Weapons and violence: A review of theory and research

Aggression and Violent Behavior

Volumn 14, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 215-225

  Brennan, Iain R ^a   Moore, Simon C ^a  

^a CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Coercion; Conflict resolution; Fear; Instrumental; Violence; Weapon

Indexed keywords

AGE; AGGRESSION; BEHAVIOR THEORY; CONFLICT; CULTURAL FACTOR; DECISION MAKING; DELINQUENCY; DEMOGRAPHY; FEAR; GENDER; HUMAN; MOTIVATION; PREVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOPATHY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SELF DEFENSE; SOCIAL STATUS; SOCIAL SUPPORT; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; VIOLENCE; WEAPON;

EID: 67349148258     PISSN: 13591789     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2009.03.003     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. Anderson C.A., Benjamin Jr. A.J., and Bartholomew B.D. Does the gun pull the trigger? Automatic priming effects of weapon pictures and weapon names. Psychological Science 9 (1998) 308-314
2. In: Archer J. (Ed). Male Violence (1994), Routledge, London
3. Arria A., Borges G., and Anthony J. Fears and other suspected risk factors for carrying lethal weapons among urban youth of middle-school age. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 151 (1997) 555-560
4. Bailey S.L., Flewelling R.L., and Rosenbaum D. Characteristics of students who bring weapons to school. Journal of Adolescent Health 20 (1997) 261-270
5. Bailey S.L., and Hubbard R.L. Developmental changes in peer factors and the influence on marijuana initiation among secondary school students. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 20 (1991) 339-360
6. Barlas J., and Egan V. Weapons carrying in British teenagers: the role of personality, delinquency, sensational interests, and mating effort. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology 17 1 (2006) 53-72
7. Bartholow B.D., Anderson C.A., Carnagey N.L., and Benjamin Jr. A.J. Interactive effects of life experience and situational cues on aggression: the weapons priming effect in hunters and nonhunters. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 41 1 (2005) 48-60
8. Bennett T., and Holloway K. Possession and use of illegal guns among offenders in England and Wales. Howard Journal of Criminal Justice 43 3 (2004) 237-252
9. Berkowitz L., and LePage A. Weapons as aggression-eliciting stimuli. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 7 2 (1967) 202-207
10. Black M.M., and Ricardo I.B. Drug use, drug trafficking, and weapon carrying among low-income, African-American, early adolescent boys. Pediatrics 93 Suppl. 6 (1994) pt.2
11. Blumstein A. Youth violence, guns and the illicit-drug industry. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86 1 (1995) 10-36
12. Braga A.A., Kennedy D.M., Waring E.J., and Piehl A.M. Reducing gun violence: The Boston Gun Project's Operation Ceasefire (2001) National Institute of Justice Research Report
13. Brennan I.R., Moore S.C., and Shepherd J.P. Non-firearm weapon use and injury severity: priorities for prevention. Injury Prevention 12 6 (2006) 395-399
14. Brennan, I.R., Shepherd, J.P., & Moore, S.C. (in press). Aggression and attitudes to time and risk in weapon using violent offenders.
15. Calvin W.H. Did throwing stones shape hominid brain evolution?. Ethology and Sociobiology 3 (1982) 115-124
16. Cao L., Zhang Y., and He N. Carrying weapons to school for protection: an analysis of the 2001 school crime supplement data. Journal of Criminal Justice 36 2 (2008) 154-164
17. Centers for Disease Control. School-associated student homicides - United States, 1992-2006. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 57 2 (2008) 33-36
18. Cook P.J. The relationship between victim resistance and injury in noncommerical robbery. Journal of Legal Studies 15 (1986) 405-416
19. Cook P.J., and Ludwig J. The costs of gun violence against children. The Future of Children 12 (2002) 87-99
20. Cowie H., and Olafsson R. The role of peer support in helping the victims of bullying in a school with high levels of aggression. School Psychology International 21 (2000) 79-95
21. DeJong C. Differential indicators of defensive weapon ownership: a comparison by gender. Journal of Criminal Justice 25 6 (1997) 517-526
22. Dodge K.A., Bates J.E., and Pettit G.S. Mechanisms in the cycle of violence. Science 250 (1990) 1678-1683
23. Dodge K.A., and Newman J.P. Biased decision-making processes in aggressive boys. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 90 4 (1981) 375-379
24. DuRant R.H., Getts A.G., Cadenhead C., and Woods E.R. The association between weapon carrying and the use of violence among adolescents living in and around public housing. Journal of Adolescent Health 17 6 (1995) 376-380
25. DuRant R.H., Krowchuk D.P., Kreiter S., Sinal S.H., and Woods C.R. Weapon carrying on school property among middle school students. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 153 (1999) 21-26
26. Eades C. 'Knife Crime': Ineffective reactions to a distracting problem? A review of evidence and policy (2006), The Centre for Crime and Justice Studies, London
27. US Department of Justice/Federal Bureau of Investigation. Uniform Crime Report, 2006: Expanded Homicide Data (2007). http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2006/documents/expandedhomicidemain.pdf Retrieved February 3, 2009, from http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2006/documents/expandedhomicidemain.pdf
28. Farrington D.P. Predictors, causes, and correlates of male youth violence. In: Tonry M.M., and M. H. (Eds). Youth Violence: Crime and Justice - A Review of Research 24 (1998), University of Chicago Press, Chicago 421-476
29. Felson R.B. Big people hit little people: sex differences in physical power and interpersonal violence. Criminology 34 3 (1996) 433-452
30. Felson R.B., and Messner S.F. To kill or not to kill? Lethal outcomes in injurious attacks. Criminology 34 4 (1996) 519-545
31. Fingerhut L.A., Cox C.S., and Warner M. International comparative analysis of injury mortality: Findings from the ICE on injury statistics (No. 303) (1998), National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, Maryland
32. Gleditsch N.P. Research on arms races. In: Gleditsch N.P., and Njølstad O. (Eds). Arms Races: Technological and Political Dynamics (1990), Sage, London 1-14
33. Goodall J. The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of behavior (1986), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
34. Guerra N.G., Huesmann L.R., and Spindler A. Community violence exposure, social cognition, and aggression among urban elementary school children. Child Development 74 5 (2003) 1561-1576
35. Harding R.W. Rational choice gun-use in armed robbery: the likely deterrent effect on gun use of mandatory additional imprisonment. Criminal Law Forum 1 3 (1990) 427-450
36. Harding R.W. Gun use in crime, rational choice and social learning theory. In: Clarke R.V., and Felson M. (Eds). Routine Activity and Rational Choice (1993), Transaction Publishers, London 85-102
37. Hare R.D. Psychopathy and violence. In: Hayes J.R., Roberts T.K., and Solway K.S. (Eds). Violence and the violent individual (1981), Spectrum, New York 53-74
38. Hare R.D., and McPherson L.M. Violent and aggressive behavior by criminal psychopaths. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 7 (1984) 35-50
39. Hemenway D., Kennedy B.P., Kawachi I., and Putnam R.D. Firearm prevalence and social capital. Annals of Epidemiology 11 7 (2001) 484-490
40. Henrich C.C., Brookmeyer K.A., and Shahar G. Weapon violence in adolescence: parent and school connectedness as protective factors. Journal of Adolescent Health 37 4 (2005) 306-312
41. Hepburn L.M., and Hemenway D. Firearm availability and homicide: a review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior 9 4 (2004) 417-440
42. Kellermann A.L., Rivara F.P., Lee R.K., Banton J.G., Cummings P., Hackman B.B., et al. Injuries due to firearms in three cities. New England Journal of Medicine 335 19 (1996) 1438-1444
43. Kershaw C., Nicholas S., and Walker A. Crime in England and Wales 2007/08: Findings from the British Crime Survey (2008), Home Office, London
44. Khoury-Kassabri M., Astor R.A., and Benbenishty R. Weapon carrying in Israeli schools: the contribution of individual and school factors. Health Education and Behavior 34 3 (2007) 453-470
45. Kingery P.M., McCoy-Simandle L., and Clayton R. Risk factors for adolescent violence: the importance of vulnerability. School Psychology International 18 1 (1997) 49-60
46. Kleck G. Targeting Guns: Firearms and their Control (1997), Aldine de Gruyter, New York
47. Kleck G., and Gertz M. Armed resistance to crime: the prevalence and nature of self-defense with a gun. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86 1 (1995) 150-187
48. Kleck G., and Gertz M. Carrying guns for protection: results from the National Self-Defense Survey. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 35 2 (1998) 193-224
49. Kleck G., and McElrath K. The effects of weaponry on human violence. Social Forces 69 3 (1991) 669-692
50. Kodjo C.M., Auinger P., and Ryan S.A. Demographic, intrinsic, and extrinsic factors associated with weapon carrying at school. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 157 1 (2003) 96-103
51. Kulig J., Valentine J., Griffith J., and Ruthazer R. Predictive model of weapon carrying among urban high school students: results and validation. Journal of Adolescent Health 22 4 (1998) 312-319
52. Kuntsche E.N., and Klingemann H.J.H. Weapon-carrying at Swiss schools? A gender-specific typology in context of victim and offender related violence. Journal of Adolescence 27 4 (2004) 381-393
53. Lane M.A., Cunningham S.D., and Ellen J.M. The intention of adolescents to carry a knife or a gun: a study of low-income African-American adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health 34 1 (2004) 72-78
54. Lemos G. Fear and Fashion: The Use of Knives and Other Weapons by Young People (2004), Lemos & Crane, London
55. Levi M., and Maguire M. Violent crime. In: Maguire M., Morgan R., and Reiner R. (Eds). The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. 3rd ed. (2002), Oxford University Press, Oxford 796-843
56. Lizotte A.J., Krohn M.D., Howell J.C., Tobin K., and Howard G.J. Factors influencing gun carrying among young urban males over the adolescent-young adult life course. Criminology 38 3 (2000) 811-834
57. Luckenbill D.F., and Doyle D.P. Structural position and violence: developing a cultural explanation. Criminology 27 3 (1989) 419-436
58. Malecki C.K., and Demaray M.K. Carrying a weapon to school and perceptions of social support in an urban middle school. Journal of Emotional & Behavioral Disorders 11 3 (2003) 169-178
59. McCluskey C.P., McCluskey J.D., and Bynum T.S. Early onset offending and later violent and gun outcomes in a contemporary youth cohort. Journal of Criminal Justice 34 5 (2006) 531-541
60. McDowall D., Loftin C., and Wiersma B. A comparative study of the preventive effects of mandatory sentencing laws for gun crimes. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 83 2 (1992) 378-394
61. McGee R., Carter M., Williams S., and Taylor B. Weapon carrying in a sample of high school students in New Zealand. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Public Health 29 1 (2005) 13-25
62. McKeganey N., and Norrie J. Association between illegal drugs and weapon carrying in you people in Scotland. British Medical Journal 320 7240 (2000) 982-984
63. Megargee E.I. Psychological determinants and correlates of criminal violence. In: Wolgang M.E., and Weiner N.A. (Eds). Criminal violence (1982), Sage Publications, London 81-170
64. Michie C., and Cooke D.J. The structure of violent behavior: a hierarchical model. Criminal Justice & Behavior 33 6 (2006) 706-737
65. Moffitt T.E. Adolescent-limited and life-course persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review 100 4 (1993) 674-701
66. Morrison G.M., Furlong M.J., and Smith G. Factors associated with the experience of school violence among general education, leadership class, opportunity class and special day class pupils. Education and Treatment of Children 17 (1994) 356-369
67. Murrell A.R., Merwin R.M., Christoff K.A., and Henning K.R. When parents model violence: the relationship between witnessing weapon use as a child and later use as an adult. Behavioral Social Issues 14 2 (2005) 128-133
68. Nabi R. Anger, fear, uncertainty, and attitudes: a test of the cognitive-functional model. Communication Monographs 69 3 (2002) 204-216
69. Ozanne-Smith J., Ashby K., Newstead S., Stathakis V.Z., and Clapperton A. Firearm related deaths: the impact of regulatory reform. Injury Prevention 10 (2004) 280-286
70. Patrick C.J., and Zempolich K.A. Emotion and aggression in the psychopathic personality. Aggression & Violent Behavior 3 4 (2002) 303-338
71. Phillips S., and Maume M.O. Have gun will shoot? Weapon instrumentality, intent, and the violent escalation of conflict. Homicide Studies 11 4 (2007) 272-294
72. Pickett W., Craig W., Harel Y., Cunningham J., Simpson K., Molcho M., et al. Cross-national study of fighting and weapon carrying as determinants of adolescent injury. Pediatrics 116 6 (2005) 855-863
73. Povey D., Coleman K., Kaiza P., and Roe S. Homicides, Firearm Offences and Intimate Violence 2007/08 (2009), Home Office, London
74. Powell K.B. Correlates of violent and nonviolent behavior among vulnerable inner-city youths. Family and Community Health 20 2 (1997) 38-47
75. Rand M., and Catalano S. Criminal Victimization, 2006 (2007), US Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics, Washington, D.C.
76. Resnick M.D., Ireland M., and Borowsky I. Youth violence perpetration: what protects? What predicts? Findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Journal of Adolescent Health 35 5 (2004) 424 e1-424 e10
77. Romero M.P., Wintemute G.J., and Vernick J.S. Characteristics of a gun exchange program, and an assessment of potential benefits. Injury Prevention 4 (1998) 206-210
78. Sheley J.F., and Wright J.D. Motivations for gun possession and carrying among serious juvenile-offenders. Behavioral Sciences & the Law 11 4 (1993) 375-388
79. Simon T.R., Crosby A.E., and Dahlberg L.L. Students who carry weapons to high school: comparison with other weapon-carriers. Journal of Adolescent Health 24 5 (1999) 340-348
80. Smith D.A., and Uchida C.D. The social organization of self-help: a study of defensive weapon ownership. American Sociological Review 53 1 (1988) 94-102
81. Smith H., and Thomas S.P. Violent and nonviolent girls: contrasting perceptions of anger experiences, school and relationships. Issues in Mental Health Nursing 21 (2000) 547-575
82. Steadman H., Mulvey E.P., Monahan J., Robbins P.C., Appelbaum P.S., Grisso T., et al. Violence by people discharged from acute psychiatric inpatient facilities and by other in the same neighborhoods. Archives of General Psychiatry 55 (1998) 393-401
83. Stretesky P.B., and Pogrebin M.R. Gang related gun violence: socialization, identity, and self. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 36 1 (2007) 85-114
84. Stretesky P.B., Pogrebin M., Unnithan N.P., and Venor G. Prisonization and accounts of gun carrying. Journal of Criminal Justice 35 5 (2007) 485-497
85. Tedeschi J.T., and Felson R.B. Violence, Aggression and Coercive Actions (1994), American Psychological Association, Washington D.C.
86. Vaughn M.G., Howard M.O., and Harper-Chang L. Do prior trauma and victimization predict weapon carrying among delinquent youth?. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 4 4 (2006) 314-327
87. Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006. London: HMSO.
88. Warr M., and Stafford M. Fear of victimization: a look at the proximate causes. Social Forces 61 4 (1983) 1033-1043
89. Webster D.W., Gainer P.S., and Champion H.R. Weapon carrying among inner-city junior high school students: defensive behavior vs aggressive delinquency. American Journal of Public Health 83 11 (1993) 1604-1608
90. Wells W., and Horney J. Weapon effects and individual intent to do harm: influences on the escalation of violence. Criminology 40 2 (2002) 265-296
91. Wilkinson D.L., and Fagan J. A theory of violent events. In: Meier R.F., Kennedy L.W., and Sacco V.F. (Eds). The Process and Structure of Crime (2001), Transaction Publishers, London 169-195
92. Williams S.S., Mulhall P.F., Reis J.S., and DeVille J.O. Adolescents carrying handguns and taking them to school: psychosocial correlates among public school students in Illinois. Journal of Adolescence 25 (2002) 551-567
93. Williamson S., Hare R.D., and Wong S. Violence: criminal psychopaths and their victims. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science 19 (1987) 395-412
94. Wolfgang M.E. Patterns in Criminal Homicide. Philadelphia (1958), University of Pennsylvania Press
95. World Health Organization. World report on violence and health (2002), World Health Organization, Geneva
96. Wright J.D., and Rossi P.H. Armed and Considered Dangerous: A Survey of Felons and their Firearms (1986), de Gruyter, New York
97. Zimring F.E. Is gun control likely to reduce violent killings?. University of Chicago Law Review 35 (1967) 721-737
98. Zimring F.E. The medium is the message: firearm caliber as a determinant of death from assault. Journal of Legal Studies 1 (1972) 97-124