The drugs-violence nexus: A systematic comparison of adolescent drug dealers and drug users

Journal of Drug Issues

Volumn 44, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 394-413

  Seffrin, Patrick M ^a   Domahidi, Bianca I ^a  

^a MARYWOOD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Dealing; Drugs; Violence

Indexed keywords

EID: 84923333171     PISSN: 00220426     EISSN: 19451369     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0022042614526994     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Adler, P. A. (1993). Wheeling and dealing: An ethnography of an upper-level drug dealing and smuggling community. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
2. Alexander, M. (2012). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. New York, NY: The New Press.
3. Anderson, E. (1999). Code of the street: Decency, violence, and the moral life of the inner city. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.
4. Asbridge, M., & Weerasinghe, S. (2009). Homicide in Chicago from 1890 to 1930: Prohibition and its impact on alcohol- And non-alcohol-related homicides. Addiction, 104, 355-364.
5. Barnes, C., & Taylor, B. G. (2000). Prevalence of intimate partner violence in a sample of arrestees in Sacramento, California, 1999 (ICPSR04577-v1). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum [Producer]. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research.
6. Baumeister, R. F., Smart, L., & Boden, J. M. (1996). Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem. Psychological Review, 103(1), 5-33.
7. Baumer, E. (1994). Poverty, crack, and crime: A cross-city analysis. Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency, 31, 311-327.
8. Bean, P. T., & Wilkinson, C. K. (1988). Drug taking, crime and the illicit supply system. British Journal of Addiction, 83, 533-539.
9. Begle, A. M., Hanson, R. F., Danielson, C., McCart, M. R., Ruggiero, K. J., Amstadter, A. B., ⋯Kilpatrick, D. G. (2011). Longitudinal pathways of victimization, substance use, and delinquency: Findings from the National Survey of Adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 36, 682-689.
10. Belackova, V., & Vaccaro, C. (2013). "A friend with weed is a friend indeed": Understanding the relationship between friendship identity and market relations among marijuana users. Journal of Drug Issues, 43, 289-313.
11. Bennett, T., & Holloway, K. (2009). The causal connection between drug misuse and crime. British Journal of Criminology, 49, 513-531.
12. Bennett, T., Holloway, K., & Farrington, D. (2008). The statistical association between drug misuse and crime: A meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 13, 107-118.
13. Black, D. (1983). Crime as social control. American Sociological Review, 48, 34-45.
14. Block, A. (1983). East side-west side: Organizing crime in New York, 1930-1950. Newark, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
15. Blumstein, A. (1995). Youth violence, guns, and the illicit-drug industry. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 86, 10-36.
16. Boles, S. M., & Miotto, K. (2003). Substance abuse and violence: A review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 8, 155-174.
17. Boyum, D. A., Caulkins, J. P., & Kleiman, M. A. (2011). Drugs, crime, and public policy. In J. Q. Wilson & J. Petersilia (Eds.), Crime and public policy (pp. 368-410). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
18. Brezina, T. (1999). Teenage violence toward parents as an adaptation to family strain evidence from a National Survey of Male Adolescents. Youth & Society, 30, 416-444.
19. Bucerius, S. M. (2007). "What else should I do?": Cultural influences on the drug trade of migrants in Germany. Journal of Drug Issues, 37, 673-697.
20. Carr, P. J., Napolitano, L., & Keating, J. (2007). We never call the cops and here is why: A qualitative examination of legal cynicism in three Philadelphia neighborhoods. Criminology, 45, 445-480.
21. Casey, B. J., Jones, R. M., & Hare, T. A. (2008). The adolescent brain. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1124, 111-126.
22. Caulkins, J. P., & Kleiman, M. A. (2008). Drugs and drug policies in the United States. In P. H. Schuck & J. Q. Wilson (Eds.), Understanding America: The institutions and policies that shape America and the world (pp. 563-593). New York, NY: Public Affairs Publishing.
23. Caulkins, J. P., & Pacula, R. L. (2006). Marijuana markets: Inferences from reports by the household population. Journal of Drug Issues, 36, 173-201.
24. Coomber, R., & Turnbull, P. (2007). Arenas of drug transactions: Adolescents cannabis transactions in England-Social supply. Journal of Drug Issues, 37, 845-866.
25. Cooney, M. (1997). The decline of elite homicide. Criminology, 35, 381-407.
26. Cooney, M. (2003). The privatization of violence. Criminology, 41, 1377-1406.
27. Copello, A. G., Copello, A. G., Velleman, R. D., & Templeton, L. J. (2005). Family interventions in the treatment of alcohol and drug problems. Drug and Alcohol Review, 24, 369-385.
28. Deitch, D., Koutsenok, I., & Ruiz, A. (2000). The relationship between crime and drugs: What we have learned in recent decades. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 32, 391-397.
29. Dewey, W. L. (1986). Cannabinoid pharmacology. Pharmacological Reviews, 38, 151-178.
30. Doherty, E. E., Green, K. M., & Ensminger, M. E. (2008). Investigating the long-term influence of adolescent delinquency on drug use initiation. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 93, 72-84.
31. Eisner, M. (2003). Long-term historical trends in violent crime. Crime and Justice, 30, 83-142.
32. Elliott, D. S., Huizinga, D., & Ageton, S. S. (1985). Explaining delinquency and drug use. Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE.
33. Fagan, J. (1989). The social organization of drug use and drug dealing among urban gangs. Criminology, 27, 633-670.
34. Fagan, J., Weis, J. G., & Cheng, Y. T. (1990). Delinquency and substance use among inner-city students. Journal of Drug Issues, 20, 351-402.
35. Felson, R., Savolainen, J., Aaltonen, M., & Moustgaard, H. (2008). Is the association between alcohol use and delinquency causal or spurious? Criminology, 46, 785-808.
36. Felson, R. B., Messner, S. F., Hoskin, A. W., & Deane, G. (2002). Reasons for reporting and not reporting domestic violence to the police. Criminology, 40, 617-648.
37. Fitzgerald, J. (2009). Mapping the experience of drug dealing risk environments: An ethnographic case study. International Journal of Drug Policy, 20, 261-269.
38. Floyd, L. J., Alexandre, P. K., Hedden, S. L., Lawson, A. L., Latimer, W. W., & Giles, N. (2010). Adolescent drug dealing and race/ethnicity: A population-based study of the differential impact of substance use on involvement in drug trade. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 36, 87-91.
39. Friedman, S. R., Flom, P. L., Kottiri, B. J., Neaigus, A., Sandoval, M., Curtis, R., & DesJarlais, D. C. (2003). Drug dealing and attitudes and norms about drug dealing among young adults and their peers in a high-risk community. International Journal of Drug Policy, 14, 261-268.
40. Giordano, P. C. (2010). Legacies of crime: A follow-up of the children of highly delinquent girls and boys. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
41. Giordano, P. C., Longmore, M. A., & Manning, W. D. (2011). Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study (TARS): Wave 1, 2001, Wave 2, 2002 (ICPSR32081-v1). Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [Distributor]. doi:10.3886/ICPSR32081.v1
42. Goldstein, P. J. (1985). The drugs/violence nexus: A tripartite conceptual framework. Journal of Drug Issues, 39, 143-174.
43. Gottfredson, M., & Hischi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
44. Greenwood, P., & Turner, S. (2011). Juvenile crime and juvenile justice. In J. Q. Wilson & J. Petersilia (Eds.), Crime and public policy (pp. 88-129). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
45. Hagan, J., & McCarthy, B. (1998). Mean streets: Youth crime and homelessness. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
46. Haynie, D. L. (2001). Delinquent peers revisited: Does network structure matter? American Journal of Sociology, 106, 1013-1057.
47. Hobbes, T. (1960). Leviathan: Or the matter, forme and power of a commonwealth ecclesiasticall and civil. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. (Original work published 1651).
48. Hutton, F. (2005). Risky business: Gender, drug dealing, and risk. Addiction Research & Theory, 13, 545-554.
49. Jacinto, C., Duterte, M., Sales, P., & Murphy, S. (2008). "I'm not a real dealer": The identity process of ecstasy sellers. Journal of Drug Issues, 38, 419-444.
50. Jacobs, B. A. (1999). Dealing crack: The social world of streetcorner selling. Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press.
51. Jacobs, B. A. (2000). Robbing drug dealers: Violence beyond the law. Hawethorn, NY: Aldine Transaction.
52. Jacobs, B. A., Topalli, V., & Wright, R. (2000). Managing retaliation: Robbery and informal sanction threats. Criminology, 38, 171-198.
53. Jacobs, B. A., Topalli, V., & Wright, R. (2003). Carjacking, streetlife and offender motivation. British Journal of Criminology, 43, 673-688.
54. Jacobs, B. A., & Wright, R. (1999). Stick-up, street culture, and offender motivation. Criminology, 37, 149-174.
55. Jacques, S., & Wright, R. (2008). The relevance of peace studies of drug market violence. Criminology, 46, 221-254.
56. Johnson, D. (2005). Two-wave panel analysis: Comparing statistical methods for studying the effects of transitions. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 1061-1075.
57. Kaplan, H. B., Tolle, G. C., Jr., & Yoshida, T. (2001). Substance use-induced diminution of violence: A countervailing effect in longitudinal perspective. Criminology, 39, 205-224.
58. Kennedy, D. M. (2011). Don't shoot: One man, a street fellowship, and the end of violence in inner-city America. New York, NY: Bloomsbury USA.
59. Kerr, T., Small, W., Johnston, C., Li, K., Montane, J. G., & Wood, E. (2008). Characteristics of injection drug users who participate in drug dealing: Implications for drug policy. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 40, 147-152.
60. Klein, M. W., & Maxson, C. L. (2006). Street gang patterns and policies. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
61. Kreager, D. A. (2007). When it's good to be "bad": Violence and adolescent peer acceptance. Criminology, 45, 893-923.
62. Krieger, N., Williams, D. R., & Moss, N. E. (1997). Measuring social class in US public health research: Concepts, methodologies, and guidelines. Annual Review of Public Health, 18, 341-379.
63. Kuhns, J. B., & Clodfelter, T. A. (2009). Illicit drug-related psychopharmacological violence: The current understanding within a causal context. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14, 69-78.
64. Laub, J. H., & Sampson, R. (2003). Shared beginnings, divergent lives: Delinquent boys to age seventy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
65. Lonardo, R., Giordano, P., Longmore, M., & Manning, W. (2009). Parents, friends, and romantic partners: Enmeshment in deviant networks and adolescent delinquency involvement. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 367-383.
66. Miron, J. A. (1999). Violence and U.S. prohibitions of drugs and alcohol. American Law and Economics Review, 1, 78-114.
67. Mohamed, A., & Fritsvold, E. (2006). Damn, it feels good to be a gangsta: The social organization of the illicit drug trade servicing a private college campus. Deviant Behavior, 27, 97-125.
68. Natarajan, M. (2000). Understanding the structure of a drug trafficking organization: A conversational analysis. Crime Prevention Studies, 11, 273-298.
69. Nisbett, R. E., & Cohen, D. (1996). Culture of honor: The psychology of violence in the South. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
70. Pattillo, M. E. (1998). Sweet mothers and gangbangers: Managing crime in a black middle-class neighborhood. Social Forces, 76, 747-774.
71. Pearson, G., & Hobbs, D. (2003). King Pin? A case study of a middle market drug broker. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 42, 335-347.
72. Pearson, G., & Hobbs, D. (2004). "E" is for enterprise: Middle level drug markets in ecstasy and stimulants. Addiction Research & Theory, 12, 565-576.
73. Pearson, G., Hobbs, R., Jones, S., Tierney, J., & Ward, J. (2001). Middle market drug distribution. London, England: Home Office.
74. Pinker, S. (2011). The better angels of our nature: Why violence has declined. New York, NY: Penguin.
75. Pratt, T. C., & Cullen, F. T. (2000). The empirical status of Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime: A meta-analysis. Criminology, 38, 931-964.
76. Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
77. Roberts, B. R., & Chen, Y. (2013). Drugs, violence, and the state. Annual Review of Sociology, 39, 105-125.
78. Rosenfeld, R. (2011). Changing crime trends. In J. Q. Wilson & J. Pertersilia (Eds.), Crime and public policy (pp. 559-588). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
79. Rosenfeld, R., Jacobs, B. A., & Wright, R. (2003). Snitching and the code of the street. British Journal of Criminology, 43, 291-309.
80. Sampson, R. J., & Bartusch, D. J. (1998). Legal cynicism and (subcultural?) tolerance of deviance: The neighborhood context of racial difference. Law & Society Review, 32, 777-804.
81. Schreck, C. J., Fisher, B. S., & Miller, J. M. (2004). The social context of violent victimization: A study of the delinquent peer effect. Justice Quarterly, 21, 23-47.
82. Schroeder, R. D., Giordano, P. C., & Cernkovich, S. A. (2007). Drug use and desistance processes. Criminology, 45, 191-222.
83. Semple, S. J., Strathdee, S. A., Volkmann, T., Zians, J., & Patterson, T. L. (2011). "High on my own supply": Correlates of drug dealing among heterosexually identified methamphetamine users. American Journal on Addiction, 20, 516-524.
84. Shover, N., & Honaker, D. (1992). The socially bounded decision making of persistent property offenders. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 31, 276-293.
85. Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (2003). Applied longitudinal data analysis: Modeling change and event occurrence. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
86. Slocum, L. A., Taylor, T. J., Brick, B. T., & Esbensen, F. A. (2010). Neighborhood structural characteristics, individual-level attitudes, and youths' crime reporting intentions. Criminology, 48, 1063-1100.
87. Sommers, I., & Baskin, D. R. (1997). Situational or generalized violence in drug dealing networks. Journal of Drug Issues, 27, 833-849.
88. Stewart, E. A., Schreck, C. J., & Simons, R. L. (2006). "I ain't gonna let no one disrespect me." Does the code of the street reduce or increase violent victimization among African American adolescents? Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency, 43, 427-458.
89. Sutherland, E. H. (1947). Principles of Criminology, fourth edition. Chicago: J. B. Lippincott.
90. Sykes, G. M., & Matza, D. (1957). Techniques of neutralization: A theory of delinquency. American Sociological Review, 22, 664-670.
91. Taylor, A. P. (2007). How drug dealers settle disputes: Violent and nonviolent outcomes. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
92. Taylor, M., & Potter, G. R. (2013). From "social supply" to "real dealing": Drift, friendship, and trust in drug dealing careers. Journal of Drug Issues, 43, 392-406.
93. Topalli, V. (2005). When being good is bad: An expansion of neutralization theory. Criminology, 43, 797-836.
94. Valdez, A., Kaplan, C. D., & Cepeda, A. (2006). The drugs-violence nexus among Mexican-American gang members. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 38, 109-121.
95. Van Kammen, W. B., & Loeber, R. (1994). Are fluctuations in delinquent activities related to the onset and offset in juvenile illegal drug use and drug dealing? Journal of Drug Issues, 24(1-2), 9-24.
96. Venkatesh, S. (2008). Gang leader for a day: A rogue sociologist takes to the streets. New York, NY: Penguin.
97. Vilalta, C., & Martinez, J. (2012). The making of Narco bosses: Hard drug dealing crimes among Mexican students. Trends in Organized Crime, 15, 47-63.
98. Werb, D., Kerr, T., Li, K., Montaner, J., & Wood, E. (2008). Risks surrounding drug trade involvement among street-involved youth. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 34, 810-820.
99. Wolfgang, M. E., & Ferracuti, F. (1967). The subculture of violence: Towards an integrated theory in criminology (Vol. 16). London, England: Tavistock Publications.
100. Wooldridge, J. M. (2002). Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
101. Wright, R. T., & Decker, S. H. (2011). Armed robbers in action: Stickups and street culture. Boston, MA: Northeastern Univeristy Press.
102. Zaitch, D. (2005). The ambiguity of violence, secrecy, and trust among Colombian drug entrepreneurs. Journal of Drug Issues, 35, 201-228.