fat metabolism during exercise: a review. Part III: effects of nutritional interventions. Int J Sports Med. 1998;19:371–9.
26. Hawley JA. Effect of increased fat availability on metabolism and exercise capacity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34:1485–91.
27. Starling RD, Trappe TA, Parcell AC, et al. Effects of diet on muscle triglyceride and endurance performance. J Appl Physiol. 1997;82:1185–9.
28. Pitsiladis YP, Maughan RJ. The effects of exercise and diet manipulation on the capacity to perform prolonged exercise in the heat and in the cold in trained humans. J Physiol. 1999;517:919–30.
29. Yeo WK, Carey AL, Burke L, et al. Fat adaptation in well-trained athletes: effects on cell metabolism. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2011;36:12–22.
30. Phinney SD, Bistrian BR, Evans WJ, et al. The human metabolic response to chronic ketosis without caloric restriction: preservation of submaximal exercise capability with reduced carbohydrate oxidation. Metabolism. 1983;32:769–76.
31. Phinney SD, Bistrian BR, Wolfe RR, et al. The human metabolic response to chronic ketosis without caloric restriction: physical and biochemical adaptation. Metabolism. 1983;32:757–68.
32. Batterham AM, Hopkins WG. Making meaningful inferences about magnitudes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2006;1:50–7.
33. O’Keeffe KA, Keith RE, Wilson GD, et al. Dietary carbohydrate intake and endurance exercise performance of trained female cyclists. Nutr Res. 1989;9:819–30.
34. Lambert EV, Speechly DP, Dennis SC, et al. Enhanced endurance in trained cyclists during moderate intensity exercise following 2 weeks adaptation to a high fat diet. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1994;69:287–93.
35. Goedecke JH, Christie C, Wilson G, et al. Metabolic adaptations to a high-fat diet in endurance cyclists. Metabolism. 1999;48:1509–17.
36. Rowlands DS, Hopkins WG. Effects of high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets on metabolism and performance in cycling. Metabolism. 2002;51:678–90.
37. Vogt M, Puntschart A, Howald H, et al. Effects of dietary fat on muscle substrates, metabolism, and performance in athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35:952–60.
38. Hoppeler H, Billeter R, Horvath PJ, et al. Muscle structure with low- and high-fat diets in well-trained male runners. Int J Sports Med. 1999;20:522–6.
39. Muoio DM, Leddy JJ, Horvath PJ, et al. Effect of dietary fat on metabolic adjustments to maximal VO2 and endurance in runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1994;26:81–8.
40. Burke LM, Hawley JA. Effects of short-term fat adaptation on metabolism and performance of prolonged exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34:1492–8.
41. Burke LM, Hawley JA, Angus DJ, et al. Adaptations to short-term high-fat diet persist during exercise despite high carbohydrate availability. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34:83–91.
42. Carey AL, Staudacher HM, Cummings NK, et al. Effects of fat adaptation and carbohydrate restoration on prolonged endurance exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2001;91:115–22.
43. Noakes T. Fat adaptation and prolonged exercise performance. J Appl Physiol. 2004;96:1243 (Author reply).
44. Lambert EV, Goedecke JH, Van Zyl CG, et al. High-fat versus habitual diet prior to carbohydrate loading: effects on exercise metabolism and cycling performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2001;11:209–25.
45. Burke LM, Angus DJ, Cox GR, et al. Effect of fat adaptation and carbohydrate restoration on metabolism and performance during prolonged cycling. J Appl Physiol. 2000;89:2413–21.
46. Stellingwerff T, Spriet LL, Watt MJ, et al. Decreased PDH activation and glycogenolysis during exercise following fat adaptation with carbohydrate restoration. Am J Physiol. 2006;290:E380–8.
47. Peters SJ, Harris RA, Wu P, et al. Human skeletal muscle PDH kinase activity and isoform expression during a 3-day high-fat/low-carbohydrate diet. Am J Physiol. 2001;281:E1151–68.
48. Erlenbusch M, Haub M, Munoz K, et al. Effect of high-fat or high-carbohydrate diets on endurance exercise: a meta-analysis. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2005;15:1–14.
49. Zajac A, Poprzecki S, Maszczyk A, et al. The effects of a ketogenic diet on exercise metabolism and physical performance in off-road cyclists. Nutrients. 2014;6:2493–508.
50. Paoli A, Grimaldi K, D’Agostino D, et al. Ketogenic diet does not affect strength performance in elite artistic gymnasts. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2012;9:34.
51. Nordmann AJ, Nordmann A, Briel M, et al. Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:285–93.
52. Feinman RD, Pogozelski WK, Astrup A, et al. Dietary carbohydrate restriction as the first approach in diabetes management: Critical review and evidence base. Nutrition. 2015;31:1–13.
53. Burke LM, Hawley JA, Wong SH, et al. Carbohydrates for training and competition. J Sports Sci. 2011;29:S17–27.
54. Stellingwerf T. Case study: nutrition and training periodization in three elite marathon runners. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2012;22:392–400.
55. Shaw G, Boyd KT, Burke LM, et al. Nutrition for swimming. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2014;24:360–72.
56. Shaw G, Koivisto A, Gerrard D, Burke LM. Nutrition considerations for open-water swimming. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2014;24:373–81.
57. Burke LM, Mujika I. Nutrition for recovery in aquatic sports. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2014;24:425–36.
58. Philp A, Burke LM, Baar K. Altering endogenous carbohydrate availability to support training adaptations. Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. 2011;69:19–31 (discussion 31–7).
59. Bartlett JD, Hawley JA, Morton JP. Carbohydrate availability and exercise training adaptation: too much of a good thing? Eur J Sports Sci. 2015;15:3–12.
60. Cole M, Coleman D, Hopker J, et al. Improved gross efficiency during long duration submaximal cycling following a short-term high carbohydrate diet. Int J Sports Med. 2014;35:265–9.
61. Burke LM, Maughan RJ. The Governor has a sweet tooth—mouth sensing of nutrients to enhance sports performance. Eur J Sports Sci. 2015;15:29–40.
62. Mujika I, Padilla S. Creatine supplementation as an ergogenic aid for sports performance in highly trained athletes: a critical review. Int J Sports Med. 1997;18:491–6.
63. Casey A, Greenhaff PL. Does dietary creatine supplementation play a role in skeletal muscle metabolism and performance? Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72:607S–17S.
64. Hawley JA, Schabort EJ, Noakes TD, et al. Carbohydrate-loading and exercise performance: an update. Sports Med. 1997;24:73–81.
65. Coyle EF. Timing and method of increased carbohydrate intake to cope with heavy training, competition and recovery. J Sports Sci. 1991;9:S29–52.
66. Stellingwerff T, Cox GR. Systematic review: carbohydrate supplementation on exercise performance or capacity of varying durations. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2014;39:1–14.
67. Jeukendrup AE. Oral carbohydrate rinse: placebo or beneficial? Curr Sports Med Rep. 2013;12:222–7.
68. Jeukendrup AE, Thielen JJHC, Wagenmakers AJM, et al. Effect of medium-chain triacylglycerol and carbohydrate ingestion during exercise on substrate utilization and subsequent cycling performance. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;67:397–404.