메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 4, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 732-744

S-adenosylmethionine blocks osteosarcoma cells proliferation and invasion in vitro and tumor metastasis in vivo: Therapeutic and diagnostic clinical applications

Author keywords

DNA methylation; Gene expression; Osteosarcoma; Patients; Signaling pathways; Tumor progression

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE DERIVATIVE; ANTIMETASTATIC AGENT; ANTIMITOTIC AGENT; HOMOCYSTINE; PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA RECEPTOR; S ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTINE; S ADENOSYLMETHIONINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT;

EID: 84944889296     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20457634     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/cam4.386     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (49)

References (49)
  • 1
    • 84880827542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The adolescent and young adult with cancer: state of the art-bone tumors
    • Rainusso, N., L. L. Wang, and J. T. Yustein . 2013. The adolescent and young adult with cancer: state of the art-bone tumors. Curr. Oncol. Rep. 15:296-307.
    • (2013) Curr. Oncol. Rep. , vol.15 , pp. 296-307
    • Rainusso, N.1    Wang, L.L.2    Yustein, J.T.3
  • 2
    • 77953669219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The epidemiology of osteosarcoma
    • Ottaviani, G., and N. Jaffe . 2009. The epidemiology of osteosarcoma. Cancer Treat. Res. 152:3-13.
    • (2009) Cancer Treat. Res. , vol.152 , pp. 3-13
    • Ottaviani, G.1    Jaffe, N.2
  • 3
    • 0026503028 scopus 로고
    • Chemotherapy for nonmetastatic osteogenic sarcoma: the Memorial Sloan-Kettering experience
    • Meyers, P. A., G. Heller, J. Healey, A. Huvos, J. Lane, R. Marcove, et al. 1992. Chemotherapy for nonmetastatic osteogenic sarcoma: the Memorial Sloan-Kettering experience. J. Clin. Oncol. 10:5-15.
    • (1992) J. Clin. Oncol. , vol.10 , pp. 5-15
    • Meyers, P.A.1    Heller, G.2    Healey, J.3    Huvos, A.4    Lane, J.5    Marcove, R.6
  • 5
    • 0036467661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognostic factors in high-grade osteosarcoma of the extremities or trunk: an analysis of 1,702 patients treated on neoadjuvant cooperative osteosarcoma study group protocols
    • Bielack, S. S., B. Kempf-Bielack, G. Delling, G. U. Exner, S. Flege, K. Helmke, et al. 2002. Prognostic factors in high-grade osteosarcoma of the extremities or trunk: an analysis of 1, 702 patients treated on neoadjuvant cooperative osteosarcoma study group protocols. J. Clin. Oncol. 20:776-790.
    • (2002) J. Clin. Oncol. , vol.20 , pp. 776-790
    • Bielack, S.S.1    Kempf-Bielack, B.2    Delling, G.3    Exner, G.U.4    Flege, S.5    Helmke, K.6
  • 6
    • 32944462790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biology of osteogenic sarcoma
    • Wang, L. L. 2005. Biology of osteogenic sarcoma. Cancer J. 11:294-305.
    • (2005) Cancer J. , vol.11 , pp. 294-305
    • Wang, L.L.1
  • 7
    • 0035033404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current treatment of osteosarcoma
    • Ferguson, W. S., and A. M. Goorin . 2001. Current treatment of osteosarcoma. Cancer Invest. 19:292-315.
    • (2001) Cancer Invest. , vol.19 , pp. 292-315
    • Ferguson, W.S.1    Goorin, A.M.2
  • 8
    • 3543035771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biology and therapeutic advances for pediatric osteosarcoma
    • Marina, N., M. Gebhardt, L. Teot, and R. Gorlick . 2004. Biology and therapeutic advances for pediatric osteosarcoma. Oncologist 9:422-441.
    • (2004) Oncologist , vol.9 , pp. 422-441
    • Marina, N.1    Gebhardt, M.2    Teot, L.3    Gorlick, R.4
  • 9
    • 0030605691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preoperative and postoperative chemotherapy of osteogenic sarcoma of the limbs in children
    • Munoz Villa, A., G. Ocete, M. L. Aymerich, S. Maldonado, E. Otheo, M. Calvo, et al. 1996. Preoperative and postoperative chemotherapy of osteogenic sarcoma of the limbs in children. Med. Clin. (Barc.) 107:161-164.
    • (1996) Med. Clin. (Barc.) , vol.107 , pp. 161-164
    • Munoz Villa, A.1    Ocete, G.2    Aymerich, M.L.3    Maldonado, S.4    Otheo, E.5    Calvo, M.6
  • 11
    • 79952206283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epigenetic regulation of apoptosis and cell cycle in osteosarcoma
    • Rao-Bindal, K., and E. S. Kleinerman . 2011. Epigenetic regulation of apoptosis and cell cycle in osteosarcoma. Sarcoma 2011:679457.
    • (2011) Sarcoma , vol.2011 , pp. 679457
    • Rao-Bindal, K.1    Kleinerman, E.S.2
  • 12
    • 33947315736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cancer epigenomics: DNA methylomes and histone-modification maps
    • Esteller, M. 2007. Cancer epigenomics: DNA methylomes and histone-modification maps. Nat. Rev. Genet. 8:286-298.
    • (2007) Nat. Rev. Genet. , vol.8 , pp. 286-298
    • Esteller, M.1
  • 14
    • 43249116904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decitabine-induced demethylation of 5' CpG island in GADD45A leads to apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells
    • Al-Romaih, K., B. Sadikovic, M. Yoshimoto, Y. Wang, M. Zielenska, and J. A. Squire . 2008. Decitabine-induced demethylation of 5' CpG island in GADD45A leads to apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells. Neoplasia 10:471-480.
    • (2008) Neoplasia , vol.10 , pp. 471-480
    • Al-Romaih, K.1    Sadikovic, B.2    Yoshimoto, M.3    Wang, Y.4    Zielenska, M.5    Squire, J.A.6
  • 15
    • 84884170835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of epigenetic modulation for the treatment of sarcoma
    • Cote, G. M., and E. Choy . 2013. Role of epigenetic modulation for the treatment of sarcoma. Curr. Treat. Options Oncol. 14:454-464.
    • (2013) Curr. Treat. Options Oncol. , vol.14 , pp. 454-464
    • Cote, G.M.1    Choy, E.2
  • 17
    • 84934442822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determining the effect of DNA methylation on gene expression in cancer cells
    • Lee, C. J., J. Evans, K. Kim, H. Chae, and S. Kim . 2014. Determining the effect of DNA methylation on gene expression in cancer cells. Methods Mol. Biol. 1101:161-178.
    • (2014) Methods Mol. Biol. , vol.1101 , pp. 161-178
    • Lee, C.J.1    Evans, J.2    Kim, K.3    Chae, H.4    Kim, S.5
  • 19
    • 84875727940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epigenetics as a therapeutic target in breast cancer
    • Connolly, R., and V. Stearns . 2012. Epigenetics as a therapeutic target in breast cancer. J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia 17:191-204.
    • (2012) J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia , vol.17 , pp. 191-204
    • Connolly, R.1    Stearns, V.2
  • 20
    • 79251557812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of specific DNMT gene depletion on cancer cell transformation and breast cancer cell invasion; toward selective DNMT inhibitors
    • Chik, F., and M. Szyf . 2011. Effects of specific DNMT gene depletion on cancer cell transformation and breast cancer cell invasion; toward selective DNMT inhibitors. Carcinogenesis 32:224-232.
    • (2011) Carcinogenesis , vol.32 , pp. 224-232
    • Chik, F.1    Szyf, M.2
  • 21
    • 40149092689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacological inhibition of DNA methylation induces proinvasive and prometastatic genes in vitro and in vivo
    • Ateeq, B., A. Unterberger, M. Szyf, and S. A. Rabbani . 2008. Pharmacological inhibition of DNA methylation induces proinvasive and prometastatic genes in vitro and in vivo. Neoplasia 10:266-278.
    • (2008) Neoplasia , vol.10 , pp. 266-278
    • Ateeq, B.1    Unterberger, A.2    Szyf, M.3    Rabbani, S.A.4
  • 22
    • 3042658499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA demethylation and cancer: therapeutic implications
    • Szyf, M., P. Pakneshan, and S. A. Rabbani . 2004. DNA demethylation and cancer: therapeutic implications. Cancer Lett. 211:133-143.
    • (2004) Cancer Lett. , vol.211 , pp. 133-143
    • Szyf, M.1    Pakneshan, P.2    Rabbani, S.A.3
  • 24
    • 3843125363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reversal of the hypomethylation status of urokinase (uPA) promoter blocks breast cancer growth and metastasis
    • Pakneshan, P., M. Szyf, R. Farias-Eisner, and S. A. Rabbani . 2004. Reversal of the hypomethylation status of urokinase (uPA) promoter blocks breast cancer growth and metastasis. J. Biol. Chem. 279:31735-31744.
    • (2004) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.279 , pp. 31735-31744
    • Pakneshan, P.1    Szyf, M.2    Farias-Eisner, R.3    Rabbani, S.A.4
  • 25
    • 33749483782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alteration of the methylation status of tumor-promoting genes decreases prostate cancer cell invasiveness and tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo
    • Shukeir, N., P. Pakneshan, G. Chen, M. Szyf, and S. A. Rabbani . 2006. Alteration of the methylation status of tumor-promoting genes decreases prostate cancer cell invasiveness and tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res. 66:9202-9210.
    • (2006) Cancer Res. , vol.66 , pp. 9202-9210
    • Shukeir, N.1    Pakneshan, P.2    Chen, G.3    Szyf, M.4    Rabbani, S.A.5
  • 26
    • 0024536892 scopus 로고
    • Immunocytochemical analysis of estrogen receptors as a predictor of prognosis in breast cancer patients: comparison with quantitative biochemical methods
    • Kinsel, L. B., E. Szabo, G. L. Greene, J. Konrath, G. S. Leight, and K. S. McCarty, Jr. 1989. Immunocytochemical analysis of estrogen receptors as a predictor of prognosis in breast cancer patients: comparison with quantitative biochemical methods. Cancer Res. 49:1052-1056.
    • (1989) Cancer Res. , vol.49 , pp. 1052-1056
    • Kinsel, L.B.1    Szabo, E.2    Greene, G.L.3    Konrath, J.4    Leight, G.S.5    McCarty, K.S.6
  • 27
    • 84887016448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of EGFR protein expression by immunohistochemistry using H-score and the magnification rule: re-analysis of the SATURN study
    • Mazières, J., W. Brugger, F. Cappuzzo, P. Middel, A. Frosch, I. Bara, et al. 2013. Evaluation of EGFR protein expression by immunohistochemistry using H-score and the magnification rule: re-analysis of the SATURN study. Lung Cancer 82:231-237.
    • (2013) Lung Cancer , vol.82 , pp. 231-237
    • Mazières, J.1    Brugger, W.2    Cappuzzo, F.3    Middel, P.4    Frosch, A.5    Bara, I.6
  • 28
    • 84907063097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LRP5 knockdown: effect on prostate cancer invasion growth and skeletal metastasis in vitro and in vivo
    • Rabbani, S. A., A. Arakelian, and R. Farookhi . 2013. LRP5 knockdown: effect on prostate cancer invasion growth and skeletal metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Med. 2:625-635.
    • (2013) Cancer Med. , vol.2 , pp. 625-635
    • Rabbani, S.A.1    Arakelian, A.2    Farookhi, R.3
  • 29
    • 77957797120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An anti-urokinase plasminogen activator receptor antibody (ATN-658) blocks prostate cancer invasion, migration, growth, and experimental skeletal metastasis in vitro and in vivo
    • Rabbani, S. A., B. Ateeq, A. Arakelian, M. L. Valentino, D. E. Shaw, L. M. Dauffenbach, et al. 2010. An anti-urokinase plasminogen activator receptor antibody (ATN-658) blocks prostate cancer invasion, migration, growth, and experimental skeletal metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Neoplasia 12:778-788.
    • (2010) Neoplasia , vol.12 , pp. 778-788
    • Rabbani, S.A.1    Ateeq, B.2    Arakelian, A.3    Valentino, M.L.4    Shaw, D.E.5    Dauffenbach, L.M.6
  • 30
    • 77952203697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SKI-606 (Bosutinib) blocks prostate cancer invasion, growth, and metastasis in vitro and in vivo through regulation of genes involved in cancer growth and skeletal metastasis
    • Rabbani, S. A., M. L. Valentino, A. Arakelian, S. Ali, and F. Boschelli . 2010. SKI-606 (Bosutinib) blocks prostate cancer invasion, growth, and metastasis in vitro and in vivo through regulation of genes involved in cancer growth and skeletal metastasis. Mol. Cancer Ther. 9:1147-1157.
    • (2010) Mol. Cancer Ther. , vol.9 , pp. 1147-1157
    • Rabbani, S.A.1    Valentino, M.L.2    Arakelian, A.3    Ali, S.4    Boschelli, F.5
  • 31
    • 33749577839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A non-RGD-based integrin binding peptide (ATN-161) blocks breast cancer growth and metastasis in vivo
    • Khalili, P., A. Arakelian, G. Chen, M. L. Plunkett, I. Beck, G. C. Parry, et al. 2006. A non-RGD-based integrin binding peptide (ATN-161) blocks breast cancer growth and metastasis in vivo. Mol. Cancer Ther. 5:2271-2280.
    • (2006) Mol. Cancer Ther. , vol.5 , pp. 2271-2280
    • Khalili, P.1    Arakelian, A.2    Chen, G.3    Plunkett, M.L.4    Beck, I.5    Parry, G.C.6
  • 32
    • 27144546775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of Herceptin on the development and progression of skeletal metastases in a xenograft model of human breast cancer
    • Khalili, P., A. Arakelian, G. Chen, G. Singh, and S. A. Rabbani . 2005. Effect of Herceptin on the development and progression of skeletal metastases in a xenograft model of human breast cancer. Oncogene 24:6657-6666.
    • (2005) Oncogene , vol.24 , pp. 6657-6666
    • Khalili, P.1    Arakelian, A.2    Chen, G.3    Singh, G.4    Rabbani, S.A.5
  • 33
    • 40149087207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous administration of the conditionally replicative adenovirus Ad5-Delta24RGD induces regression of osteosarcoma lung metastases
    • Graat, H. C., V. W. van Beusechem, F. H. Schagen, M. A. Witlox, E. S. Kleinerman, M. N. Helder, et al. 2008. Intravenous administration of the conditionally replicative adenovirus Ad5-Delta24RGD induces regression of osteosarcoma lung metastases. Mol. Cancer. 7:9.
    • (2008) Mol. Cancer. , vol.7 , pp. 9
    • Graat, H.C.1    van Beusechem, V.W.2    Schagen, F.H.3    Witlox, M.A.4    Kleinerman, E.S.5    Helder, M.N.6
  • 34
    • 79959989554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A KDR-binding peptide (ST100,059) can block angiogenesis, melanoma tumor growth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo
    • Rastelli, L., M. L. Valentino, M. C. Minderman, J. Landin, U. M. Malyankar, M. K. Lescoe, et al. 2011. A KDR-binding peptide (ST100, 059) can block angiogenesis, melanoma tumor growth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Int. J. Oncol. 39:401-408.
    • (2011) Int. J. Oncol. , vol.39 , pp. 401-408
    • Rastelli, L.1    Valentino, M.L.2    Minderman, M.C.3    Landin, J.4    Malyankar, U.M.5    Lescoe, M.K.6
  • 35
    • 77957759237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multigene predictor of metastatic outcome in early stage hormone receptor-negative and triple-negative breast cancer
    • Yau, C., L. Esserman, D. H. Moore, F. Waldman, J. Sninsky, and C. C. Benz . 2010. A multigene predictor of metastatic outcome in early stage hormone receptor-negative and triple-negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 12:R85.
    • (2010) Breast Cancer Res. , vol.12 , pp. R85
    • Yau, C.1    Esserman, L.2    Moore, D.H.3    Waldman, F.4    Sninsky, J.5    Benz, C.C.6
  • 36
    • 4644319204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stem cells and cancer; the polycomb connection
    • Valk-Lingbeek, M. E., S. W. Bruggeman, and M. van Lohuizen . 2004. Stem cells and cancer; the polycomb connection. Cell 118:409-418.
    • (2004) Cell , vol.118 , pp. 409-418
    • Valk-Lingbeek, M.E.1    Bruggeman, S.W.2    van Lohuizen, M.3
  • 37
    • 13244279419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of polycomb group proteins in stem cell self-renewal and cancer
    • Gil, J., D. Bernard, and G. Peters . 2005. Role of polycomb group proteins in stem cell self-renewal and cancer. DNA Cell Biol. 24:117-125.
    • (2005) DNA Cell Biol. , vol.24 , pp. 117-125
    • Gil, J.1    Bernard, D.2    Peters, G.3
  • 38
    • 84882453524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BMP-specific SMADs function as novel repressors of PDGFA and modulate its expression in ovarian granulosa cells and tumors
    • Tripurani, S. K., R. W. Cook, K. W. Eldin, and S. A. Pangas . 2013. BMP-specific SMADs function as novel repressors of PDGFA and modulate its expression in ovarian granulosa cells and tumors. Oncogene 32:3877-3885.
    • (2013) Oncogene , vol.32 , pp. 3877-3885
    • Tripurani, S.K.1    Cook, R.W.2    Eldin, K.W.3    Pangas, S.A.4
  • 40
    • 0038080948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine inhibits active demethylation of DNA: a candidate novel mechanism for the pharmacological effects of S-adenosylmethionine
    • Detich, N., S. Hamm, G. Just, J. D. Knox, and M. Szyf . 2003. The methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine inhibits active demethylation of DNA: a candidate novel mechanism for the pharmacological effects of S-adenosylmethionine. J. Biol. Chem. 278:20812-20820.
    • (2003) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.278 , pp. 20812-20820
    • Detich, N.1    Hamm, S.2    Just, G.3    Knox, J.D.4    Szyf, M.5
  • 41
    • 84888328750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • VEGF targets the tumour cell
    • Goel, H. L., and A. M. Mercurio . 2013. VEGF targets the tumour cell. Nat. Rev. Cancer 13:871-882.
    • (2013) Nat. Rev. Cancer , vol.13 , pp. 871-882
    • Goel, H.L.1    Mercurio, A.M.2
  • 42
    • 84878308272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The apparent uPA/PAI-1 paradox in cancer: more than meets the eye
    • Kwaan, H. C., A. P. Mazar, and B. J. McMahon . 2013. The apparent uPA/PAI-1 paradox in cancer: more than meets the eye. Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 39:382-391.
    • (2013) Semin. Thromb. Hemost. , vol.39 , pp. 382-391
    • Kwaan, H.C.1    Mazar, A.P.2    McMahon, B.J.3
  • 43
    • 84876817355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond TGFbeta: roles of other TGFbeta superfamily members in cancer
    • Wakefield, L. M., and C. S. Hill . 2013. Beyond TGFbeta: roles of other TGFbeta superfamily members in cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 13:328-341.
    • (2013) Nat. Rev. Cancer , vol.13 , pp. 328-341
    • Wakefield, L.M.1    Hill, C.S.2
  • 44
    • 84876923776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The RUNX family in breast cancer: relationships with estrogen signaling
    • Chimge, N. O., and B. Frenkel . 2013. The RUNX family in breast cancer: relationships with estrogen signaling. Oncogene 32:2121-2130.
    • (2013) Oncogene , vol.32 , pp. 2121-2130
    • Chimge, N.O.1    Frenkel, B.2
  • 45
    • 33845931845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smad4-dependent regulation of urokinase plasminogen activator secretion and RNA stability associated with invasiveness by autocrine and paracrine transforming growth factor-beta
    • Shiou, S. R., P. K. Datta, P. Dhawan, B. K. Law, J. M. Yingling, D. A. Dixon, et al. 2006. Smad4-dependent regulation of urokinase plasminogen activator secretion and RNA stability associated with invasiveness by autocrine and paracrine transforming growth factor-beta. J. Biol. Chem. 281:33971-33981.
    • (2006) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.281 , pp. 33971-33981
    • Shiou, S.R.1    Datta, P.K.2    Dhawan, P.3    Law, B.K.4    Yingling, J.M.5    Dixon, D.A.6
  • 46
    • 76849112495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Runx2 association with progression of prostate cancer in patients: mechanisms mediating bone osteolysis and osteoblastic metastatic lesions
    • Akech, J., J. J. Wixted, K. Bedard, M. van der Deen, S. Hussain, T. A. Guise, et al. 2010. Runx2 association with progression of prostate cancer in patients: mechanisms mediating bone osteolysis and osteoblastic metastatic lesions. Oncogene 29:811-821.
    • (2010) Oncogene , vol.29 , pp. 811-821
    • Akech, J.1    Wixted, J.J.2    Bedard, K.3    van der Deen, M.4    Hussain, S.5    Guise, T.A.6
  • 48
    • 82655181921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overexpression of PDGFA and its receptor during carcinogenesis of Opisthorchis viverrini-associated cholangiocarcinoma
    • Boonjaraspinyo, S., Z. Wu, T. Boonmars, S. Kaewkes, W. Loilome, P. Sithithaworn, et al. 2012. Overexpression of PDGFA and its receptor during carcinogenesis of Opisthorchis viverrini-associated cholangiocarcinoma. Parasitol. Int. 61:145-150.
    • (2012) Parasitol. Int. , vol.61 , pp. 145-150
    • Boonjaraspinyo, S.1    Wu, Z.2    Boonmars, T.3    Kaewkes, S.4    Loilome, W.5    Sithithaworn, P.6
  • 49
    • 70249091030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression, mutation and copy number analysis of platelet-derived growth factor receptor A (PDGFRA) and its ligand PDGFA in gliomas
    • Martinho, O., A. Longatto-Filho, M. B. Lambros, A. Martins, C. Pinheiro, A. Silva, et al. 2009. Expression, mutation and copy number analysis of platelet-derived growth factor receptor A (PDGFRA) and its ligand PDGFA in gliomas. Br. J. Cancer 101:973-982.
    • (2009) Br. J. Cancer , vol.101 , pp. 973-982
    • Martinho, O.1    Longatto-Filho, A.2    Lambros, M.B.3    Martins, A.4    Pinheiro, C.5    Silva, A.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.