Current management of diabetes mellitus and future directions in care

Postgraduate Medical Journal

Volumn 91, Issue 1081, 2015, Pages 612-621

  Chatterjee, Sudesna ^a   Davies, Melanie J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALBIGLUTIDE; BIGUANIDE DERIVATIVE; DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE IV; DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR; DULAGLUTIDE; EXENDIN 4; GLIMEPIRIDE; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 1; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 1 RECEPTOR AGONIST; INSULIN; INSULIN DEGLUDEC; INSULIN GLARGINE; LIRAGLUTIDE; LIXISENATIDE; ROSIGLITAZONE; SODIUM GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER 2 INHIBITOR; SULFONYLUREA DERIVATIVE; THIAZOLE DERIVATIVE; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL;

AMPUTATION; ARTICLE; BLINDNESS; BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); DIABETES CONTROL; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS; DIET RESTRICTION; END STAGE RENAL DISEASE; GANGRENE; GLUCOSE URINE LEVEL; HEALTH CARE; HEALTH EDUCATION; HUMAN; HYPOGLYCEMIA; INSULIN PUMP; LIPOATROPHY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; PANCREAS ISLET TRANSPLANTATION; QUALITY OF LIFE; RISK FACTOR; SLEEVE GASTRECTOMY; WEIGHT REDUCTION; AMBULATORY MONITORING; ARTIFICIAL PANCREAS; BLOOD; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; DRUG EFFECTS; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; INSULIN INFUSION; INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATION; METABOLISM; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PROCEDURES; RISK REDUCTION; TRENDS;

BLOOD GLUCOSE; BLOOD GLUCOSE SELF-MONITORING; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; INSULIN; INSULIN INFUSION SYSTEMS; INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATION; MONITORING, AMBULATORY; PANCREAS, ARTIFICIAL; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR;

EID: 84945278933     PISSN: 00325473     EISSN: 14690756     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2014-133200     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Maclean H. Some observations on diabetes and insulin in general practice. Postgrad Med J 1926;1:73–7.
2. Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY, et al. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2643–53.
3. Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, et al. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1577–89.
4. Skyler JS, Ricordi C. Stopping type 1 diabetes: attempts to prevent or cure type 1 diabetes in man. Diabetes 2011;60:1–8.
5. Bernal-Mizrachi E, Kulkarni RN, Scott DK, et al. Human ß-cell proliferation and intracellular signaling part 2: still driving in the dark without a road map. Diabetes 2014;63:819–31.
6. Banting FG, Best CH, Collip JB, et al. Pancreatic extracts in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Can Med Assoc J 1922;12:141–6.
7. Dhindsa P, Scott AR, Donnelly R. Metabolic and cardiovascular effects of very-low-calorie diet therapy in obese patients with type 2 diabetes in secondary failure: outcomes after 1 year. Diabet Med 2003;20:319–24.
8. Schauer PR, Bhatt DL, Kashyap SR. Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy for diabetes. N Engl J Med 2014;371:682.
9. Butterfield WJ, Camp JL, Hardwick C, et al. Clinical studies on the hypoglycaemic action of the sulphonylureas. Lancet 1957;269:753–6.
10. Krall LP, White P, Bradley RF. Clinical use of the biguanides and their role in stabilizing juvenile-type diabetes. Diabetes 1958;7:468–77.
11. Lamos EM, Younk LM, Davis SN. Empagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, in the treatment of type 1 diabetes. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014;23:875–82.
12. Miyagawa J, Miuchi M, Namba M. Incretin-based therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Nihon Rinsho 2011;69:923–9.
13. DAFNE Study Group. Training in flexible, intensive insulin management to enable dietary freedom in people with type 1 diabetes: dose adjustment for normal eating (DAFNE) randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2002;325:746.
14. Cooke D, Bond R, Lawton J, et al. Structured type 1 diabetes education delivered within routine care: impact on glycemic control and diabetes-specific quality of life. Diabetes Care 2013;36:270–2.
15. Kruger J, Brennan A, Thokala P, et al. The cost-effectiveness of the dose adjustment for normal eating (DAFNE) structured education programme: An update using the sheffield type 1 diabetes policy model. Diabet Med 2013;30:1236–44.
16. Davies MJ, Heller S, Skinner TC, et al. Effectiveness of the diabetes education and self management for ongoing and newly diagnosed (DESMOND) programme for people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2008;336:491–5.
17. Khunti K, Gray LJ, Skinner T, et al. Effectiveness of a diabetes education and self management programme (DESMOND) for people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus: three year follow-up of a cluster randomised controlled trial in primary care. BMJ 2012;344:e2333.
18. Defronzo RA. Banting lecture. from the triumvirate to the ominous octet: a new paradigm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 2009;58:773–95.
19. Madiraju AK, Erion DM, Rahimi Y, et al. Metformin suppresses gluconeogenesis by inhibiting mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. Nature 2014;510:542–6.
20. Mannucci E, Tesi F, Bardini G, et al. Effects of metformin on glucagon-like peptide-1 levels in obese patients with and without type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Nutr Metab 2004;17:336–42.
21. Soranna D, Scotti L, Zambon A, et al. Cancer risk associated with use of metformin and sulfonylurea in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Oncologist 2012;17:813–22.
22. Johnson JA. The safety of sulfonylurea therapy in type 2 diabetes: have we reached the practical limits of our evidence base? Diabetologia 2015;58:1–3.
23. Kahn SE, Lachin JM, Zinman B, et al. Effects of rosiglitazone, glyburide, and metformin on ß-cell function and insulin sensitivity in ADOPT. Diabetes 2011;60:1552–60.
24. Consoli A, Formoso G. Do thiazolidinediones still have a role in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus? Diabetes Obes Metab 2013;15:967–77.
25. Kohlroser J, Mathai J, Reichheld J, et al. Hepatotoxicity due to troglitazone: report of two cases and review of adverse events reported to the united states food and drug administration. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:272–6.
26. Nissen SE, Wolski K. Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med 2007;356:2457–71.
27. Kermode-Scott B. Meta-analysis confirms raised risk of bladder cancer from pioglitazone. BMJ 2012;345:e4541.
28. Deacon CF, Mannucci E, Ahrén B. Glycaemic efficacy of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors as add-on therapy to metformin in subjects with type 2 diabetes-a review and meta analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012;14:762–7.
29. Buse JB, Bergenstal RM, Glass LC, et al. Use of twice-daily exenatide in basal insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2011;154:103–12.
30. NICE. Type 2 diabetes: the management of type 2 diabetes. 2009:CG87.
31. Tahrani AA, Barnett AH, Bailey CJ. SGLT inhibitors in management of diabetes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2013;1:140–51.
32. Vasilakou D, Karagiannis T, Athanasiadou E, et al. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2013;159:262–74.
33. Luippold G, Klein T, Mark M, et al. Empagliflozin, a novel potent and selective SGLT-2 inhibitor, improves glycaemic control alone and in combination with insulin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, a model of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012;14:601–7.
34. Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, et al. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach. Position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia 2012;55:1577–96.
35. Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach: position statement of the american diabetes association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care 2012;35:1364–79.
36. Bauer S, Nauck MA. Polypharmacy in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes is justified by current guidelines–a comprehensive assessment of drug prescriptions in patients needing inpatient treatment for diabetes-associated problems. Diabet Med 2014;31:1078–85.
37. Vora J, Christensen T, Rana A, et al. Insulin degludec versus insulin glargine in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of endpoints in phase 3a trials. Diabetes Ther 2014;5:435–46.
38. Zoungas S, Patel A, Chalmers J, et al. Severe hypoglycemia and risks of vascular events and death. N Engl J Med 2010;363:1410–18.
39. Johnston SS, Conner C, Aagren M, et al. Evidence linking hypoglycemic events to an increased risk of acute cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011;34:1164–70.
40. [No authors listed]. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK prospective diabetes study (UKPDS) group. Lancet 1998;352:837–53.
41. Tumminia A, Crimi S, Sciacca L, et al. Efficacy of real-time continuous glucose monitoring on glycaemic control and glucose variability in type 1 diabetic patients treated with either insulin pumps or multiple insulin injection therapy: a randomised controlled cross-over trial. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2015;31:61–8.
42. Ly TT, Nicholas JA, Retterath A, et al. Effect of sensor-augmented insulin pump therapy and automated insulin suspension vs standard insulin pump therapy on hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2013;310:1240–7.
43. Li P, Tan A, Prestidge CA, et al. Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems for oral insulin delivery: in vitro and in vivo evaluations of enteric coating and drug loading. Int J Pharm 2014;477:390–8.
44. Rashid J, Absar S, Nahar K, et al. Newer devices and improved formulations of inhaled insulin. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2015;12:917–28.
45. Thanabalasingham G, Pal A, Selwood MP, et al. Systematic assessment of etiology in adults with a clinical diagnosis of young-onset type 2 diabetes is a successful strategy for identifying maturity-onset diabetes of the young. Diabetes Care 2012;35:1206–12.
46. Weng J, Li Y, Xu W, et al. Effect of intensive insulin therapy on beta-cell function and glycaemic control in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: A multicentre randomised parallel-group trial. Lancet 2008;371:1753–60.
47. Lebovitz HE. Insulin: potential negative consequences of early routine use in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011;34(Suppl 2):S225–S230.
48. Gioe O, Chalew SA. How well do self-monitored capillary glucose measurements predict the mean blood glucose from 24-hour continuous monitoring in endocrine practice? Endocr Pract 2014;20:650–6.
49. Braga F, Panteghini M. Standardization and analytical goals for glycated hemoglobin measurement. Clin Chem Lab Med 2013;51:1719–26.
50. Pasquel FJ, Umpierrez GE. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state: a historic review of the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Diabetes Care 2014;37:3124–31.
51. Draznin B, Gilden J, Golden SH, et al. Pathways to quality inpatient management of hyperglycemia and diabetes: a call to action. Diabetes Care 2013;36:1807–14.
52. Health and Social Care Information Centre (HSCIC). Diabetes patients develop preventable complications in hospital and access to specialist staff is inadequate. http://www.hscic.gov.uk/article/4806/Diabetes-patients-develop-preventablecomplications-in-hospital-and-access-to-specialist-staff-is-inadequate. Updated 2014.
53. Evans NR, Dhatariya KK. Assessing the relationship between admission glucose levels, subsequent length of hospital stay, readmission and mortality. Clin Med 2012;12:137–9.
54. Cornish W. Safe and appropriate use of insulin and other antihyperglycemic agents in hospital. Can J Diabetes 2014;38:94–100.
55. Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centered approach: update to a position statement of the american diabetes association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2015;38:140–9.
56. Franco OH, Steyerberg EW, Hu FB, et al. Associations of diabetes mellitus with total life expectancy and life expectancy with and without cardiovascular disease. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:1145–51.
57. Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, et al., ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2560–72.
58. Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Genuth S, et al., ACCORD Study Group. Long-term effects of intensive glucose lowering on cardiovascular outcomes. N Engl J Med 2011;364:818–28.
59. Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, et al. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2009;360:129–39.
60. Antithrombotic Trialists’ Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ 2002;324:71–86.
61. Belch J, MacCuish A, Campbell I, et al. The prevention of progression of arterial disease and diabetes (POPADAD) trial: factorial randomised placebo controlled trial of aspirin and antioxidants in patients with diabetes and asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease. BMJ 2008;337:a1840.
62. Ogawa H, Nakayama M, Morimoto T, et al. Low-dose aspirin for primary prevention of atherosclerotic events in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008;300:2134–41.
63. De Berardis G, Sacco M, Evangelista V, et al. Aspirin and simvastatin combination for cardiovascular events prevention trial in diabetes (ACCEPT-D): design of a randomized study of the efficacy of low-dose aspirin in the prevention of cardiovascular events in subjects with diabetes mellitus treated with statins. Trials 2007;8:21.
64. Gupta N, Mansoor S, Sharma A, et al. Diabetic retinopathy and VEGF. Open Ophthalmol J 2013;7:4–10.
65. American Diabetes Association. (9) Microvascular complications and foot care. Diabetes Care 2015;38(Suppl):S58–66.
66. NHS. Foot care for people with diabetes in the NHS in England: The economic case for change. http://www.diabetes.org.uk/upload/News/Factsheet%20Footcare%20for %20people%20with%20diabetes.pdf. Updated Mar 2012.
67. [No authors listed]. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Lancet 2000;355:253–9.
68. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002;346:393–403.
69. Charlton B, Taylor-Edwards C, Tisch R, et al. Prevention of diabetes and insulitis by neonatal intrathymic islet administration in NOD mice. J Autoimmun 1994;7:549–60.
70. Wherrett DK, Bundy B, Becker DJ, et al. Antigen-based therapy with glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) vaccine in patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes: a randomised double-blind trial. Lancet 2011;378:319–27
71. Voltarelli JC, Couri CE, Stracieri AB, et al. Autologous nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 2007;297:1568–76.
72. Bruni A, Gala-Lopez B, Pepper AR, et al. Islet cell transplantation for the treatment of type 1 diabetes: recent advances and future challenges. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2014;7:211–23.
73. Barton FB, Rickels MR, Alejandro R, et al. Improvement in outcomes of clinical islet transplantation: 1999–2010. Diabetes Care 2012;35:1436–45.
74. Russell SJ, El-Khatib FH, Sinha M, et al. Outpatient glycemic control with a bionic pancreas in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2014;371:313–25.
75. Hartstra AV, Bouter KE, Bäckhed F, et al. Insights into the role of the microbiome in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2015;38:159–65.