메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 26, Issue , 2015, Pages 57-86

Sex-based differences in multiple sclerosis (MS): Part II: Rising incidence of multiple sclerosis in women and the vulnerability of men to progression of this disease

Author keywords

Axon degeneration; Cognition; Environmental influence; Incidence; Magnetic resonance imaging; Multiple sclerosis; Neuroprotection; Pathology; Progression; Remyelination; Sex difference

Indexed keywords

ANDROSTANOLONE; CALCITRIOL; COLECALCIFEROL; SATURATED FATTY ACID; SEX HORMONE; TESTOSTERONE; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 7; VITAMIN D;

EID: 84943622393     PISSN: 18663370     EISSN: 18663389     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/7854_2015_370     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (42)

References (174)
  • 1
    • 0016286995 scopus 로고
    • Diet and the geographic distribution of multiple sclerosis
    • Agranoff BW, Goldberg D (1974) Diet and the geographic distribution of multiple sclerosis. Lancet 2:1061-1066
    • (1974) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1061-1066
    • Agranoff, B.W.1    Goldberg, D.2
  • 2
    • 84943605998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of puberty in females on autoimmune risk: Insights from studies in childhood onset multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Dec 22 piii 13524585 14551453
    • Ahn JJ, O’Mahoney J, Moshkova M et al (2014) Influence of puberty in females on autoimmune risk: insights from studies in childhood onset multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Mult Scler, Dec 22 piii 13524585 14551453
    • (2014) Mult Scler
    • Ahn, J.J.1    O’Mahoney, J.2    Moshkova, M.3
  • 3
    • 0031984050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender-linked brain injury in experimental stroke
    • Alkayed NJ, Harukuni I, Kimes AS et al (1998) Gender-linked brain injury in experimental stroke. Stroke 29:159-165
    • (1998) Stroke , vol.29 , pp. 159-165
    • Alkayed, N.J.1    Harukuni, I.2    Kimes, A.S.3
  • 4
    • 47549090868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal trends in the incidence of multiple sclerosis: A systemic review
    • Alonso A, Hernan MA (2008) Temporal trends in the incidence of multiple sclerosis: a systemic review. Neurology 71:129-135
    • (2008) Neurology , vol.71 , pp. 129-135
    • Alonso, A.1    Hernan, M.A.2
  • 5
    • 25144463912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent use of oral contraceptives and the risk of multiple sclerosis
    • Alonso A, Jick SS, Olek MJ et al (2005) Recent use of oral contraceptives and the risk of multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 62:1362-1365
    • (2005) Arch Neurol , vol.62 , pp. 1362-1365
    • Alonso, A.1    Jick, S.S.2    Olek, M.J.3
  • 6
    • 84893220500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing prevalence and incidence rates of multiple sclerosis
    • Alroughani R, Ahmed SF, Behbahani R et al (2014) Increasing prevalence and incidence rates of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 20:543-547
    • (2014) Mult Scler , vol.20 , pp. 543-547
    • Alroughani, R.1    Ahmed, S.F.2    Behbahani, R.3
  • 7
    • 61849129245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender-related differences in MS: A study of conventional and nonconventional MRI measures
    • Antulov R, Weinstock-Guttman B, Cox JL et al (2009) Gender-related differences in MS: a study of conventional and nonconventional MRI measures. Mult Scler 15:345-354
    • (2009) Mult Scler , vol.15 , pp. 345-354
    • Antulov, R.1    Weinstock-Guttman, B.2    Cox, J.L.3
  • 8
    • 34247590137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part I: The role of infection
    • Ascherio A, Munger KL (2007a) Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part I: the role of infection. Ann Neurol 61:288-299
    • (2007) Ann Neurol , vol.61 , pp. 288-299
    • Ascherio, A.1    Munger, K.L.2
  • 9
    • 34447508481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part II: Noninfectious factors
    • Ascherio A, Munger KL (2007b) Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part II: Noninfectious factors. Ann Neurol 61:504-513
    • (2007) Ann Neurol , vol.61 , pp. 504-513
    • Ascherio, A.1    Munger, K.L.2
  • 10
    • 0035956494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epstein-Barr virus antibodies and risk of multiple sclerosis: A prospective study
    • Ascherio A, Munger KL, Lennette ET et al (2001) Epstein-Barr virus antibodies and risk of multiple sclerosis: a prospective study. JAMA 286:3083-3088
    • (2001) JAMA , vol.286 , pp. 3083-3088
    • Ascherio, A.1    Munger, K.L.2    Lennette, E.T.3
  • 11
    • 84868535570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The initiation and prevention of multiple sclerosis
    • Ascherio A, Munger KL, Lunemann JD (2012) The initiation and prevention of multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 8:602-612
    • (2012) Nat Rev Neurol , vol.8 , pp. 602-612
    • Ascherio, A.1    Munger, K.L.2    Lunemann, J.D.3
  • 12
    • 0037136537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of infections on susceptibility to autoimmune and allergic diseases
    • Bach JF (2002) The effect of infections on susceptibility to autoimmune and allergic diseases. N Engl J Med 347:911-920
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.347 , pp. 911-920
    • Bach, J.F.1
  • 13
    • 0001710321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MRI in multiple sclerosis: Correlation with expanded disability scale (EDSS)
    • Barkhof F (1999) MRI in multiple sclerosis: correlation with expanded disability scale (EDSS). Mult Scler 5:283-286
    • (1999) Mult Scler , vol.5 , pp. 283-286
    • Barkhof, F.1
  • 14
    • 27644443197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting gadolinium enhancement status in MS patients eligible for randomized clinical trials
    • Barkhof F, Held U, Simon JH et al (2005) Predicting gadolinium enhancement status in MS patients eligible for randomized clinical trials. Neurology 65:1447-1454
    • (2005) Neurology , vol.65 , pp. 1447-1454
    • Barkhof, F.1    Held, U.2    Simon, J.H.3
  • 15
    • 0037851026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis
    • Beatty WW, Aupperle RL (2002) Sex differences in cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. Clin Neuropsychol 16:472-480
    • (2002) Clin Neuropsychol , vol.16 , pp. 472-480
    • Beatty, W.W.1    Aupperle, R.L.2
  • 16
    • 79958223011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for and management of cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis
    • Benedict RH, Zivadinov R (2011) Risk factors for and management of cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 7:332-342
    • (2011) Nat Rev Neurol , vol.7 , pp. 332-342
    • Benedict, R.H.1    Zivadinov, R.2
  • 17
    • 55749105400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gene expression changes in the course of normal brain aging are sexually dimorphic
    • Berchtold NC, Cribbs DH, Coleman PD et al (2008) Gene expression changes in the course of normal brain aging are sexually dimorphic. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:15605-15610
    • (2008) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.105 , pp. 15605-15610
    • Berchtold, N.C.1    Cribbs, D.H.2    Coleman, P.D.3
  • 18
    • 84901484330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sun exposure and multiple sclerosis risk in Norway and Italy: The EnvIMS study
    • Bjornevik K, Riise T, Casetta I et al (2014) Sun exposure and multiple sclerosis risk in Norway and Italy: the EnvIMS study. Mult Scler 20:1042-1049
    • (2014) Mult Scler , vol.20 , pp. 1042-1049
    • Bjornevik, K.1    Riise, T.2    Casetta, I.3
  • 19
    • 0042123685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intracortical multiple sclerosis lesions are not associated with increased lymphocyte infiltration
    • Bo L, Vedeler CA, Nyland H et al (2003) Intracortical multiple sclerosis lesions are not associated with increased lymphocyte infiltration. Mult Scler 9:323-331
    • (2003) Mult Scler , vol.9 , pp. 323-331
    • Bo, L.1    Vedeler, C.A.2    Nyland, H.3
  • 20
    • 49649121318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in a transgenic rat model of Huntington’s disease: Decreased 17 beta-estradiol levels correlate with reduced numbers of DARPP32+ neurons in males
    • Bode FJ, Stephan M, Suhling H et al (2008) Sex differences in a transgenic rat model of Huntington’s disease: decreased 17 beta-estradiol levels correlate with reduced numbers of DARPP32+ neurons in males. Hum Mol Genet 17:2595-2609
    • (2008) Hum Mol Genet , vol.17 , pp. 2595-2609
    • Bode, F.J.1    Stephan, M.2    Suhling, H.3
  • 21
    • 84871644832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex ratio of multiple sclerosis in the National Swedish MS register (SMSreg)
    • Bostrom I, Stawiarz L, Landtblom AM (2013) Sex ratio of multiple sclerosis in the National Swedish MS register (SMSreg). Mult Scler 19:46-52
    • (2013) Mult Scler , vol.19 , pp. 46-52
    • Bostrom, I.1    Stawiarz, L.2    Landtblom, A.M.3
  • 22
    • 84886092999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual disparities in the incidence and course of MS. Clin Immunol 149:201-210 Bronnum-Hansen H, Koch-Henriksen N, Stenager E et al (2004) Trends in survival and cause of death in Danish patients with multiple sclerosis
    • Bove R, Chitnis T (2013) Sexual disparities in the incidence and course of MS. Clin Immunol 149:201-210 Bronnum-Hansen H, Koch-Henriksen N, Stenager E et al (2004) Trends in survival and cause of death in Danish patients with multiple sclerosis. Brain 127:844-850
    • (2013) Brain , vol.127 , pp. 844-850
    • Bove, R.1    Chitnis, T.2
  • 23
    • 0030780349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inflammatory central nervous system demyelination: Correlation with magnetic resonance imaging findings with lesion pathology
    • Bruck W, Bitsch A, Kolenda H et al (1997) Inflammatory central nervous system demyelination: correlation with magnetic resonance imaging findings with lesion pathology. Ann Neurol 42:783-793
    • (1997) Ann Neurol , vol.42 , pp. 783-793
    • Bruck, W.1    Bitsch, A.2    Kolenda, H.3
  • 24
    • 0029821239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DeLuca HF (1996) 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 reversibly blocks the progression of relapsing encephalomyelitis, a model of multiple sclerosis
    • Cantorna MT, Hayes CE, DeLuca HF (1996) 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 reversibly blocks the progression of relapsing encephalomyelitis, a model of multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:7861-7864
    • Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.93 , pp. 7861-7864
    • Cantorna, M.T.1    Hayes, C.E.2
  • 25
    • 84901036074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subcortical deep gray matter pathology in patients with multiple sclerosis is associated with white matter lesion burden and atrophy but not with cortical atrophy: A diffusion tensor MRI study
    • Cappellani R, Bergsland N, Weinstock-Guttman B et al (2014) Subcortical deep gray matter pathology in patients with multiple sclerosis is associated with white matter lesion burden and atrophy but not with cortical atrophy: a diffusion tensor MRI study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 35:912-919
    • (2014) AJNR am J Neuroradiol , vol.35 , pp. 912-919
    • Cappellani, R.1    Bergsland, N.2    Weinstock-Guttman, B.3
  • 26
    • 84863663099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gammaherpesvirus latency accentuates EAE pathogenesis: Relevance to Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis
    • Casiraghi C, Shanina I, Cho S et al (2012) Gammaherpesvirus latency accentuates EAE pathogenesis: relevance to Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis. PLoS Pathog 8(5): e1002715
    • (2012) Plos Pathog 8(5)
    • Casiraghi, C.1    Shanina, I.2    Cho, S.3
  • 27
    • 0035726541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis in Oslo, Norway: Prevalence on 1 January 1995 and incidence over a 25-year period
    • Celius EG, Vandvik B (2001) Multiple sclerosis in Oslo, Norway: prevalence on 1 January 1995 and incidence over a 25-year period. Eur J Neurol 8:463-469
    • (2001) Eur J Neurol , vol.8 , pp. 463-469
    • Celius, E.G.1    Vandvik, B.2
  • 28
    • 32544454801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proliferation and death of oligodendrocytes and myelin proteins are differentially regulated in male and female rodents
    • Cerghet M, Skoff RP, Bessert D et al (2006) Proliferation and death of oligodendrocytes and myelin proteins are differentially regulated in male and female rodents. J Neurosci 26:1439-1447
    • (2006) J Neurosci , vol.26 , pp. 1439-1447
    • Cerghet, M.1    Skoff, R.P.2    Bessert, D.3
  • 29
    • 84884543234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disease-modifying treatments for progressive multiple sclerosis
    • Comi G (2013) Disease-modifying treatments for progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 19:1428-1436
    • (2013) Mult Scler , vol.19 , pp. 1428-1436
    • Comi, G.1
  • 30
    • 0018942701 scopus 로고
    • Course and prognosis of multiple sclerosis assessed by the computerized data processing of 349 patients
    • Confavreux C, Aimard G, Devic M (1980) Course and prognosis of multiple sclerosis assessed by the computerized data processing of 349 patients. Brain 103:281-300
    • (1980) Brain , vol.103 , pp. 281-300
    • Confavreux, C.1    Aimard, G.2    Devic, M.3
  • 31
    • 0037379402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early clinical predictors and progression of irreversible disability in multiple sclerosis: An amnesic process
    • Confavreux C, Vukusic S, Adeleine P (2003) Early clinical predictors and progression of irreversible disability in multiple sclerosis: an amnesic process. Brain 126:770-782
    • (2003) Brain , vol.126 , pp. 770-782
    • Confavreux, C.1    Vukusic, S.2    Adeleine, P.3
  • 32
    • 78049509828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 immunomodulatory effects in multiple sclerosis patients and healthy subjects
    • Correale J, Ysrraelit MC, Gaitan MI (2010) Gender differences in 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 immunomodulatory effects in multiple sclerosis patients and healthy subjects. J Immunol 185:4948-4958
    • (2010) J Immunol , vol.185 , pp. 4948-4958
    • Correale, J.1    Ysrraelit, M.C.2    Gaitan, M.I.3
  • 33
    • 84943625856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Female gender and reproductive factors affecting risk, relapses, and progression in multiple sclerosis
    • D’Hooghe MB, D’Hooghe T, De Keyser J (2013) Female gender and reproductive factors affecting risk, relapses, and progression in multiple sclerosis. Gynecol Obstet Invest 259:855-861
    • (2013) Gynecol Obstet Invest , vol.259 , pp. 855-861
    • D’Hooghe, M.B.1    D’Hooghe, T.2    De Keyser, J.3
  • 34
    • 2542577815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis in Nord-Trondelag County, Norway: A prevalence and incidence study
    • Dahl OP, Aarseth JH, Myrh KM et al (2004) Multiple sclerosis in Nord-Trondelag County, Norway: a prevalence and incidence study. Acta Neurol Scand 109:378-384
    • (2004) Acta Neurol Scand , vol.109 , pp. 378-384
    • Dahl, O.P.1    Aarseth, J.H.2    Myrh, K.M.3
  • 35
    • 84870915416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognostic indicators for long-term disability in multiple sclerosis patients
    • Damasceno A, Von Glehn F, Brandao CO et al (2013) Prognostic indicators for long-term disability in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neurol Sci 324:29-33
    • (2013) J Neurol Sci , vol.324 , pp. 29-33
    • Damasceno, A.1    Von Glehn, F.2    Brandao, C.O.3
  • 36
    • 0037426402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of early cortical atrophy in MS: Relevance to white matter changes and disability
    • De Stefano N, Matthews PM, Filippi M et al (2003) Evidence of early cortical atrophy in MS: relevance to white matter changes and disability. Neurology 60:1157-1162
    • (2003) Neurology , vol.60 , pp. 1157-1162
    • De Stefano, N.1    Matthews, P.M.2    Filippi, M.3
  • 37
    • 70349761230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender as a prognostic factor and its impact on the incidence of multiple sclerosis in Lorraine, France
    • Debouverie M (2009) Gender as a prognostic factor and its impact on the incidence of multiple sclerosis in Lorraine, France. J Neurol Sci 286:14-17
    • (2009) J Neurol Sci , vol.286 , pp. 14-17
    • Debouverie, M.1
  • 38
    • 49549118231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural history of multiple sclerosis in a population-based cohort
    • Debouverie M, Pittion-Vouyovitch S, Louis S et al (2008) Natural history of multiple sclerosis in a population-based cohort. Eur J Neurol 15:916-921
    • (2008) Eur J Neurol , vol.15 , pp. 916-921
    • Debouverie, M.1    Pittion-Vouyovitch, S.2    Louis, S.3
  • 39
    • 84876916606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review: The role of vitamin D in nervous system health and disease
    • DeLuca GC, Kimball SM, Kolasinski J et al (2013) Review: the role of vitamin D in nervous system health and disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 39:458-484
    • (2013) Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol , vol.39 , pp. 458-484
    • Deluca, G.C.1    Kimball, S.M.2    Kolasinski, J.3
  • 40
    • 84894319133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Y sex chromosome complement, compared with XX, in the CNS confers greater neurodegeneration during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Du S, Itoh N, Askarinam S et al (2014) Y sex chromosome complement, compared with XX, in the CNS confers greater neurodegeneration during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:2806-2811
    • (2014) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.111 , pp. 2806-2811
    • Du, S.1    Itoh, N.2    Askarinam, S.3
  • 41
    • 33644817756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial dysfunction as a cause of axonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis patients
    • Dutta R, McDonough J, Yin X et al (2006) Mitochondrial dysfunction as a cause of axonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis patients. Ann Neurol 59:478-489
    • (2006) Ann Neurol , vol.59 , pp. 478-489
    • Dutta, R.1    McDonough, J.2    Yin, X.3
  • 42
    • 79954598449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 20-year incidence trend (1989-2008) and point prevalence (March 20, 2009) of multiple sclerosis in Tehran, Iran: A population-based study
    • Elhami SR, Mohammad K, Sahraian MA et al (2011) A 20-year incidence trend (1989-2008) and point prevalence (March 20, 2009) of multiple sclerosis in Tehran, Iran: a population-based study. Neuroepidemiology 36:141-147
    • (2011) Neuroepidemiology , vol.36 , pp. 141-147
    • Elhami, S.R.1    Mohammad, K.2    Sahraian, M.A.3
  • 43
    • 0029144812 scopus 로고
    • Nutrition, latitude, and multiple sclerosis mortality: An ecologic study
    • Esparza ML, Sasaki S, Kestelott H (1995) Nutrition, latitude, and multiple sclerosis mortality: an ecologic study. Am J Epidemiol 142:733-737
    • (1995) Am J Epidemiol , vol.142 , pp. 733-737
    • Esparza, M.L.1    Sasaki, S.2    Kestelott, H.3
  • 44
    • 54849431166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gray matter atrophy in multiple sclerosis: A longitudinal study
    • Fisher E, Lee JC, Nakamura K et al (2008) Gray matter atrophy in multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal study. Ann Neurol 64:255-265
    • (2008) Ann Neurol , vol.64 , pp. 255-265
    • Fisher, E.1    Lee, J.C.2    Nakamura, K.3
  • 45
    • 54849431592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gray matter atrophy is related to long-term disability in multiple sclerosis
    • Fisniku LK, Chard DT, Jackson JS et al (2008) Gray matter atrophy is related to long-term disability in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 64:247-254
    • (2008) Ann Neurol , vol.64 , pp. 247-254
    • Fisniku, L.K.1    Chard, D.T.2    Jackson, J.S.3
  • 46
    • 33847639785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The hygiene hypothesis and multiple sclerosis
    • Fleming J, Fabry Z (2007) The hygiene hypothesis and multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 61:85-89
    • (2007) Ann Neurol , vol.61 , pp. 85-89
    • Fleming, J.1    Fabry, Z.2
  • 47
    • 54249124952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remyelination in the CNS: From biology to therapy
    • Franklin RJ, Ffrench-Constant C (2008) Remyelination in the CNS: from biology to therapy. Nat Rev Neurosci 9:839-855
    • (2008) Nat Rev Neurosci , vol.9 , pp. 839-855
    • Franklin, R.J.1    Ffrench-Constant, C.2
  • 48
    • 0033372792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal cord axonal loss in multiple sclerosis: A post-mortem study
    • Ganter P, Prince C, Esiri MM (1999) Spinal cord axonal loss in multiple sclerosis: a post-mortem study. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 25:459-467
    • (1999) Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol , vol.25 , pp. 459-467
    • Ganter, P.1    Prince, C.2    Esiri, M.M.3
  • 49
    • 0031731258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutritional factors in the aetiology of multiple sclerosis: A case-control study in Montreal, Canada
    • Ghadirian P, Jain M, Ducic S et al (1998) Nutritional factors in the aetiology of multiple sclerosis: a case-control study in Montreal, Canada. Int J Epidemiol 27:845-852
    • (1998) Int J Epidemiol , vol.27 , pp. 845-852
    • Ghadirian, P.1    Jain, M.2    Ducic, S.3
  • 50
    • 67650079567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remyelination capacity of the MS brain decreases with disease chronicity
    • Goldschmidt T, Antel J, Konig FB et al (2009) Remyelination capacity of the MS brain decreases with disease chronicity. Neurology 72:1914-1921
    • (2009) Neurology , vol.72 , pp. 1914-1921
    • Goldschmidt, T.1    Antel, J.2    Konig, F.B.3
  • 51
    • 37749011271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis in the province of Ferrara: Evidence for an increasing trend
    • Granieri E, Economou NT, De Gennaro R et al (2007) Multiple sclerosis in the province of Ferrara: evidence for an increasing trend. J Neurol 254:1642-1648
    • (2007) J Neurol , vol.254 , pp. 1642-1648
    • Granieri, E.1    Economou, N.T.2    De Gennaro, R.3
  • 52
    • 33644897626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 50-year follow-up of the incidence of multiple sclerosis in Hordaland County, Norway
    • Grytten N, Glad SB, Aaeseth JH et al (2006) A 50-year follow-up of the incidence of multiple sclerosis in Hordaland County, Norway. Neurology 66:182-186
    • (2006) Neurology , vol.66 , pp. 182-186
    • Grytten, N.1    Glad, S.B.2    Aaeseth, J.H.3
  • 53
    • 0033562871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in brain gray and white matter in healthy young adults: Correlations with cognitive performance
    • Gur RC, Turetsky BI, Matsui M et al (1999) Sex differences in brain gray and white matter in healthy young adults: correlations with cognitive performance. J Neurosci 19:4065-4072
    • (1999) J Neurosci , vol.19 , pp. 4065-4072
    • Gur, R.C.1    Turetsky, B.I.2    Matsui, M.3
  • 54
    • 34548741825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
    • Hader WJ, Yee IM (2007) Incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Neurology 69:1224-1229
    • (2007) Neurology , vol.69 , pp. 1224-1229
    • Hader, W.J.1    Yee, I.M.2
  • 55
    • 0032788240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Benign multiple sclerosis? Clinical course, long term follow up, and assessment of prognostic factors
    • Hawkins SA, McDonnell GV (1999) Benign multiple sclerosis? Clinical course, long term follow up, and assessment of prognostic factors. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 67:148-152
    • (1999) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.67 , pp. 148-152
    • Hawkins, S.A.1    McDonnell, G.V.2
  • 56
    • 70349305736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tobacco smoking, but not Swedish snuff use, increases the risk of multiple sclerosis
    • Hedstrom AK, Baarnhielm M, Olsson T et al (2009) Tobacco smoking, but not Swedish snuff use, increases the risk of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 73:696-701
    • (2009) Neurology , vol.73 , pp. 696-701
    • Hedstrom, A.K.1    Baarnhielm, M.2    Olsson, T.3
  • 57
    • 84866034486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High body mass index before age 20 is associated with increased risk for multiple sclerosis in both men and women
    • Hedstrom AK, Olsson T, Alfredsson L (2012) High body mass index before age 20 is associated with increased risk for multiple sclerosis in both men and women. Mult Scler 18:1334-1336
    • (2012) Mult Scler , vol.18 , pp. 1334-1336
    • Hedstrom, A.K.1    Olsson, T.2    Alfredsson, L.3
  • 58
    • 0034718463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral contraceptives and the incidence of multiple sclerosis
    • Hernan MA, Hohol MJ, Olek MJ et al (2000) Oral contraceptives and the incidence of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 55:848-854
    • (2000) Neurology , vol.55 , pp. 848-854
    • Hernan, M.A.1    Hohol, M.J.2    Olek, M.J.3
  • 59
    • 0035400165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoking and incidence of multiple sclerosis
    • Hernan MA, Olek MJ, Ascherio A (2001) Cigarette smoking and incidence of multiple sclerosis. Am J Epidemiol 154:69-74
    • (2001) Am J Epidemiol , vol.154 , pp. 69-74
    • Hernan, M.A.1    Olek, M.J.2    Ascherio, A.3
  • 60
    • 80052927697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meningeal inflammation is widespread and linked to cortical pathology in multiple sclerosis
    • Howell OW, Reeves CA, Nicholas R et al (2011) Meningeal inflammation is widespread and linked to cortical pathology in multiple sclerosis. Brain 134:2755-2771
    • (2011) Brain , vol.134 , pp. 2755-2771
    • Howell, O.W.1    Reeves, C.A.2    Nicholas, R.3
  • 61
    • 84896503846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transcriptomic profile reveals gender-specific molecular mechanisms driving multiple sclerosis progression
    • Irizar H, Munoz-Culla M, Sepulveda L et al (2014) Transcriptomic profile reveals gender-specific molecular mechanisms driving multiple sclerosis progression. PLoS ONE 9:e90482
    • (2014) Plos ONE , vol.90482 , pp. 9
    • Irizar, H.1    Munoz-Culla, M.2    Sepulveda, L.3
  • 63
    • 84878879221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex ratio of multiple sclerosis in persons born from 1930 to 1979 and its relation to latitude in Norway
    • Kampman MT, Aarseth JH, Grytten N et al (2013) Sex ratio of multiple sclerosis in persons born from 1930 to 1979 and its relation to latitude in Norway. J Neurol 260:1481-1488
    • (2013) J Neurol , vol.260 , pp. 1481-1488
    • Kampman, M.T.1    Aarseth, J.H.2    Grytten, N.3
  • 64
    • 0031750982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Survival and predictors of disability in Turkish MS patients. Turkish Multiple Sclerosis Study Group (TUMSSG)
    • Kantarci O, Siva A, Eraksoy M et al (1998) Survival and predictors of disability in Turkish MS patients. Turkish Multiple Sclerosis Study Group (TUMSSG). Neurology 51:765-772
    • (1998) Neurology , vol.51 , pp. 765-772
    • Kantarci, O.1    Siva, A.2    Eraksoy, M.3
  • 65
    • 0033586376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictive value of gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for relapse rate and changes in disability or cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: A meta-analysis. Gadolinium MRI Meta-analysis group
    • Kappos L, Moeri D, Radue EW et al (1999) Predictive value of gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for relapse rate and changes in disability or cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Gadolinium MRI Meta-analysis group. Lancet 353:964-999
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.353 , pp. 964-999
    • Kappos, L.1    Moeri, D.2    Radue, E.W.3
  • 66
    • 84888122116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estrogen receptor (ER) beta expression in oligodendrocytes is required for attenuation of clinical disease by an ERbeta ligand
    • Khalaj AJ, Yoon J, Nakai J et al (2013) Estrogen receptor (ER) beta expression in oligodendrocytes is required for attenuation of clinical disease by an ERbeta ligand. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:19125-19130
    • (2013) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.110 , pp. 19125-19130
    • Khalaj, A.J.1    Yoon, J.2    Nakai, J.3
  • 67
    • 77956637132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The natural history of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis
    • Koch M, Kingwell E, Rieckmann P et al (2010) The natural history of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 81:1039-1043
    • (2010) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.81 , pp. 1039-1043
    • Koch, M.1    Kingwell, E.2    Rieckmann, P.3
  • 68
    • 0032837545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry: A 50-year follow-up
    • Koch-Henriksen N (1999) The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry: a 50-year follow-up. Mult Scler 5:293-296
    • (1999) Mult Scler , vol.5 , pp. 293-296
    • Koch-Henriksen, N.1
  • 69
    • 77950610036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The changing demographic pattern of multiple sclerosis epidemiology
    • Koch-Henriksen N, Sorensen PS (2010) The changing demographic pattern of multiple sclerosis epidemiology. Lancet Neurol 9:520-532
    • (2010) Lancet Neurol , vol.9 , pp. 520-532
    • Koch-Henriksen, N.1    Sorensen, P.S.2
  • 70
    • 84863624891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rising incidence of multiple sclerosis in females associated with urbanization
    • Kotzamani D, Panou T, Mastorodemos V et al (2012) Rising incidence of multiple sclerosis in females associated with urbanization. Neurology 78:1728-1735
    • (2012) Neurology , vol.78 , pp. 1728-1735
    • Kotzamani, D.1    Panou, T.2    Mastorodemos, V.3
  • 71
    • 0036788406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute axonal damage in multiple sclerosis is most extensive in early disease stages and decreases over time
    • Kuhlmann T, Lingfeld G, Bitsch A et al (2002) Acute axonal damage in multiple sclerosis is most extensive in early disease stages and decreases over time. Brain 125:2202-2212
    • (2002) Brain , vol.125 , pp. 2202-2212
    • Kuhlmann, T.1    Lingfeld, G.2    Bitsch, A.3
  • 72
    • 70349762450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in the histopathology of MS?
    • Kuhlmann T, Goldschmidt T, Antel J et al (2009) Gender differences in the histopathology of MS? J Neurol Sci 286:86-91
    • (2009) J Neurol Sci , vol.286 , pp. 86-91
    • Kuhlmann, T.1    Goldschmidt, T.2    Antel, J.3
  • 73
    • 33749653881 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiologic characteristics of multiple sclerosis
    • Kurland LT (1952) Epidemiologic characteristics of multiple sclerosis. Am J Med 12:561-571
    • (1952) Am J Med , vol.12 , pp. 561-571
    • Kurland, L.T.1
  • 74
    • 84896106673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotective effects of testosterone treatment in men with multiple sclerosis
    • Kurth F, Luders E, Sicotte NL et al (2014) Neuroprotective effects of testosterone treatment in men with multiple sclerosis. Neuroimage Clin 4:454-460
    • (2014) Neuroimage Clin , vol.4 , pp. 454-460
    • Kurth, F.1    Luders, E.2    Sicotte, N.L.3
  • 75
    • 0021035886 scopus 로고
    • Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: An expanded disability status scale (EDSS)
    • Kurtzke JF (1983) Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology 33:1444-1452
    • (1983) Neurology , vol.33 , pp. 1444-1452
    • Kurtzke, J.F.1
  • 76
    • 33845537467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical and demographic predictors of long-term disability in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A systematic review
    • Langer-Gould A, Popat RA, Huang SM et al (2006) Clinical and demographic predictors of long-term disability in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. Arch Neurol 63:1686-1691
    • (2006) Arch Neurol , vol.63 , pp. 1686-1691
    • Langer-Gould, A.1    Popat, R.A.2    Huang, S.M.3
  • 77
    • 84873666865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood obesity and risk of pediatric multiple sclerosis and clinically isolated syndrome
    • Langer-Gould A, Brara SM, Beaber BE et al (2013) Childhood obesity and risk of pediatric multiple sclerosis and clinically isolated syndrome. Neurology 80:548-552
    • (2013) Neurology , vol.80 , pp. 548-552
    • Langer-Gould, A.1    Brara, S.M.2    Beaber, B.E.3
  • 78
    • 0021949843 scopus 로고
    • Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen and viral capsid antigen antibody titers in multiple sclerosis
    • Larsen PD, Bloomer LC, Bray PF (1985) Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen and viral capsid antigen antibody titers in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 35:435-438
    • (1985) Neurology , vol.35 , pp. 435-438
    • Larsen, P.D.1    Bloomer, L.C.2    Bray, P.F.3
  • 79
    • 81555223903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The molecular basis of neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis
    • Lassmann H, van Horssen J (2011) The molecular basis of neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis. FEBS Lett 585:3715-3723
    • (2011) FEBS Lett , vol.585 , pp. 3715-3723
    • Lassmann, H.1    Van Horssen, J.2
  • 80
    • 0028082085 scopus 로고
    • The risk of multiple sclerosis in the USA in relation to sociographic features: A factor-analytic study
    • Lauer K (1994) The risk of multiple sclerosis in the USA in relation to sociographic features: a factor-analytic study. J Clin Epidemiol 47:43-48
    • (1994) J Clin Epidemiol , vol.47 , pp. 43-48
    • Lauer, K.1
  • 81
    • 0014477799 scopus 로고
    • Survival and death in multiple sclerosis
    • Leibowitz U, Kahana E, Alter M (1969) Survival and death in multiple sclerosis. Brain 92:115-130
    • (1969) Brain , vol.92 , pp. 115-130
    • Leibowitz, U.1    Kahana, E.2    Alter, M.3
  • 82
    • 84943626721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 prevents the in vivo induction of murine experimental encephalomyelitis
    • Lemire JM, Archer DC (1996) 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 prevents the in vivo induction of murine experimental encephalomyelitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:7861-7864
    • (1996) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.93 , pp. 7861-7864
    • Lemire, J.M.1    Archer, D.C.2
  • 83
    • 33646710676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MRI T2 lesion burden in multiple sclerosis: A plateauing relationship with clinical disability
    • Li DK, Held U, Petkau J et al (2006a) MRI T2 lesion burden in multiple sclerosis: a plateauing relationship with clinical disability. Neurology 66:1384-1389
    • (2006) Neurology , vol.66 , pp. 1384-1389
    • Li, D.K.1    Held, U.2    Petkau, J.3
  • 84
    • 33748437057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Females remyelinate more efficiently than males following demyelination in the aged but not young adult CNS
    • Li WW, Penderis J, Zhao C et al (2006b) Females remyelinate more efficiently than males following demyelination in the aged but not young adult CNS. Exp Neurol 202:250-254
    • (2006) Exp Neurol , vol.202 , pp. 250-254
    • Li, W.W.1    Penderis, J.2    Zhao, C.3
  • 85
    • 49249116710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EBNA1-specific T cells from patients with multiple sclerosis cross react with myelin antigens and co-produce IFN-gamma and IL-2
    • Lunemann JD, Jelcic I, Roberts S et al (2008) EBNA1-specific T cells from patients with multiple sclerosis cross react with myelin antigens and co-produce IFN-gamma and IL-2. J Exp Med 205:1763-1773
    • (2008) J Exp Med , vol.205 , pp. 1763-1773
    • Lunemann, J.D.1    Jelcic, I.2    Roberts, S.3
  • 87
    • 84891833705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in the UK 1990-2010: A descriptive study in the general practice research database
    • Mackenzie IS, Morant SV, Bloomfield GA et al (2014) Incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in the UK 1990-2010: a descriptive study in the general practice research database. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 85:76-84
    • (2014) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.85 , pp. 76-84
    • Mackenzie, I.S.1    Morant, S.V.2    Bloomfield, G.A.3
  • 88
    • 84860916238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estrogen treatment prevents gray matter atrophy in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • MacKenzie-Graham AJ, Rinek GA, Avedisian A et al (2012) Estrogen treatment prevents gray matter atrophy in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurosci Res 90:1310-1323
    • (2012) J Neurosci Res , vol.90 , pp. 1310-1323
    • Mackenzie-Graham, A.J.1    Rinek, G.A.2    Avedisian, A.3
  • 89
    • 77949887103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing female preponderance of multiple sclerosis in Isfahan, Iran: A population-based study
    • Maghzi AH, Ghazavi H, Ahsan M et al (2010) Increasing female preponderance of multiple sclerosis in Isfahan, Iran: a population-based study. Mult Scler 16:359-361
    • (2010) Mult Scler , vol.16 , pp. 359-361
    • Maghzi, A.H.1    Ghazavi, H.2    Ahsan, M.3
  • 90
    • 34249700046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meningeal B-cell follicles in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis associate with early onset of disease and severe cortical pathology
    • Magliozzi R, Howell O, Vora A et al (2007) Meningeal B-cell follicles in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis associate with early onset of disease and severe cortical pathology. Brain 130:1089-1104
    • (2007) Brain , vol.130 , pp. 1089-1104
    • Magliozzi, R.1    Howell, O.2    Vora, A.3
  • 91
    • 78249280011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Gradient of neuronal loss and meningeal inflammation in multiple sclerosis
    • Magliozzi R, Howell OW, Reeves C et al (2010) A Gradient of neuronal loss and meningeal inflammation in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 68:477-493
    • (2010) Ann Neurol , vol.68 , pp. 477-493
    • Magliozzi, R.1    Howell, O.W.2    Reeves, C.3
  • 92
    • 84885789364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproduction and the risk of multiple sclerosis
    • Magyari M, Koch-Henriksen N, Pfleger CC et al (2013) Reproduction and the risk of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 19:1604-1609
    • (2013) Mult Scler , vol.19 , pp. 1604-1609
    • Magyari, M.1    Koch-Henriksen, N.2    Pfleger, C.C.3
  • 93
    • 17444374900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation and maturation is differentially regulated by male and female sex steroid hormones
    • Marin-Husstege M, Muggironi M, Raban D et al (2004) Oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation and maturation is differentially regulated by male and female sex steroid hormones. Dev Neurosci 26:245-254
    • (2004) Dev Neurosci , vol.26 , pp. 245-254
    • Marin-Husstege, M.1    Muggironi, M.2    Raban, D.3
  • 94
    • 54249102288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The intricate interface between immune and metabolic regulation: A role for leptin in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis
    • Matarese G, Procaccini C, De Rosa V (2008) The intricate interface between immune and metabolic regulation: a role for leptin in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. J Leukoc Biol 84:893-899
    • (2008) J Leukoc Biol , vol.84 , pp. 893-899
    • Matarese, G.1    Procaccini, C.2    De Rosa, V.3
  • 95
    • 79951782445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 acts directly on the T lymphocyte vitamin D receptor to inhibit experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Mayne CG, Spanier JA, Relland LM et al (2011) 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 acts directly on the T lymphocyte vitamin D receptor to inhibit experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Eur J Immunol 41:822-832
    • (2011) Eur J Immunol , vol.41 , pp. 822-832
    • Mayne, C.G.1    Spanier, J.A.2    Relland, L.M.3
  • 96
    • 0344442701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1985-2000
    • Mayr WT, Pittock SJ, McClelland RL et al (2003) Incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1985-2000. Neurology 61:1373-1377
    • (2003) Neurology , vol.61 , pp. 1373-1377
    • Mayr, W.T.1    Pittock, S.J.2    McClelland, R.L.3
  • 97
    • 77957186211 scopus 로고
    • The benign form of multiple sclerosis. A study based on 241 cases seen within three years of onset and followed up until the tenth year or more of the disease
    • McAlpine D (1961) The benign form of multiple sclerosis. A study based on 241 cases seen within three years of onset and followed up until the tenth year or more of the disease. Brain 84:186-203
    • (1961) Brain , vol.84 , pp. 186-203
    • McAlpine, D.1
  • 98
    • 0029979662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence of multiple sclerosis in More and Romsdal, Norway from 1950 to 1991. An age-period-cohort analysis
    • Midgard R, Riise T, Svanes C et al (1996) Incidence of multiple sclerosis in More and Romsdal, Norway from 1950 to 1991. An age-period-cohort analysis. Brain 119:203-211
    • (1996) Brain , vol.119 , pp. 203-211
    • Midgard, R.1    Riise, T.2    Svanes, C.3
  • 99
    • 0031868194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of gender and estrogen on striatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity
    • Miller DB, Ali SF, O’Callaghan JP et al (1998) The impact of gender and estrogen on striatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 844:153-165
    • (1998) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.844 , pp. 153-165
    • Miller, D.B.1    Ali, S.F.2    O’Callaghan, J.P.3
  • 100
    • 33745773543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment with an estrogen receptor alpha ligand is neuroprotective in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Morales LB, Loo KK, Liu HB et al (2006) Treatment with an estrogen receptor alpha ligand is neuroprotective in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurosci 26:6823-6833
    • (2006) J Neurosci , vol.26 , pp. 6823-6833
    • Morales, L.B.1    Loo, K.K.2    Liu, H.B.3
  • 101
    • 84943651818 scopus 로고
    • Studies on disseminated sclerosis
    • Muller R (1947) Studies on disseminated sclerosis. Earlier Invest Acta Med Scand 133:10-37
    • (1947) Earlier Invest Acta Med Scand , vol.133 , pp. 10-37
    • Muller, R.1
  • 102
    • 0345830740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin D intake and incidence of multiple sclerosis
    • Munger KL, Zhang SM, O’Reilly E et al (2004) Vitamin D intake and incidence of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 62:60-65
    • (2004) Neurology , vol.62 , pp. 60-65
    • Munger, K.L.1    Zhang, S.M.2    O’Reilly, E.3
  • 103
    • 33845720114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis
    • Munger KL, Levin LI, Hollis BW et al (2006) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis. JAMA 296:2832-2838
    • (2006) JAMA , vol.296 , pp. 2832-2838
    • Munger, K.L.1    Levin, L.I.2    Hollis, B.W.3
  • 104
    • 72049092916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body size and risk of MS in two cohorts of US women
    • Munger KL, Chitnis T, Ascherio A (2009) Body size and risk of MS in two cohorts of US women. Neurology 73:1543-1550
    • (2009) Neurology , vol.73 , pp. 1543-1550
    • Munger, K.L.1    Chitnis, T.2    Ascherio, A.3
  • 105
    • 80053608697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-Epstein-Barr virus antibodies as serological markers of multiple sclerosis: A prospective study among United States military personnel
    • Munger KL, Levin LI, O’Reilly EJ et al (2011) Anti-Epstein-Barr virus antibodies as serological markers of multiple sclerosis: a prospective study among United States military personnel. Mult Scler 17:1185-1193
    • (2011) Mult Scler , vol.17 , pp. 1185-1193
    • Munger, K.L.1    Levin, L.I.2    O’Reilly, E.J.3
  • 106
    • 84883415327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood body mass index and multiple sclerosis risk: A long-term cohort study
    • Munger KL, Bentzen J, Laursen B et al (2013) Childhood body mass index and multiple sclerosis risk: a long-term cohort study. Mult Scler 19:1323-1329
    • (2013) Mult Scler , vol.19 , pp. 1323-1329
    • Munger, K.L.1    Bentzen, J.2    Laursen, B.3
  • 108
    • 34248197015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlations between Epstein-Barr virus antibody levels and risk factors for multiple sclerosis in healthy individuals
    • Nielsen TR, Pedersen M, Rostgaard K et al (2007) Correlations between Epstein-Barr virus antibody levels and risk factors for multiple sclerosis in healthy individuals. Mult Scler 13:420-423
    • (2007) Mult Scler , vol.13 , pp. 420-423
    • Nielsen, T.R.1    Pedersen, M.2    Rostgaard, K.3
  • 109
    • 80051548703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproductive history and risk of multiple sclerosis
    • Nielsen NM, Jorgensen KT, Stenager E et al (2011) Reproductive history and risk of multiple sclerosis. Epidemiology 22:546-552
    • (2011) Epidemiology , vol.22 , pp. 546-552
    • Nielsen, N.M.1    Jorgensen, K.T.2    Stenager, E.3
  • 110
    • 33749681309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex ratio of multiple sclerosis in Canada: A longitudinal study
    • Orton SM, Herrera BM, Yee IM et al (2006) Sex ratio of multiple sclerosis in Canada: a longitudinal study. Lancet Neurol 5:932-936
    • (2006) Lancet Neurol , vol.5 , pp. 932-936
    • Orton, S.M.1    Herrera, B.M.2    Yee, I.M.3
  • 111
    • 79951480055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of UV radiation with multiple sclerosis prevalence and sex ratio in France
    • Orton SM, Wald L, Confavreux C et al (2011) Association of UV radiation with multiple sclerosis prevalence and sex ratio in France. Neurology 76:425-431
    • (2011) Neurology , vol.76 , pp. 425-431
    • Orton, S.M.1    Wald, L.2    Confavreux, C.3
  • 112
    • 80455163140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxic elements in tobacco and in cigarette smoke: Inflammation and sensitization
    • Pappas RS (2011) Toxic elements in tobacco and in cigarette smoke: inflammation and sensitization. Metallomics 3:1181-1198
    • (2011) Metallomics , vol.3 , pp. 1181-1198
    • Pappas, R.S.1
  • 113
    • 84879222195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attenuation of corpus callosum axon myelination and remyelination in the absence of circulating sex hormones
    • Patel R, Moore S, Crawford DK et al (2013) Attenuation of corpus callosum axon myelination and remyelination in the absence of circulating sex hormones. Brain Pathol 23:462-475
    • (2013) Brain Pathol , vol.23 , pp. 462-475
    • Patel, R.1    Moore, S.2    Crawford, D.K.3
  • 114
    • 33845294412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remyelination is extensive in a subset of multiple sclerosis patients
    • Patrikios P, Stadelmann C, Kutzelnigg A et al (2006) Remyelination is extensive in a subset of multiple sclerosis patients. Brain 129:3165-3172
    • (2006) Brain , vol.129 , pp. 3165-3172
    • Patrikios, P.1    Stadelmann, C.2    Kutzelnigg, A.3
  • 115
    • 0023196961 scopus 로고
    • Survival pattern and cause of death in patients with multiple sclerosis: Results from an epidemiological survey in north east Scotland
    • Phadke JG (1987) Survival pattern and cause of death in patients with multiple sclerosis: results from an epidemiological survey in north east Scotland. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 50:523-531
    • (1987) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.50 , pp. 523-531
    • Phadke, J.G.1
  • 116
    • 33745168605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autoreactive B cell responses to RNA-related antigens due to TLR7 gene duplication
    • Pisitkun P, Deane JA, Difilippantonio MJ et al (2006) Autoreactive B cell responses to RNA-related antigens due to TLR7 gene duplication. Science 312:1669-1672
    • (2006) Science , vol.312 , pp. 1669-1672
    • Pisitkun, P.1    Deane, J.A.2    Difilippantonio, M.J.3
  • 117
    • 12544258106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exposure to infant siblings during early life and risk of multiple sclerosis
    • Ponsonby AL, van der Mei I, Dwyer T et al (2005) Exposure to infant siblings during early life and risk of multiple sclerosis. JAMA 293:463-469
    • (2005) JAMA , vol.293 , pp. 463-469
    • Ponsonby, A.L.1    Van Der Mei, I.2    Dwyer, T.3
  • 118
    • 84860339453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Offspring number, pregnancy, and risk of a first clinical demyelinating event: The AusImmune Study
    • Ponsonby AL, Lucas RM, van der Mei IA et al (2012) Offspring number, pregnancy, and risk of a first clinical demyelinating event: the AusImmune Study. Neurology 78:867-874
    • (2012) Neurology , vol.78 , pp. 867-874
    • Ponsonby, A.L.1    Lucas, R.M.2    Van Der Mei, I.A.3
  • 119
    • 0037238049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender gap in multiple sclerosis: Magnetic resonance imaging evidence
    • Pozzilli C, Tomassini V, Marinelli F et al (2003) ‘Gender gap’ in multiple sclerosis: magnetic resonance imaging evidence. Eur J Neurol 10:95-97
    • (2003) Eur J Neurol , vol.10 , pp. 95-97
    • Pozzilli, C.1    Tomassini, V.2    Marinelli, F.3
  • 120
    • 0037371147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential kinetics and specificity of EBV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells during primary infection
    • Precopio ML, Sullivan JL, Willard C et al (2003) Differential kinetics and specificity of EBV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells during primary infection. J Immunol 170:2590-2598
    • (2003) J Immunol , vol.170 , pp. 2590-2598
    • Precopio, M.L.1    Sullivan, J.L.2    Willard, C.3
  • 121
    • 23944474060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing incidence of multiple sclerosis in the province of Sassari, northern, Sardinia
    • Pugliatti M, Riise T, Sotgiu MA et al (2005) Increasing incidence of multiple sclerosis in the province of Sassari, northern, Sardinia. Neuroepidemiology 25:129-134
    • (2005) Neuroepidemiology , vol.25 , pp. 129-134
    • Pugliatti, M.1    Riise, T.2    Sotgiu, M.A.3
  • 122
    • 60049098371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age of puberty and the risk of multiple sclerosis: A population based study
    • Ramagopalan SV, Valdar W, Criscuoli M et al (2009) Age of puberty and the risk of multiple sclerosis: a population based study. Eur J Neurol 16:342-347
    • (2009) Eur J Neurol , vol.16 , pp. 342-347
    • Ramagopalan, S.V.1    Valdar, W.2    Criscuoli, M.3
  • 123
    • 84874382582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex ratio of infectious mononucleosis and possible relevance to multiple sclerosis
    • Ramagopalan SV, Giovannoni G, Yeates DG et al (2013a) Sex ratio of infectious mononucleosis and possible relevance to multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 19:359-361
    • (2013) Mult Scler , vol.19 , pp. 359-361
    • Ramagopalan, S.V.1    Giovannoni, G.2    Yeates, D.G.3
  • 124
    • 84880317866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of smoking with risk of multiple sclerosis: A population-based study
    • Ramagopalan SV, Lee JD, Yee IM et al (2013b) Association of smoking with risk of multiple sclerosis: a population-based study. J Neurol 260:1778-1781
    • (2013) J Neurol , vol.260 , pp. 1778-1781
    • Ramagopalan, S.V.1    Lee, J.D.2    Yee, I.M.3
  • 125
    • 79960835277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The neuropathological basis of clinical progression in multiple sclerosis
    • Reynolds R, Roncaroli F, Nicholas R et al (2011) The neuropathological basis of clinical progression in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol 122:155-170
    • (2011) Acta Neuropathol , vol.122 , pp. 155-170
    • Reynolds, R.1    Roncaroli, F.2    Nicholas, R.3
  • 126
    • 84863202106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mapping regional grey and white matter atrophy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
    • Riccitelli G, Rocca MA, Pagani E et al (2012) Mapping regional grey and white matter atrophy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 18:1027-1037
    • (2012) Mult Scler , vol.18 , pp. 1027-1037
    • Riccitelli, G.1    Rocca, M.A.2    Pagani, E.3
  • 127
    • 0345327729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smoking is a risk factor for multiple sclerosis
    • Riise T, Nortvedt MW, Ascherio A (2003) Smoking is a risk factor for multiple sclerosis. Neurology 61:1122-1124
    • (2003) Neurology , vol.61 , pp. 1122-1124
    • Riise, T.1    Nortvedt, M.W.2    Ascherio, A.3
  • 128
    • 84883782080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex-related differences in atrophy and lesion load in multiple sclerosis patients
    • Rojas JI, Patrucco L, Besada C et al (2013) Sex-related differences in atrophy and lesion load in multiple sclerosis patients. Neurologia 28:389-393
    • (2013) Neurologia , vol.28 , pp. 389-393
    • Rojas, J.I.1    Patrucco, L.2    Besada, C.3
  • 129
    • 84860389100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grey matter volume in a large cohort of MS patients: Relation to MRI parameters and disability
    • Roosendaal SD, Bendfeldt K, Vrenken H et al (2011) Grey matter volume in a large cohort of MS patients: relation to MRI parameters and disability. Mult Scler 17:1098-1106
    • (2011) Mult Scler , vol.17 , pp. 1098-1106
    • Roosendaal, S.D.1    Bendfeldt, K.2    Vrenken, H.3
  • 130
    • 0027537209 scopus 로고
    • Prognostic factors in a multiple sclerosis incidence cohort with twenty-five years of follow-up
    • Runmarker B, Andersen O (1993) Prognostic factors in a multiple sclerosis incidence cohort with twenty-five years of follow-up. Brain 116:117-134
    • (1993) Brain , vol.116 , pp. 117-134
    • Runmarker, B.1    Ersen, O.2
  • 131
    • 0028923117 scopus 로고
    • Pregnancy is associated with a lower risk of onset and a better prognosis in multiple sclerosis
    • Runmarker B, Andersen O (1995) Pregnancy is associated with a lower risk of onset and a better prognosis in multiple sclerosis. Brain 118:253-261
    • (1995) Brain , vol.118 , pp. 253-261
    • Runmarker, B.1    Ersen, O.2
  • 133
    • 0037241113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leptin surge precedes onset of autoimmune encephalomyelitis and correlates with development of pathogenic T cell responses
    • Sanna V, Di Giacomo A, La Cava A et al (2003) Leptin surge precedes onset of autoimmune encephalomyelitis and correlates with development of pathogenic T cell responses. J Clin Invest 111:241-250
    • (2003) J Clin Invest , vol.111 , pp. 241-250
    • Sanna, V.1    Di Giacomo, A.2    La Cava, A.3
  • 134
    • 8744251003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender-related effect of clinical and genetic variables on the cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis
    • Savettieri G, Messina D, Andreoli V et al (2004) Gender-related effect of clinical and genetic variables on the cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 251:1208-1214
    • (2004) J Neurol , vol.251 , pp. 1208-1214
    • Savettieri, G.1    Messina, D.2    Reoli, V.3
  • 135
    • 84871180437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subcortical atrophy and cognition: Sex effects in multiple sclerosis
    • Schoonheim MM, Popescu V, Rueda Lopes FC et al (2012a) Subcortical atrophy and cognition: sex effects in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 79:1754-1761
    • (2012) Neurology , vol.79 , pp. 1754-1761
    • Schoonheim, M.M.1    Popescu, V.2    Rueda Lopes, F.C.3
  • 136
    • 84856714598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender-related differences in functional connectivity in multiple sclerosis
    • Schoonheim MM, Hulst HE, Landi D et al (2012b) Gender-related differences in functional connectivity in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 18:164-173
    • (2012) Mult Scler , vol.18 , pp. 164-173
    • Schoonheim, M.M.1    Hulst, H.E.2    Landi, D.3
  • 137
    • 84898042945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex-specific extent and severity of white matter damage in multiple sclerosis: Implications for cognitive decline
    • Schoonheim MM, Vigeveno RM, Lopes FC et al (2014) Sex-specific extent and severity of white matter damage in multiple sclerosis: implications for cognitive decline. Hum Brain Mapp 35:2348-2358
    • (2014) Hum Brain Mapp , vol.35 , pp. 2348-2358
    • Schoonheim, M.M.1    Vigeveno, R.M.2    Lopes, F.C.3
  • 138
    • 33044486051 scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis
    • Schumacher GA (1960) Multiple sclerosis. Postgrad Med 27:569-580
    • (1960) Postgrad Med , vol.27 , pp. 569-580
    • Schumacher, G.A.1
  • 139
    • 0036791912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of multiple sclerosis with the pregnancy hormone estradiol
    • Sicotte NL, Liva SM, Klutch R et al (2002) Treatment of multiple sclerosis with the pregnancy hormone estradiol. Ann Neurol 52:421-428
    • (2002) Ann Neurol , vol.52 , pp. 421-428
    • Sicotte, N.L.1    Liva, S.M.2    Klutch, R.3
  • 140
    • 34249112028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testosterone treatment in multiple sclerosis: A pilot study
    • Sicotte NL, Giesser BS, Tandon V et al (2007) Testosterone treatment in multiple sclerosis: a pilot study. Arch Neurol 64:683-688
    • (2007) Arch Neurol , vol.64 , pp. 683-688
    • Sicotte, N.L.1    Giesser, B.S.2    Tandon, V.3
  • 141
    • 78751481816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in the epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in Greater Hobart, Tasmania: 1951-2009
    • Simpson S Jr, Pittas F, van der Mai I et al (2011) Trends in the epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in Greater Hobart, Tasmania: 1951-2009. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 92:180-187
    • (2011) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.92 , pp. 180-187
    • Simpson, S.1    Pittas, F.2    Van Der Mai, I.3
  • 142
    • 24744443699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin D3 confers protection from autoimmune encephalomyelitis only in female mice
    • Spach KM, Hayes CE (2005) Vitamin D3 confers protection from autoimmune encephalomyelitis only in female mice. J Immunol 175:4119-4126
    • (2005) J Immunol , vol.175 , pp. 4119-4126
    • Spach, K.M.1    Hayes, C.E.2
  • 143
    • 79957723865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotection mediated through estrogen receptor-alpha in astrocytes
    • Spence RD, Hamby ME, Umeda E et al (2011) Neuroprotection mediated through estrogen receptor-alpha in astrocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:8867-8872
    • (2011) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.108 , pp. 8867-8872
    • Spence, R.D.1    Hamby, M.E.2    Umeda, E.3
  • 144
    • 43549093554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smoke exposure increases the risk for multiple sclerosis
    • Sundstrom P, Nystrom L, Hallmans G (2008) Smoke exposure increases the risk for multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 15:579-593
    • (2008) Eur J Neurol , vol.15 , pp. 579-593
    • Sundstrom, P.1    Nystrom, L.2    Hallmans, G.3
  • 145
    • 76949120341 scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis in rural Norway in geographic and occupational incidence in relation to nutrition
    • Swank RL, Lerstad O, Strom A et al (1951) Multiple sclerosis in rural Norway in geographic and occupational incidence in relation to nutrition. N Engl J Med 246:722-728
    • (1951) N Engl J Med , vol.246 , pp. 722-728
    • Swank, R.L.1    Lerstad, O.2    Strom, A.3
  • 146
    • 66949143968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SJL mice exposed to cuprizone intoxication reveal strain and gender pattern differences in demyelination
    • Taylor LC, Gilmore W, Matsushima GK (2009) SJL mice exposed to cuprizone intoxication reveal strain and gender pattern differences in demyelination. Brain Pathol 19:467-479
    • (2009) Brain Pathol , vol.19 , pp. 467-479
    • Taylor, L.C.1    Gilmore, W.2    Matsushima, G.K.3
  • 147
    • 22544457629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain atrophy and lesion load in a large population of patients with multiple sclerosis
    • Tedeschi G, Lavorgna L, Russo P et al (2005) Brain atrophy and lesion load in a large population of patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 65:280-285
    • (2005) Neurology , vol.65 , pp. 280-285
    • Tedeschi, G.1    Lavorgna, L.2    Russo, P.3
  • 148
    • 33644820800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infectious mononucleosis and risk for multiple sclerosis: A meta-analysis
    • Thacker EL, Mirzaei F, Ascherio A (2006) Infectious mononucleosis and risk for multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Ann Neurol 59:499-503
    • (2006) Ann Neurol , vol.59 , pp. 499-503
    • Thacker, E.L.1    Mirzaei, F.2    Ascherio, A.3
  • 149
    • 0030911461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary progressive multiple sclerosis
    • Thompson AJ, Polman CH, Miller DH et al (1997) Primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain 120:1085-1096
    • (1997) Brain , vol.120 , pp. 1085-1096
    • Thompson, A.J.1    Polman, C.H.2    Miller, D.H.3
  • 150
    • 0032409447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of oral contraceptives on the risk of multiple sclerosis
    • Thorogood M, Hannaford PC (1998) The influence of oral contraceptives on the risk of multiple sclerosis. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 105:1296-1299
    • (1998) Br J Obstet Gynaecol , vol.105 , pp. 1296-1299
    • Thorogood, M.1    Hannaford, P.C.2
  • 151
    • 35548975206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential neuroprotective and antiinflammatory effects of estrogen receptor (ER)alpha and ERbeta ligand treatment
    • Tiwari-Woodruff S, Morales LB, Lee R et al (2007) Differential neuroprotective and antiinflammatory effects of estrogen receptor (ER)alpha and ERbeta ligand treatment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:14813-14818
    • (2007) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.104 , pp. 14813-14818
    • Tiwari-Woodruff, S.1    Morales, L.B.2    Lee, R.3
  • 152
    • 0028490850 scopus 로고
    • Dietary habits and multiple sclerosis. A retrospective study in Ferrara. Italy
    • Tola MR, Graniere E, Malgu S et al (1994) Dietary habits and multiple sclerosis. a retrospective study in Ferrara. Italy. Acta Neurol (Napoli) 16:189-197
    • (1994) Acta Neurol (Napoli) , vol.16 , pp. 189-197
    • Tola, M.R.1    Graniere, E.2    Malgu, S.3
  • 153
    • 12444302288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex hormones modulate brain damage in multiple sclerosis: MRI evidence
    • Tomassini V, Onesti E, Mainero C et al (2005) Sex hormones modulate brain damage in multiple sclerosis: MRI evidence. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76:272-275
    • (2005) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.76 , pp. 272-275
    • Tomassini, V.1    Onesti, E.2    Mainero, C.3
  • 154
    • 59949106172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virtual hypoxia and chronic necrosis of demyelinated axons in multiple sclerosis
    • Trapp BD, Stys PK (2009) Virtual hypoxia and chronic necrosis of demyelinated axons in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 8:280-291
    • (2009) Lancet Neurol , vol.8 , pp. 280-291
    • Trapp, B.D.1    Stys, P.K.2
  • 155
    • 84868131395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geographical variations in sex ratio trends over time in multiple sclerosis
    • Trojano M, Lucchese G, Graziano G et al (2012) Geographical variations in sex ratio trends over time in multiple sclerosis. PLoS ONE 7:e48078
    • (2012) Plos ONE , vol.7
    • Trojano, M.1    Lucchese, G.2    Graziano, G.3
  • 156
    • 0034906607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional variation in multiple sclerosis prevalence in Australia and its association with ambient ultraviolet radiation
    • van der Mei IA, Ponsonby AL, Blizzard L et al (2001) Regional variation in multiple sclerosis prevalence in Australia and its association with ambient ultraviolet radiation. Neuroepidemiology 20:168-174
    • (2001) Neuroepidemiology , vol.20 , pp. 168-174
    • Van Der Mei, I.A.1    Ponsonby, A.L.2    Blizzard, L.3
  • 157
    • 0032231764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of lesion development in multiple sclerosis: Longitudinal observations with T1-weighted spin-echo and magnetization transfer MR
    • van Waesberghe JH, van Walderveen MA, Castelijns JA et al (1998) Patterns of lesion development in multiple sclerosis: longitudinal observations with T1-weighted spin-echo and magnetization transfer MR. AJNR Amer J Neuroradiol 19:675-683
    • (1998) AJNR Amer J Neuroradiol , vol.19 , pp. 675-683
    • Van Waesberghe, J.H.1    Van Walderveen, M.A.2    Castelijns, J.A.3
  • 158
    • 0032724612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axonal loss in multiple sclerosis lesions: Magnetic resonance imaging insights into substrates of disability
    • Van Waesberghe JH, Kamphorst T, De Groot W et al (1999) Axonal loss in multiple sclerosis lesions: magnetic resonance imaging insights into substrates of disability. Ann Neurol 46:747-754
    • (1999) Ann Neurol , vol.46 , pp. 747-754
    • Van Waesberghe, J.H.1    Kamphorst, T.2    De Groot, W.3
  • 159
    • 0035171038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypointense lesions on T1-weighted spin-echomagnetic resonance imaging: Relation to clinical characteristics in subgroups of patients with multiple sclerosis
    • van Walderveen MA, Lycklama ANGJ, Ader HJ et al (2001) Hypointense lesions on T1-weighted spin-echomagnetic resonance imaging: relation to clinical characteristics in subgroups of patients with multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 58:76-81
    • (2001) Arch Neurol , vol.58 , pp. 76-81
    • Van Walderveen, M.A.1    Lycklama, A.2    Ader, H.J.3
  • 160
    • 0027479610 scopus 로고
    • Oral contraceptives and reproductive factors in multiple sclerosis incidence
    • Villard-Mackintosh L, Vessey MP (1993) Oral contraceptives and reproductive factors in multiple sclerosis incidence. Contraception 47:161-168
    • (1993) Contraception , vol.47 , pp. 161-168
    • Villard-Mackintosh, L.1    Vessey, M.P.2
  • 161
    • 84861856532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new prevalence study of multiple sclerosis in Orkney, Shetland and Aberdeen city
    • Visser EM, Wilde K, Wilson JF et al (2012) A new prevalence study of multiple sclerosis in Orkney, Shetland and Aberdeen city. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 83:719-724
    • (2012) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.83 , pp. 719-724
    • Visser, E.M.1    Wilde, K.2    Wilson, J.F.3
  • 162
    • 84943629960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex-related factors in multiple sclerosis susceptibility and progression
    • Voskuhl RR, Gold SM (2012) Sex-related factors in multiple sclerosis susceptibility and progression. Nat Rev Neurol 71:129-136
    • (2012) Nat Rev Neurol , vol.71 , pp. 129-136
    • Voskuhl, R.R.1    Gold, S.M.2
  • 163
    • 0030009123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in autoimmune demyelination in the mouse: Implications for multiple sclerosis
    • Voskuhl RR, Pitchekian-Halabi H, MacKenzie-Graham A et al (1996) Gender differences in autoimmune demyelination in the mouse: implications for multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 39:724-733
    • (1996) Ann Neurol , vol.39 , pp. 724-733
    • Voskuhl, R.R.1    Pitchekian-Halabi, H.2    Mackenzie-Graham, A.3
  • 164
    • 0037441370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognostic factors for progression of disability in the secondary progressive phase of multiple sclerosis
    • Vukusic S, Confavreux C (2003) Prognostic factors for progression of disability in the secondary progressive phase of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 206:135-137
    • (2003) J Neurol Sci , vol.206 , pp. 135-137
    • Vukusic, S.1    Confavreux, C.2
  • 165
    • 84861557045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Gulf War era multiple sclerosis cohort: Age and incidence rates by race, sex, and service
    • Wallin MT, Culpepper WJ, Coffman P et al (2012) The Gulf War era multiple sclerosis cohort: age and incidence rates by race, sex, and service. Brain 135:1778-1785
    • (2012) Brain , vol.135 , pp. 1778-1785
    • Wallin, M.T.1    Culpepper, W.J.2    Coffman, P.3
  • 166
    • 54449085221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contribution of incidence to increasing prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Alberta, Canada
    • Warren SA, Svenson LW, Warren KG (2008) Contribution of incidence to increasing prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Alberta, Canada. Neuroepidemiology 14:872-879
    • (2008) Neuroepidemiology , vol.14 , pp. 872-879
    • Warren, S.A.1    Svenson, L.W.2    Warren, K.G.3
  • 167
    • 0033945983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A pilot study of the relationship between gadolinium-enhancing lesions, gender effect and polymorphisms of antioxidant enzymes in multiple sclerosis
    • Weatherby SJ, Mann CL, Davies MB et al (2000) A pilot study of the relationship between gadolinium-enhancing lesions, gender effect and polymorphisms of antioxidant enzymes in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 247:467-470
    • (2000) J Neurol , vol.247 , pp. 467-470
    • Weatherby, S.J.1    Mann, C.L.2    Davies, M.B.3
  • 168
    • 0025774940 scopus 로고
    • The natural history of multiple sclerosis: A geographically based study. 3. Multivariate analysis of predictive factors and models of outcome
    • Weinshenker BG, Rice GP, Noseworthy JH et al (1991) The natural history of multiple sclerosis: a geographically based study. 3. Multivariate analysis of predictive factors and models of outcome. Brain 114:1045-1056
    • (1991) Brain , vol.114 , pp. 1045-1056
    • Weinshenker, B.G.1    Rice, G.P.2    Noseworthy, J.H.3
  • 169
    • 0035554904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in autoimmune disease
    • Whitacre CC (2001) Sex differences in autoimmune disease. Nat Immunol 2:777-780
    • (2001) Nat Immunol , vol.2 , pp. 777-780
    • Whitacre, C.C.1
  • 170
    • 0033082118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Demyelination and remyelination of the caudal cerebellar peduncle of adult rats following stereotaxic injections of lysolecithin, ethidium bromide, and complement/anti-galactocerebroside: A comparative study
    • Woodruff RH, Franklin RJM (1999) Demyelination and remyelination of the caudal cerebellar peduncle of adult rats following stereotaxic injections of lysolecithin, ethidium bromide, and complement/anti-galactocerebroside: a comparative study. Glia 25:216-228
    • (1999) Glia , vol.25 , pp. 216-228
    • Woodruff, R.H.1    Franklin, R.2
  • 171
    • 84885190381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cuprizone-induced demyelination as a tool to study remyelination and axonal protection
    • Zendedel A, Beyer C, Kipp M (2013) Cuprizone-induced demyelination as a tool to study remyelination and axonal protection. J Mol Neurosci 51:567-575
    • (2013) J Mol Neurosci , vol.51 , pp. 567-575
    • Zendedel, A.1    Beyer, C.2    Kipp, M.3
  • 172
    • 0034541278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary fat in relation to risk of multiple sclerosis among two large cohorts of women
    • Zhang SM, Willett WC, Hernan MA et al (2000) Dietary fat in relation to risk of multiple sclerosis among two large cohorts of women. Am J Epidemiol 152:1056-1064
    • (2000) Am J Epidemiol , vol.152 , pp. 1056-1064
    • Zhang, S.M.1    Willett, W.C.2    Hernan, M.A.3
  • 173
    • 84865802390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic testosterone administration preserves excitatory synaptic transmission in the hippocampus during autoimmune demyelinating disease
    • Ziehn MO, Avedisian AA, Dervin SM et al (2012a) Therapeutic testosterone administration preserves excitatory synaptic transmission in the hippocampus during autoimmune demyelinating disease. J Neurosci 32:12312-12324
    • (2012) J Neurosci , vol.32 , pp. 12312-12324
    • Ziehn, M.O.1    Avedisian, A.A.2    Dervin, S.M.3
  • 174
    • 84864495474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estriol preserves synaptic transmission in the hippocampus during autoimmune demyelinating disease
    • Ziehn MO, Avedisian AA, Dervin SM et al (2012b) Estriol preserves synaptic transmission in the hippocampus during autoimmune demyelinating disease. Lab Invest 92:1234-1245
    • (2012) Lab Invest , vol.92 , pp. 1234-1245
    • Ziehn, M.O.1    Avedisian, A.A.2    Dervin, S.M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.