Gun Carrying Among Drug Market Participants: Evidence from Incarcerated Drug Offenders

Journal of Quantitative Criminology

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 435-458

  Sevigny, Eric L ^a   Allen, Andrea ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^b CLAYTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Drug markets; Guns; Inmate surveys; Violence

Indexed keywords

EID: 84940180353     PISSN: 07484518     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10940-014-9233-6     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Adler PA (1993) Wheeling and dealing: an ethnography of an upper-level drug dealing and smuggling community. Columbia University Press, New York
2. Allen AN, Lo CC (2012) Drugs, guns, and disadvantaged youths: co-occurring behavior and the code of the street. Crime Delinq 58(6):932–953
3. Bennett T, Holloway K (2004) Possession and use of illegal guns among offenders in England and Wales. Howard J Crim Justice 43(3):237–252
4. Bennett T, Holloway K (2007) Drug-crime connections. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
5. Bennett T, Holloway K (2009) The causal connection between drug misuse and crime. Br J Criminol 49(4):513–531
6. Benson JS, Decker SH (2010) The organizational structure of international drug smuggling. J Crim Justice 38(2):130–138
7. Black MM, Ricardo IB (1994) Drug use, drug trafficking, and weapon carrying among low-income, African–American, early adolescent boys. Pediatrics 93(6):1065–1072
8. Blumstein A (1995) Youth violence, guns and the illicit-drug industry. J Crim Law Criminol 86(1):10–36
9. Blumstein A, Rivara FP, Rosenfeld R (2000) The rise and decline of homicide—and why. Annu Rev Public Health 21:505–541
10. Boles SM, Miotto K (2003) Substance abuse and violence: a review of the literature. Aggress Viol Behav 8(2):155–174
11. Braga AA (2008) Pulling levers focused deterrence strategies and the prevention of gun homicide. J Crim Justice 36(4):332–343
12. Braga AA, Weisburd DL (2012) The effects of focused deterrence strategies on crime. J Res Crime Delinq 49(3):323–358
13. Brennan IR, Moore SC (2009) Weapons and violence: a review of theory and research. Aggress Viol Behav 14(3):215–225
14. Britt CL, Weisburd D (2010) Logistic regression models for categorical outcome variables. In: Piquero AR, Weisburd D (eds) Handbook of quantitative criminology. Springer, New York, pp 649–682
15. Brownstein HH, Mulcahy TM, Fernandes-Huessy J, Taylor BG, Woods D (2012) The organization and operation of illicit retail methamphetamine markets. Crim Justice Pol Rev 23(1):67–89
16. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2007) Survey of inmates in state and federal correctional facilities, 2004. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR), Ann Arbor
17. Butters JE, Sheptycki J, Brochu S, Erickson PG (2011) Guns and sublethal violence a comparative study of at-risk youth in two Canadian cities. Int Crim Justice Rev 21(4):402–426
18. Caulkins JP, Reuter P (2009) Towards a harm-reduction approach to enforcement. Safer Commun 8(1):9–23
19. Chambers RL, Skinner CJ (2003) Analysis of survey data. Wiley, Chichester
20. Cohn DV, Taylor P, Lopez MH, Gallagher CA, Parker K, Maass KT (2013) Gun homicide rate down 49 % since 1993. Public Unaware, Peak
21. Cook PJ (1991) The technology of personal violence. Crime and justice: a review of research. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 1–71
22. Cook PJ, Ludwig J (2004) Does gun prevalence affect teen gun carrying after all? Criminology 42(1):27–54
23. Cork D (1999) Examining space-time interaction in city-level homicide data: crack markets and the diffusion of guns among youth. J Quant Criminol 15(4):379–406
24. Corsaro N, Hunt ED, Hipple NK, McGarrell EF (2012) The impact of drug market pulling levers policing on neighborhood violence. Criminol Public Policy 11(2):167–199
25. Curtis R, Wendel T (2000) Toward the development of a typology of illegal drug markets. In: Natarajan M, Hough M (eds) Crime prevention studies, 11, p 121–152
26. Decker SH, Rosenfeld R (2004) Reducing gun violence: the St. Louis consent-to-search program. National Institute of Justice, Washington, DC
27. Decker SH, Katz CM, Webb VJ (2008) Understanding the black box of gang organization: implications for involvement in violent crime, drug sales, and violent victimization. Crime Delinq 54(1):153–172
28. DuRant RH, Krowchuk DP, Kreiter S, Sinal SH, Woods CR (1999) Weapon carrying on school property among middle school students. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 153(1):21–26
29. Eck JE (1994) Drug markets and drug places: a case–control study of the spatial structure of illicit drug dealing. University of Maryland, College Park, MD
30. Eck JE (1995) A general model of the geography of illicit retail marketplaces. In: Eck JE, Weisburd D (eds) Crime and place, vol 4. Criminal Justice Press and the Police Executive Research Forum, Monsey, NY, pp 68–93
31. Eck JE, Clarke RV, Guerette RT (2007) Risky facilities: crime concentration in homogeneous sets of establishments and facilities. In: Farrell G, Bowers KJ, Johnson SD, Townsley M (eds) Imagination for crime prevention, vol 21. Criminal Justice Press and Willan Publishing, Monsey, NY, pp 225–264
32. Fagan J, Chin KL (1990) Violence as regulation and social control in the distribution of crack. In: Rosa MDL, Lambert EY, Gropper B (eds) Drugs and violence: causes, correlates, and consequences, vol 103. National Institute of Justice, Washington, DC, pp 8–43
33. Felson RB, Bonkiewicz L (2013) Guns and trafficking in crack-cocaine and other drug markets. Crime Delinq 59(3):319–343
34. Frabutt JM, Hefner MK, Di Luca KL, Shelton TL, Harvey LK (2010) A street-drug elimination initiative: the law enforcement perspective. Polic: Int J Police Strateg Manag 33(3):452–472
35. Goldstein PJ (1985) The drugs/violence nexus: a tripartite conceptual framework. J Drug Issue 39:493–506
36. Gonzales R, Mooney L, Rawson RA (2010) The methamphetamine problem in the United States. Annu Rev Public Health 31:385–398
37. Hales G, Lewis C, Silverstone D (2006) Gun crime: the market in and use of illegal firearms. Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate, London
38. Hamid A (1990) The political economy of crack-related violence. Contemp Drug Probl 17(1):31–78
39. Harocopos A, Hough M (2005) Drug dealing in open-air markets. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, Washington, DC
40. Herrmann CR (2013) Street-level spatiotemporal crime analysis: examples from Bronx County, NY (2006–2010). Crime modeling and mapping using geospatial technologies. Springer, New York, pp 73–104
41. Hunt E, Sumner M, Scholten T, Frabutt J (2008) Using GIS to identify drug markets and reduce drug-related violence. In: Thomas Y, Richardson D, Cheung I (eds) Geography and drug addiction. Springer, Netherlands, pp 395–413
42. Jacobs BA, Wright R (2006) Street justice: retaliation in the criminal underworld. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
43. Jacques S, Reynald DM (2012) The offenders’ perspective on prevention: guarding against victimization and law enforcement. J Res Crime Delinq 49(2):269–294
44. Jacques S, Wright R (2011) Informal control and illcit drug trade. Criminology 49(3):729–765
45. Jiao AY (2012) Gun incidents at the local level: understanding the demographic variables. Crim Justice Stud 26(2):213–227
46. Johnson L (2012) Classifying drug markets by travel patterns: testing Reuter and MacCoun’s typology of market violence. Temple University, Philadelphia
47. Johnson DR, Young R (2011) Toward best practices in analyzing datasets with missing data: comparisons and recommendations. J Marriage Fam 73(5):926–945
48. Johnson BD, Golub A, Dunlap E (2000) The rise and decline of hard drugs, drug markets, and violence in inner-city New York. In: Blumstein A, Wallman J (eds) The crime drop in America. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 164–206
49. Junger-Tas J, Marshall IH (1999) The self-report methodology in crime research. Crime Justice 25:291–367
50. Kacanek D, Hemenway D (2006) Gun carrying and drug selling among young incarcerated men and women. J Urban Health: Bull N Y Acad Med 83(2):266–274
51. Kodjo CM, Auinger P, Ryan SA (2003) Demographic, intrinsic, and extrinsic factors associated with weapon carrying at school. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 157(1):96–103
52. Korf DJ, Brochu S, Benschop A, Harrison LD (2008) Teen drug sellers-an international study of segregated drug markets and related violence. Contemp Drug Probl 35:153–176
53. Kreuter F, Valliant R (2007) A survey on survey statistics: what is done and can be done in Stata. Stata J 7(1):1–21
54. Lee ES, Forthofer RN (2006) Analyzing complex survey data. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks
55. Lippert J, Cattan N, Parker M (2013) Heroin pushed on Chicago by cartel fueling gang murders. Bloomberg Markets Magazine
56. Little RJA, Rubin DB (2002) Statistical analysis with missing data. Wiley, Hoboken
57. Lizotte AJ, Krohn MD, Howell JC, Tobin K, Howard GJ (2000) Factors influencing gun carrying among young urban males over the adolescent-young adult life course. Criminology 38(3):811–834
58. Long JS, Freese J (2001) Regression models for categorical dependent variables using stata. Stata Press, College Station, TX
59. May T, Hough M (2004) Drug markets and distribution systems. Addict Res Theory 12(6):549–563
60. Oscapella E (1998) The relationship between illegal drugs and firearms: a literature review conducted for the Department of Justice. Department of Justice Canada, Ottowa
61. Oser CB, Mooney JL, Staton-Tindall M, Leukefeld CG (2009) The drugs—violence nexus among rural felony probationers. J Interpers Violence 24(8):1285–1303
62. Pearson G, Hobbs D (2003) King pin? A case study of a middle market drug broker. Howard J 42(4):335–347
63. Phillips MD (2012) Assessing the impact of drug use and drug selling on violent offending in a panel of delinquent youth. J Drug Issue 42(3):298–316
64. Phillips S, Maume MO (2007) Have gun will shoot? Weapon instrumentality, intent, and the violent escalation of conflict. Homicide Stud 11(4):272–294
65. Pogrebin M, Stretesky P, Unnithan NP (2009) Guns, violence, and criminal behavior: the offender’s perspective. Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder CO
66. Reid LW (2001) The drugs-guns relationship: exploring dynamic and static models. Contemp Drug Probl 28(4):651–677
67. Reiter JP, Raghunathan TE, Kinney SK (2006) The importance of modeling the sampling design in multiple imputation for missing data. Surv Methodol 32(2):143–150
68. Reuter P (2009) Systemic violence in drug markets. Crime, Law Soc Change 52(3):275–284
69. Reuter P, MacCoun RJ (1992) Street drug markets and inner-city neighborhoods: matching policy to reality. In: Steinberg J, Lyon DW, Vaiana ME (eds) Urban America: policy choices for Los Angeles and the nation. Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, pp 227–251
70. Riley KJ (1998) Homicide and drugs: a tale of six cities. Homicide Stud 2(2):176–205
71. Rivers L, Norris A, McGarrell EF (2012) Mental model of the drug market intervention. J Drug Issue 42(1):59–81
72. Royston P, White IR (2011) Multiple imputation by chained equations (mice): implementation in stata. J Stat Softw 45(4):1–20
73. Rubin DB (1987) Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys. Wiley, New York
74. Seffrin PM, Domahidi BI (2014) The drugs–violence nexus: a systematic comparison of adolescent drug dealers and drug users. J Drug Issue. doi:10.1177/0022042614526994
75. Sevigny EL, Caulkins JP (2004) Kingpins or mules: an analysis of drug offenders incarcerated in federal and state prisons. Criminol Public Policy 3(3):401–434
76. Sheley JF, Brewer VE (1995) Possession and carrying of firearms among suburban youth. Public Health Rep 110(1):18
77. Shukla RK, Crump JL, Chrisco ES (2012) An evolving problem: methamphetamine production and trafficking in the United States. Int J Drug Policy 23:426–435
78. Simon TR, Richardson JL, Dent CW (1998) Prospective psychosocial, interpersonal, and behavioral predictors of handgun carrying among adolescents. Am J Public Health 88(6):960–963
79. Simon TR, Crosby AE, Dahlberg LL (1999) Students who carry weapons to high school: comparison with other weapon-carriers. J Adolesc Health 24(5):340–348
80. Skolnick J (1990) The social structure of street drug dealing. Am J Police 9(1):1–41
81. Spano R, Bolland J (2013) Disentangling the effects of violent victimization, violent behavior, and gun carrying for minority inner-city youth living in extreme poverty. Crime Delinq 59(2):191–213
82. StataCorp (2011) Stata multiple-imputation reference manual: release 12. StataCorp LP, College Station
83. Steinman KJ, Zimmerman MA (2003) Episodic and persistent gun-carrying among urban African–American adolescents. J Adolesc Health 32(5):356–364
84. Stretesky PB (2009) National case-control study of homicide offending and methamphetamine use. J Interpers Violence 24(6):911–924
85. Taylor AP (2007) How drug dealers settle disputes: violent and nonviolent outcomes. Criminal Justice Press, Monsey
86. United States Sentencing Commission (2007) Cocaine and federal sentencing policy. United States Sentencing Commission, Washington, DC
87. Vaughn MG, Howard MO, Harper-Chang L (2006) Do prior trauma and victimization predict weapon carrying among delinquent youth? Youth Violence Juv Justice 4(4):314–327
88. Vaughn MG, Fu Q, Perron BE, Bohnert ASB, Howard MO (2010) Is crack cocaine use associated with greater violence than powdered cocaine use results from a national sample. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 36(4):181–186
89. Vaughn MG, Perron BE, Abdon A, Olate R, Groom R, Wu LT (2012) Correlates of handgun carrying among adolescents in the United States. J Interpers Violence 27(10):2003–2021
90. Von Hippel PT (2007) Regression with missing ys: an improved strategy for analyzing multiply imputed data. Soc Methodol 37(1):83–117
91. Waldorf D, Murphy S (1995) Perceived risks and criminal justice pressures on middle class cocaine sellers. J Drug Issue 25(1):11–32
92. Walters GD (2012) Substance abuse and criminal thinking: testing the countervailing, mediation, and specificity hypotheses. Law Hum Behav 36(6):506–512
93. Webster DW, Gainer PS, Champion HR (1993) Weapon carrying among inner-city junior high school students: defensive behavior vs aggressive delinquency. Am J Public Health 83(11):1604–1608
94. Weiner MD, Sussman S, Sun P, Dent C (2005) Explaining the link between violence perpetration, victimization and drug use. Addict Behav 30(6):1261–1266
95. Weisheit RA (1998) Marijuana subcultures: studying crime in rural America. In: Ferrell J, Hamm MS (eds) Ethnography at the edge: crime, deviance, and field research. Northeastern University Press, Boston, pp 178–203
96. Wells W, Horney J (2002) Weapon effects and individual intent to do harm: influences on the escalation of violence. Criminology 40(2):265–296
97. White HR, Gorman DM (2000) Dynamics of the drug-crime relationship. In Criminal justice 2000—the nature of crime: continuity and change (Vol. 1). National Institute of Justice, Washington, DC, p 141–218
98. White IR, Daniel R, Royston P (2010) Avoiding bias due to perfect prediction in multiple imputation of incomplete categorical variables. Comput Stat Data Anal 54(10):2267–2275
99. White IR, Royston P, Wood AM (2011) Multiple imputation using chained equations: issues and guidance for practice. Stat Med 30(4):377–399