Cytotoxicity of 35 medicinal plants from Sudan towards sensitive and multidrug-resistant cancer cells

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

Volumn 174, Issue , 2015, Pages 644-658

  Saeed, Mohamed E M ^a   Abdelgadir, Haider ^b   Sugimoto, Yoshikazu ^c   Khalid, Hassan E ^b   Efferth, Thomas ^a  

^a JOHANNES GUTENBERG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KHARTOUM   (Sudan)

^c KEIO UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Chemotherapy; Cytotoxicity; Microarray analysis; Multidrug resistance; Sudanese medicinal plants Phytotherapy

Indexed keywords

ABC TRANSPORTER B5; ALKYLATING AGENT; AMBROSIA MARITIMA EXTRACT; AMBROSIA MARITMA EXTRACT; AMBROSIN; CARRIER PROTEIN; CHAPERONE; CYTOSKELETON PROTEIN; CYTOTOXIC AGENT; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; FENUGREEK EXTRACT; LAWSONIA INERMIS EXTRACT; MESSENGER RNA; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE PROTEIN 1; PLANT EXTRACT; PROTEIN P53; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ABCB1 PROTEIN, HUMAN; ABCB5 PROTEIN, HUMAN; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; DYES, REAGENTS, INDICATORS, MARKERS AND BUFFERS; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE PROTEIN; OXAZINE DERIVATIVE; RESAZURIN; SESQUITERPENE; XANTHENE DERIVATIVE;

ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; CANCER CELL; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER RESISTANCE; COLD; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSS RESISTANCE; CYTOTOXICITY; DNA REPAIR; DRUG ISOLATION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SENSITIVITY; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; IC50; MEDICINAL PLANT; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SUDAN; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION; TUMOR CELL LINE; BIOLOGY; CELL SURVIVAL; CHEMISTRY; DRUG EFFECTS; DRUG RESISTANCE; GENETICS; PHARMACOGENETICS;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, PHYTOGENIC; CELL LINE, TUMOR; CELL SURVIVAL; COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY; DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE; DRUG RESISTANCE, NEOPLASM; HUMANS; INDICATORS AND REAGENTS; OXAZINES; P-GLYCOPROTEIN; P-GLYCOPROTEINS; PHARMACOGENETICS; PLANTS, MEDICINAL; SESQUITERPENES; SUDAN; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53; XANTHENES;

EID: 84947019487     PISSN: 03788741     EISSN: 18727573     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.07.005     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. M.E. Abalaka, S.Y. Daniyan, and A. Mann Evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of two Ziziphus species (Ziziphus mauritiana L. and Ziziphus spina-christi L.) on some microbial pathogens Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 4 2010 135 139
2. M.A. Abdel-Wahhab, E.A. Omara, M.M. Abdel-Galil, N.S. Hassan, S.A. Nada, A. Saeed, and M.M. el-Sayed Zizyphus spina-christi extract protects against aflatoxin B1-initiated hepatic carcinogenicity Afr. J. Traditi., Complement., Altern. Med./Afr. Netw. Ethnomed. 4 2007 248 256
3. H. Abu Shady, and T.O. Soine The chemistry of Ambrosia maritima L. The isolation and preliminary characterization of ambrosin and damsin J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 42 1953 387 395
4. A. Ali, N. Akhtar, B. Ali Khan, M. Shoaib Khan, A. Rasul, S. UZ-Zaman, N. Khalid, K. Waseem, T. Mahmood, and L. Ali Acacia nilotica: A plant of multipurpose medicinal uses J. Med. Plants Res. 6 2012 1492 1496
5. M.S. Ali-Shtayeh, and R.M. Jamous Herbal preparation use by patients suffering from cancer in Palestine Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract. 17 2011 235 240
6. R. Allikmets, B. Gerrard, A. Hutchinson, and M. Dean Characterization of the human ABC superfamily: isolation and mapping of 21 new genes using the expressed sequence tags database Hum. Mol. Genet. 5 1996 1649 1655
7. A. Angelini, C. Di Ilio, M.L. Castellani, P. Conti, and F. Cuccurullo Modulation of multidrug resistance p-glycoprotein activity by flavonoids and honokiol in human doxorubicin-resistant sarcoma cells (MES-SA/DX-5): implications for natural sedatives as chemosensitizing agents in cancer therapy J. Biol. Regul. Homeostatic Agents 24 2010 197 205
8. D.V. Awang The Herbs of Choice: The Therapeutic Use of Phytomedicinals 2006 CRC press,Taylor and Francis group New York
9. K. Basu, B. Singh, and M.P. Singh Indian Medicinal Plants, 2006 Lalit Mohan Basu Publication Allahabad, India 887 890
10. J.L. Biedler, and B.A. Spengler Reverse transformation of multidrug-resistant cells Cancer Metastasis Rev. 13 1994 191 207
11. P. Blagojević, N. Radulović, R. Palić, and G. Stojanović Chemical composition of the essential oils of serbian wild-growing Artemisia absinthium and Artemisia vulgaris J. Agric. Food Chem. 54 2006 4780 4789
12. J. Boik Natural Compounds in Cancer Therapy: Promising Nontoxic Antitumor Agents from Plants and Other Natural Sources 2001 Medical Press Princeton: Oregon
13. M.R. Boyd The NCI in vitro anticancer drug discovery screen. B.A. Teicher, Anticancer Drug Development Guide 1997 Humana Press New York city, USA 23 42
14. J. Boyer, E.G. McLean, S. Aroori, P. Wilson, A. McCulla, P.D. Carey, D.B. Longley, and P.G. Johnston Characterization of p53 wild-type and null isogenic colorectal cancer cell lines resistant to 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan Clin. Cancer Res. 10 2004 2158 2167
15. F. Bunz, A. Dutriaux, C. Lengauer, T. Waldman, S. Zhou, J.P. Brown, J.M. Sedivy, K.W. Kinzler, and B. Vogelstein Requirement for p53 and p21 to sustain G2 arrest after DNA damage Science 282 1998 1497 1501
16. F. Bunz, P.M. Hwang, C. Torrance, T. Waldman, Y. Zhang, L. Dillehay, J. Williams, C. Lengauer, K.W. Kinzler, and B. Vogelstein Disruption of p53 in human cancer cells alters the responses to therapeutic agents J. Clin. Investig. 104 1999 263 269
17. T.R. Burton, T. Kashour, J.A. Wright, and F.M. Amara Cellular signaling pathways affect the function of ribonucleotide reductase mRNA binding proteins: mRNA stabilization, drug resistance, and malignancy (Review) Int. J. Oncol. 22 2003 21 31
18. G.S. Chakraborthy, G. Sharma, and K.N. Kaushik Sesamum indicum: a review J. Herbal Med. Toxicol. 2 2008 15 19
19. C.J. Chen, J.E. Chin, K. Ueda, D.P. Clark, I. Pastan, M.M. Gottesman, and I.B. Roninson Internal duplication and homology with bacterial transport proteins in the mdr1 (P-glycoprotein) gene from multidrug-resistant human cells Cell 47 1986 381 389
20. K.G. Chen, G. Szakacs, J.P. Annereau, F. Rouzaud, X.J. Liang, J.C. Valencia, C.N. Nagineni, J.J. Hooks, V.J. Hearing, and M.M. Gottesman Principal expression of two mRNA isoforms (ABCB 5alpha and ABCB 5beta) of the ATP-binding cassette transporter gene ABCB 5 in melanoma cells and melanocytes Pigment Cell Res. 18 2005 102 112
21. E. Chieli, N. Romiti, I. Rodeiro, and G. Garrido In vitro effects of Mangifera indica and polyphenols derived on ABCB1/P-glycoprotein activity Food Chem. Toxicol. 47 2009 2703 2710
22. S. Childs, and V. Ling The MDR superfamily of genes and its biological implications Import. Adv. Oncol. 1994 21 36
23. G.A. Cordell, C.W. Beecher, and J.M. Pezzuto Can ethnopharmacology contribute to the development of new anticancer drugs? J. Ethnopharmacol. 32 1991 117 133
24. C. Cordon-Cardo, J.P. O'Brien, J. Boccia, D. Casals, J.R. Bertino, and M.R. Melamed Expression of the multidrug resistance gene product (P-glycoprotein) in human normal and tumor tissues J. Histochem. Cytochem. 38 1990 1277 1287
25. L.V. Costa-Lotufo, M.T. Khan, A. Ather, D.V. Wilke, P.C. Jimenez, C. Pessoa, M.E. de Moraes, and M.O. de Moraes Studies of the anticancer potential of plants used in Bangladeshi folk medicine J. Ethnopharmacol. 99 2005 21 30
26. G. da Silva, R. Serrano, and O. Silva Maytenus heterophylla and Maytenus senegalensis, two traditional herbal medicines J. Nat. Sci., Biol. Med. 2 2011 59 65
27. E. Dassa, and P. Bouige The ABC of ABCS: a phylogenetic and functional classification of ABC systems in living organisms Res. Microbiol. 152 2001 211 229
28. A.I. Dirar, M.A. Mohamed, W.J.A. Osman, H. Abdalgadir, and H.S. Khalid A phytopharmacological review on four antitumor medicinal plants grown in Sudan Am. J. Pharm. Tech. Res. 4 2014 28 41
29. T. Efferth The human ATP-binding cassette transporter genes: from the bench to the bedside Curr. Mol. Med. 1 2001 45 65
30. T. Efferth, E. Gebhart, D.D. Ross, and A. Sauerbrey Identification of gene expression profiles predicting tumor cell response to l-alanosine Biochem. Pharmacol. 66 2003 613 621
31. T. Efferth, S. Kahl, K. Paulus, M. Adams, R. Rauh, H. Boechzelt, X. Hao, B. Kaina, and R. Bauer Phytochemistry and pharmacogenomics of natural products derived from traditional Chinese medicine and Chinese materia medica with activity against tumor cells Mol. Cancer Ther. 7 2008 152 161
32. T. Efferth, V.B. Konkimalla, Y.F. Wang, A. Sauerbrey, S. Meinhardt, F. Zintl, J. Mattern, and M. Volm Prediction of broad spectrum resistance of tumors towards anticancer drugs Clin. Cancer Res. 14 2008 2405 2412
33. T. Efferth, A. Olbrich, and R. Bauer mRNA expression profiles for the response of human tumor cell lines to the antimalarial drugs artesunate, arteether, and artemether Biochem. Pharmacol. 64 2002 617 623
34. T. Efferth, and R. Osieka Clinical relevance of the MDR-a gene and it's gene product, P-glycoprotein, for cancer chemotherapy Tumor Diagn. Ther. 14 1993 238 243
35. T. Efferth, A. Sauerbrey, M.E. Halatsch, D.D. Ross, and E. Gebhart Molecular modes of action of cephalotaxine and homoharringtonine from the coniferous tree Cephalotaxus hainanensis in human tumor cell lines Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 367 2003 56 67
36. T. Efferth, A. Sauerbrey, A. Olbrich, E. Gebhart, P. Rauch, H.O. Weber, J.G. Hengstler, M.E. Halatsch, M. Volm, K.D. Tew, D.D. Ross, and J.O. Funk Molecular modes of action of artesunate in tumor cell lines Mol. Pharmacol. 64 2003 382 394
37. G.E.B. El Ghazali Medicinal Plants of the Sudan Part 1: Medicinal Plants of Erkowit 1986
38. G.E.B. El Ghazali, M.S. El Tohami, and A.,B. El Egami Medicinal Plants of The Sudan Part III 1994 National Center for Research, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Institute Khartoum, Sudan
39. G.E.B. El Ghazali, M.S. El Tohami, A.A.B. El Egami, W.S. Abdalla, and M.G. Mohamed Medicinal Plants of the Sudan Part IV 1997 National Center For Research Khartoum, Sudan
40. El-Gazali Medicinal Plants of the Sudan 1986 National Center for Research Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Institute Khartoum, Sudan
41. A. el-Hamidi Drug plants of the Sudan Republic in native medicine Planta Med. 18 1970 279 280
42. U. Fazal, and M.A. Razzack A Handbook of Common Remedies in Unani Medicine 1978 Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine New Delhi
43. J. Ferlay, H.R. Shin, F. Bray, D. Forman, C. Mathers, and D.M. Parkin Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008 Int. J. Cancer 127 2010 2893 2917
44. J.M. Ford, J.M. Yang, and W.N. Hait P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance: experimental and clinical strategies for its reversal Cancer Treat. Res. 87 1996 3 38
45. N.Y. Frank, A. Margaryan, Y. Huang, T. Schatton, A.M. Waaga-Gasser, M. Gasser, M.H. Sayegh, W. Sadee, and M.H. Frank ABCB5-mediated doxorubicin transport and chemoresistance in human malignant melanoma Cancer Res. 65 2005 4320 4333
46. N.Y. Frank, S.S. Pendse, P.H. Lapchak, A. Margaryan, D. Shlain, C. Doeing, M.H. Sayegh, and M.H. Frank Regulation of progenitor cell fusion by ABCB5 P-glycoprotein, a novel human ATP-binding cassette transporter J. Biol. Chem. 278 2003 47156 47165
47. A.G. Gaddamwar, P.R. Rajput, and S.C. Jirapure Manufacture of soft-plywood and hard-plywood from Acacia nilotica Plant extract and powder of agricultural waste or wood Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res. 2 2011 78 84
48. E.B.G. Gamal, A.B. Ekhlas, K.B. Ahmed, and A.M.S. Kariem Medicinal plants of the eastern Nuba Mountains. Medicinal plants of the Sudan 1987 National Government Publication, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Institute Khartoum, Sudan
49. J.P. Gillet, T. Efferth, and J. Remacle Chemotherapy-induced resistance by ATP-binding cassette transporter genes Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1775 2007 237 262
50. S.S. Gokavi, N.G. Malleshi, and M. Guo Chemical composition of garden cress (Lepidium sativum) seeds and its fractions and use of bran as a functional ingredient Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 59 2004 105 111
51. M.M. Gottesman, T. Fojo, and S.E. Bates Multidrug resistance in cancer: role of ATP-dependent transporters Nat. Rev. Cancer 2 2002 48 58
52. M.D. Hall, M.D. Handley, and M.M. Gottesman Is resistance useless? Multidrug resistance and collateral sensitivity Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 30 2009 546 556
53. S. Heimerl, A.K. Bosserhoff, T. Langmann, J. Ecker, and G. Schmitz Mapping ATP-binding cassette transporter gene expression profiles in melanocytes and melanoma cells Melanoma Res. 17 2007 265 273
54. C.F. Higgins ABC transporters: from microorganisms to man Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 8 1992 67 113
55. http://dtp.nci.nih.gov.
56. http://indianayurvedaonline.blogspot.de/2010/09/fenugreek-trigonella-foenum-graecum.html.
57. http://medicinalherbinfo.org/herbs/Chamomile.html.
58. http://phytotrade.com/products/kigelia-africana/.
59. http://www.examiner.com/article/herbal-extract-may-help-fight-breast-cancer.
60. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke-energy/Acacia-nilotica.html.
61. http://www.uicnmed.org/nabp/database/HTM/Astringent.htm), Database for North African Medicinal and Aromatic Plants.
62. H.S. Huang, M. Nagane, C.K. Klingbeil, H. Lin, R. Nishikawa, X.D. Ji, C.M. Huang, G.N. Gill, H.S. Wiley, and W.K. Cavenee The enhanced tumorigenic activity of a mutant epidermal growth factor receptor common in human cancers is mediated by threshold levels of constitutive tyrosine phosphorylation and unattenuated signaling J. Biol. Chem. 272 1997 2927 2935
63. IARC, I.A.f.R.o.C. Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide. IARC CancerBase No 2011 10.
64. A. Jafarian, B. Zolfaghari, and K. Shirani Cytotoxicity of different extracts of arial parts of Ziziphus spina-christi on Hela and MDA-MB-468 tumor cells Adv. Biomed. Res. 3 2014 38
65. R.L. Juliano, and V. Ling A surface glycoprotein modulating drug permeability in Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants Biochim. Biophys. Acta 455 1976 152 162
66. O. Kadioglu, and T. Efferth Pharmacogenomic characterization of cytotoxic compounds from Salvia officinalis in cancer cells J. Nat. Prod. 78 2015 762 775
67. T. Kalaivani, and L. Mathew Free radical scavenging activity from leaves of Acacia nilotica (L.) Wild. ex Delile, an Indian medicinal tree Food Chem. Toxicol. 48 2010 298 305
68. S. Kavimani, K.T. Manisenthilkumar, R. Ilango, and G. Krishnamoorthy Effect of the methanolic extract of Glinus lotoides on Dalton's ascitic lymphoma Biol. Pharm. Bull. 22 1999 1251 1252
69. T. Kawanobe, S. Kogure, S. Nakamura, M. Sato, K. Katayama, J. Mitsuhashi, K. Noguchi, and Y. Sugimoto Expression of human ABCB5 confers resistance to taxanes and anthracyclines Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 418 2012 736 741
70. H. Khalid, W.E. Abdalla, H. Abdelgadir, T. Opatz, and T. Efferth Gems from traditional north-African medicine: medicinal and aromatic plants from Sudan Nat. Prod. Bioprospect. 2012 2192 2209
71. C. Khare Indian Medicinal Plants: An Illustrated Dictionary Book 2007 Springer New York 77 78
72. K.K. Khoja, G. Shaf, T.N. Hasan, N.A. Syed, A.S. Al-Khalifa, A.H. Al-Assaf, and A.A. Alshatwi Fenugreek, a naturally occurring edible spice, kills MCF-7 human breast cancer cells via an apoptotic pathway Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 12 2011 3299 3304
73. A. Kimmig, V. Gekeler, M. Neumann, G. Frese, R. Handgretinger, G. Kardos, H. Diddens, and D. Niethammer Susceptibility of multidrug-resistant human leukemia cell lines to human interleukin 2-activated killer cells Cancer Res. 50 1990 6793 6799
74. Kirtikar, K.R., Basu, B.D., 1975. Indian Medicinal Plants. Lalit Mohan Basu, Allabahad.
75. J.O. Kokwaro Medicinal Plants of East Africa 2009 University of Nairobi Press Nairobi, Kenya
76. V. Kuete, and T. Efferth Molecular determinants of cancer cell sensitivity and resistance towards the sesquiterpene farnesol Pharmazie 68 2013 608 615
77. V. Kuete, M.E. Saeed, O. Kadioglu, J. Börtzler, H. Khalid, H.J. Greten, and T. Efferth Pharmacogenomic and molecular docking studies on the cytotoxicity of the natural steroid wortmannin against multidrug-resistant tumor cells Phytomedicine 22 2015 120 127
78. V. Kuete, L.P. Sandjo, D.E. Djeussi, M. Zeino, G.M. Kwamou, B. Ngadjui, and T. Efferth Cytotoxic flavonoids and isoflavonoids from Erythrina sigmoidea towards multi-factorial drug resistant cancer cells Invest New Drugs 32 2014 1053 1062
79. V. Kuete, S.B. Tankeo, M.E. Saeed, B. Wiench, P. Tane, and T. Efferth Cytotoxicity and modes of action of five Cameroonian medicinal plants against multi-factorial drug resistance of tumor cells J. Ethnopharmacol 153 2014 207 219
80. S.M. Kupchan, and R.M. Smith Maytoline, maytine, and maytolidine, novel nicotinoyl sesquiterpene alkaloids from Maytenus serrata (Hochst., ex A. Rich.) R. Wilczek J. Org. Chem. 42 1977 115 118
81. M. Lam, A.R. Carmichael, and H.R. Griffiths An aqueous extract of Fagonia cretica induces DNA damage, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in breast cancer cells via FOXO3a and p53 expression PLoS One 7 2012 e40152
82. M.L. Lee, and G. Schneider Scaffold architecture and pharmacophoric properties of natural products and trade drugs: application in the design of natural product-based combinatorial libraries J. Comb. Chem. 3 2001 284 289
83. Leonti, M., Dal Cero, M., Weckerle, C.S., Laura, C., 2015. Reverse Etnopharmacology and drug discovery. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of the International Society for Ethnopharmacology. Petra, Jordan, May 05-08, 2015.
84. F. Leteurtre, G. Kohlhagen, K.D. Paull, and Y. Pommier Topoisomerase II inhibition and cytotoxicity of the anthrapyrazoles DuP 937 and DuP 941 (Losoxantrone) in the National Cancer Institute preclinical antitumor drug discovery screen J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 86 1994 1239 1244
85. Lorenzi, H., Matos, F.J.A., 2008. Plantas medicinais no Brasil: nativas e exóticas. Instituto Plantarum, São Paulo.
86. J.N. Losso, D.L. Holliday, J.W. Finley, R.J. Martin, J.C. Rood, Y. Yu, and F.L. Greenway Fenugreek bread: a treatment for diabetes mellitus J. Med. Food 12 2009 1046 1049
87. D.R. Mans, A.B. da Rocha, and G. Schwartsmann Anti-cancer drug discovery and development in Brazil: targeted plant collection as a rational strategy to acquire candidate anti-cancer compounds The Oncologist 5 2000 185 198
88. F. Mariani, P. Sena, and L. Roncucci Inflammatory pathways in the early steps of colorectal cancer development World J. Gastroenterol. 20 2014 9716 9731
89. B. Meher, D.K. Dash, and A. Roy A review on: phytochemistry, phamracology and tradiional uses of Tamarindus indica L World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 3 2014 229 240
90. A.E. Mengesha, and B.B. Youan Anticancer activity and nutritional value of extracts of the seed of Glinus lotoides J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo) 56 2010 311 318
91. M.J. Millward, B.M. Cantwell, E.A. Lien, J. Carmichael, and A.L. Harris Intermittent high-dose tamoxifen as a potential modifier of multidrug resistance Eur. J. Cancer 28A 1992 805 810
92. G. Monteleone, F. Pallone, and C. Stolfi The dual role of inflammation in colon carcinogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 13 2012 11071 11084
93. J.D. Msonthi, and D. Mgombo Medicinal Herbs in Malawi and their uses Hamdard 26 2 1983 94 100
94. Musila, W., Kisangau, D., Muema, J., 2004. Conservation Status and Use of Medicinal Plants by Traditional Medical Practitioners in Machakos District, Kenya. National Museums of Kenya.
95. Mwangi, J.W., Kibwage, I.O., Gathumbi, P.K., 2001. Personal communication with herbalists in Embu District, Kenya. National Museums of Kenya.
96. M. Nagane, A. Levitzki, A. Gazit, W.K. Cavenee, and H.J. Huang Drug resistance of human glioblastoma cells conferred by a tumor-specific mutant epidermal growth factor receptor through modulation of Bcl-XL and caspase-3-like proteases Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 1998 5724 5729
97. I.A. Najar, B.S. Sachin, S.C. Sharma, N.K. Satti, K.A. Suri, and R.K. Johri Modulation of P-glycoprotein ATPase activity by some phytoconstituents Phytother. Res.: PTR 24 2010 454 458
98. J. O'Brien, I. Wilson, T. Orton, and F. Pognan Investigation of the Alamar Blue (resazurin) fluorescent dye for the assessment of mammalian cell cytotoxicity Eur. J. Biochem. 267 2000 5421 5426
99. T. Okura, M. Ibe, K. Umegaki, K. Shinozuka, and S. Yamada Effects of dietary ingredients on function and expression of P-glycoprotein in human intestinal epithelial cells Biol. Pharm. Bull. 33 2010 255 259
100. A.G. Olatunji, and O. Atolani Comprehensive scientific demystification of Kigelia africana: a review Afr. J. Pure Appl. Chem. 3 2009 158 164
101. R.F. Ozols, R.E. Cunnion, R.W. Klecker Jr., T.C. Hamilton, Y. Ostchega, J.E. Parrillo, and R.C. Young Verapamil and adriamycin in the treatment of drug-resistant ovarian cancer patients J. Clin. Oncol. 5 1987 641 647
102. A. Palmeira, E. Sousa, M.H. Vasconcelos, and M.M. Pinto Three decades of P-gp inhibitors: skimming through several generations and scaffolds Curr. Med. Chem. 19 2012 1946 2025
103. R.S. Pandian, C.V. Anuradha, and P. Viswanathan Gastroprotective effect of fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum graecum) on experimental gastric ulcer in rats J. Ethnopharmacol. 81 2002 393 397
104. R. Pankhurst An historical examination of traditional Ethiopian medicine and surgery Ethiopian Med. J. 3 1965 157 172
105. I. Paterson, and E.A. Anderson Chemistry. The renaissance of natural products as drug candidates Science 310 2005 451 453
106. K.D. Paull, C.M. Lin, L. Malspeis, and E. Hamel Identification of novel antimitotic agents acting at the tubulin level by computer-assisted evaluation of differential cytotoxicity data Cancer Res. 52 1992 3892 3900
107. K.D. Paull, R.H. Shoemaker, L. Hodes, A. Monks, D.A. Scudiero, L. Rubinstein, J. Plowman, and M.R. Boyd Display and analysis of patterns of differential activity of drugs against human tumor cell lines: development of mean graph and COMPARE algorithm J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 81 1989 1088 1092
108. J. Popoca, A. Aguilar, D. Alonso, and M.L. Villarreal Cytotoxic activity of selected plants used as antitumorals in Mexican traditional medicine J. Ethnopharmacol. 59 1998 173 177
109. R. Priya, S. Ilavenil, B. Kaleeswaran, S. Srigopalram, and S. Ravikumar Effect of Lawsonia inermis on tumor expression induced by Dalton's lymphoma ascites in Swiss albino mice Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 18 2011 353 359
110. Rombi, M., 1993. Cento Piante Medicinali. Nuovo Insttuto d'Arti Grafiche, Italy.
111. M. Saeed, H.J. Greten, and T. Efferth Collateral sensitivity in drug-resistant tumor cells B. Bonavida, Tumor cell resistance to apoptosis by cytotoxic drugs and reversal of resistance by targeted sensitizing cells 2013 Springer New York 187 211
112. M. Saeed, O. Kadioglu, H. Khalid, Y. Sugimoto, and T. Efferth Activity of the dietary flavonoid, apigenin, against multidrug-resistant tumor cells as determined by pharmacogenomics and molecular docking.J Nutr. Biochem. 26 2015 44 56
113. A. Saganuwan Some medicinal plants of Arabian Pennisula J. Med. Plants Res. 4 2010 766 788
114. M.H. Salehi Medicinal Plants and Phytotherapy 2010 Donya e Taghzieh Publications Tehran
115. U. Scherf, D.T. Ross, M. Waltham, L.H. Smith, J.K. Lee, L. Tanabe, K.W. Kohn, W.C. Reinhold, T.G. Myers, D.T. Andrews, D.A. Scudiero, M.B. Eisen, E.A. Sausville, Y. Pommier, D. Botstein, P.O. Brown, and J.N. Weinstein A gene expression database for the molecular pharmacology of cancer Nat. Genet. 24 2000 236 244
116. A.H. Schinkel, and J.W. Jonker Mammalian drug efflux transporters of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) family: an overview Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 55 2003 3 29
117. A.A. Shahat, L. Pieters, S. Apers, N.M. Nazeif, N.S. Abdel-Azim, D.V. Berghe, and A.J. Vlietinck Chemical and biological investigations on Zizyphus spina-christi L Phytother. Res. 15 2001 593 597
118. R.D. Sharma, T.C. Raghuram, and N.S. Rao Effect of fenugreek seeds on blood glucose and serum lipids in type I diabetes Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 44 1990 301 306
119. L.M. Shi, T.G. Myers, Y. Fan, P.M. O'Connor, K.D. Paull, S.H. Friend, and J.N. Weinstein Mining the National Cancer Institute Anticancer Drug Discovery Database: cluster analysis of ellipticine analogs with p53-inverse and central nervous system-selective patterns of activity Mol. Pharmacol. 53 1998 241 251
120. O. Shirota, T. Tamemura, H. Morita, K. Takeya, and H. Itokawa Triterpenes from Brazilian medicinal plant'"Chuchuhuasi" (Maytenus krukovii) J. Nat. Prod. 59 1996 1072 1075
121. M.K. Shivhare, P.K. Singour, P.K. Chaurasiya, and R.S. Pawar Trianthema portulacastrum Linn. (Bishkhapra) Pharmacogn. Rev. 6 2012 132 140
122. J.E. Simon, M.R. Morales, W.B. Phippen, R.F. Vieira, and Z. Hao Basil: a source of aroma compounds and a popular culinary and ornamental herb Perspect. N. Crops New Uses 1999 499 505
123. D.K. Singh, and S. Luqman Lawsonia inermis (L.): a perspectiveon anticancer potential of Mehndi/Henna Biomed. Res. Ther. 1 2014 112 120
124. J. Solati, and N. Soleimani Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Ziziphus vulgaris L. on streptozocin-induced [corrected] diabetic adult male Wistar rats Acta Diabetol. 47 Suppl 1 2010 219 223
125. J.E. Staunton, D.K. Slonim, H.A. Coller, P. Tamayo, M.J. Angelo, J. Park, U. Scherf, J.K. Lee, W.O. Reinhold, J.N. Weinstein, J.P. Mesirov, E.S. Lander, and T.R. Golub Chemosensitivity prediction by transcriptional profiling Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98 2001 10787 10792
126. C. Tiloke, A. Phulukdaree, and A.A. Chuturgoon The antiproliferative effect of Moringa oleifera crude aqueous leaf extract on cancerous human alveolar epithelial cells BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 13 2013 226
127. K. Ueda, C. Cardarelli, M.M. Gottesman, and I. Pastan Expression of a full-length cDNA for the human "MDR1" gene confers resistance to colchicine, doxorubicin, and vinblastine Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84 1987 3004 3008
128. T. Uemura, S. Hirai, N. Mizoguchi, T. Goto, J.Y. Lee, K. Taketani, Y. Nakano, J. Shono, S. Hoshino, N. Tsuge, T. Narukami, N. Takahashi, and T. Kawada Diosgenin present in fenugreek improves glucose metabolism by promoting adipocyte differentiation and inhibiting inflammation in adipose tissues Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 54 2010 1596 1608
129. N. Vyawahare, R. Pujari, A. Khsirsagar, D. Ingawale, M. Patil, and V. Kagathara Phoenix dactylifera: an update of its indegenous uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology Internet J. Pharmacol. 7 1 2008 (https://ispub.com/IJPHARM/7/1/8733 7)
130. A. Wahid, and H.H. Siddiqui A Survey of Drugs 1961 Institute of History of Medicine and Medical Research New Delhi
131. Z. Wang, and Y. Sun Targeting p53 for novel anticancer therapy Transl. Oncol. 3 2010 1 12
132. J.M. Watt, and M.G. Breyer-Brandwijk The Medicinal Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa 1962 Livingstone Edinburgh
133. J. Wykosky, A. Mukasa, F. Furnari, and W.K. Cavenee Escape from targeted inhibition: the dark side of kinase inhibitor therapy Cell Cycle 9 2010 1661 1662