Atomically controlled substitutional boron-doping of graphene nanoribbons

Nature Communications

Volumn 6, Issue , 2015, Pages

  Kawai, Shigeki ^a,b   Saito, Shohei ^b,c   Osumi, Shinichiro ^c   Yamaguchi, Shigehiro ^b,c   Foster, Adam S ^d   Spijker, Peter ^d   Meyer, Ernst ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BASEL   (Switzerland)

^b JAPAN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGENCY   (Japan)

^c NAGOYA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^d AALTO UNIVERSITY   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BORON; GRAPHENE; LEWIS ACID; NANORIBBON; NITRIC OXIDE;

ADSORPTION; ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY; AUTOMATION; BORON; CARBON; CARBON MONOXIDE; CHEMICAL PROPERTY; CHEMICAL REACTION; MINERAL DEPOSIT; NITRIC OXIDE; SCANNING TUNNELLING MICROSCOPY;

ACIDITY; ADSORPTION; ARTICLE; ATOM; ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY; CHEMICAL REACTION; DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY; ELECTRON; SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPY; SURFACE PROPERTY; SYNTHESIS;

EID: 84940055190     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20411723     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9098     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Iijima, S. Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature 354, 56-58 (1991).
2. Novoselov, K. S. et al. Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306, 666-669 (2004).
3. Zhang, Y., Zhang, D., Liu, C. Novel chemical sensor for cyanides: boron-doped carbon nanotubes. J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 4671-4674 (2006).
4. Dai, J., Yuan, J., Giannozzi, P. Gas adsorption on graphene doped with B, N, Al, and S: a theoretical study. Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 232105 (2009).
5. Biel, B., Blase, X., Triozon, F., Roche, S. Anomalous doping effects on charge transport in graphene nanoribbons. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 096803 (2009).
6. Terrones, H., Lv, R., Terrones, M., Dresselhaus, M. S. The role of defects and doping in 2D graphene sheets and 1D nanoribbons. Rep. Prog. Phys. 75, 062501 (2012).
7. Xing, M., Fang, W., Yang, X., Tian, B., Zhang, J. Highly-dispersed borondoped graphene nanoribbons with enhanced conductibility and photocatalysis. Chem. Commun. 50, 6637-6640 (2014).
8. Wu, Z.-S., Ren, W., Xu, L., Li, F., Cheng, H.-M. Doped graphene sheets as anode materials with superhigh rate and large capacity for lithium ion batteries. ACS Nano 5, 5463-5471 (2011).
9. Panchakarla, L. S. et al. Synthesis, structure, and properties of boron-and nitrogen-doped graphene. Adv. Mater. 21, 4726-7430 (2009).
10. Zhao, L. et al. Local atomic and electronic structure of boron chemical doping in monolayer graphene. Nano Lett. 13, 4659-4665 (2013).
11. Wang, H. et al. Synthesis of boron-doped graphene monolayers using the sole solid feedstock by chemical vapor deposition. Small 9, 1316-1320 (2013).
12. Tang, Y.-B. et al. Tunable band gaps and p-type transport properties of boron-doped graphenes by controllable ion doping using reactive microwave plasma. ACS Nano 6, 1970-1978 (2012).
13. Grill, L. et al. Nano-architectures by covalent assembly of molecular building blocks. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2, 687-691 (2007).
14. Cai, J. et al. Atomically precise bottom-up fabrication of graphene nanoribbons. Nature 466, 470-473 (2010).
15. Bronner, C. et al. Aligning the band gap of graphene nanoribbons by monomer doping. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52, 4422-4425 (2013).
16. Cai, J. et al. Graphene nanoribbon heterojunctions. Nat. Nanotechnol. 9, 896-900 (2014).
17. Jäkle, F. Advances in the synthesis of organoborane polymers for optical, electronic, and sensory applications. Chem. Rev. 110, 3985-4022 (2010).
18. Araneda, J. F., Neue, B., Piers, W. E. Enforced planarity: a strategy for stable boron-containing p-conjugated materials. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51, 9977-9979 (2012).
19. Dou, C., Saito, S., Matsuo, K., Hisaki, I., Yamaguchi, S. A boron-containing PAH as a substructure of boron-doped graphene. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51, 12206-12210 (2012).
20. Treier, M. et al. Surface-assisted cyclodehydrogenation provides a synthetic route towards easily processable and chemically tailored nanographenes. Nat. Chem. 3, 61-67 (2011).
21. Koch, M., Ample, F., Joachim, C., Grill, L. Voltage-dependent conductance of a single graphene nanoribbon. Nat. Nanotechnol. 7, 713-717 (2012).
22. Ruffieux, P. et al. Electronic structure of atomically precise graphene nanoribbons. ACS Nano 6, 6930-6935 (2012).
23. van der Lit, J. et al. Suppression of electron-vibron coupling in graphene nanoribbons contacted via a single atom. Nat. Commun. 4, 2023 (2013).
24. Gross, L., Mohn, F., Moll, N., Liljeroth, P., Meyer, G. The chemical structure of a molecule resolved by atomic force microscopy. Science 325, 1110-1114 (2009).
25. Moll, N., Gross, L., Mohn, F., Curioni, A., Meyer, G. A simple model of molecular imaging with noncontact atomic force microscopy. New. J. Phys. 14, 083023 (2012).
26. Gross, L. et al. Organic structure determination using atomic-resolution scanning probe microscopy. Nat. Chem. 2, 821-825 (2010).
27. Gross, L. et al. Bond-order discrimination by atomic force microscopy. Science 337, 1326-1329 (2012).
28. Kawai, S. et al. Obtaining detailed structural information about supramolecular systems on surfaces by combining high-resolution force microscopy with ab initio calculations. ACS Nano 7, 9098-9105 (2013).
29. Luo, X. et al. Predicting two-dimensional boron-carbon compounds by the global optimization method. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 16285-16290 (2011).
30. Requist, R. et al. Kondo conductance across the smallest spin 1/2 radical molecule. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 69-74 (2014).
31. Chen, Y.-C. et al. Tuning the band gap of graphene nanoribbons synthesized from molecular precursors. ACS Nano 7, 6123-6128 (2013).
32. Biel, B., Triozon, F., Blase, X., Roche, S. Chemically induced mobility gaps in graphene nanoribbons: a route for upscaling device performances. Nano Lett. 9, 2725-2729 (2009).
33. Marconcini, P. et al. Atomistic boron-doped graphene field-effect transistors: a route toward unipolar characteristics. ACS Nano 6, 7942-7947 (2012).
34. Bennett, P. B. et al. Bottom-up graphene nanoribbon field-effect transistors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 253114 (2013).
35. Giessibl, F. J. High-speed force sensor for force microscopy and profilometry utilizing a quartz tuning fork. Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 3956 (1998).
36. Hoffend, C., Schödel, F., Bolte, M., Lerner, H.-W., Wagner, M. Boron-doped tri(9,10-anthrylene)s: synthesis, structural characterization, and optoelectronic properties. Chemistry 18, 15394-15405 (2012).
37. Nesterov, E. E., Zhu, Z., Swager, T. M. Conjugation enhancement of intramolecular exciton migration in poly(p-phenylene ethynylene)s. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 10083-10088 (2005).
38. Bieller, S. et al. Bitopic bis-and tris(1-pyrazolyl)borate ligands: syntheses and structural characterization. Organometallics 23, 2107-2113 (2004).
39. Kresse, G., Furthmuller, J. Efficiency of ab-initio total energy calculations for metals and semiconductors using a plane-wave basis set. Comput. Mater. Sci. 6, 15-50 (1996).
40. Kresse, G., Furthmüller, J. Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set. Phys. Rev. B 54, 11169-11186 (1996).
41. Gulans, A., Puska, M. J., Nieminen, R. M. Linear-scaling self-consistent implementation of the van der Waals density functional. Phys. Rev. B 79, 201105 (2009).
42. Klimev, S. J., Bowler, D. R., Michaelides, A. van der Waals density functionals applied to solids. Phys. Rev. B 83, 195131 (2011).
43. Björkman, T., Gulans, A., Krasheninnikov, A., Nieminen, R. van der Waals bonding in layered compounds from advanced density-functional. Firstprinciples calculations. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 235502 (2012).
44. Blöchl, P. E. Projector augmented-wave method. Phys. Rev. B 50, 17953-17979 (1994).
45. Hofer, W., Foster, A., Shluger, A. Theories of scanning probe microscopes at the atomic scale. Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 1287-1331 (2003).
46. Hapala, P. et al. Mechanism of high-resolution STM/AFM imaging with functionalized tips. Phys. Rev. B 90, 085421 (2014).
47. Hämälaïnen, S. K. et al. Intermolecular contrast in atomic force microscopy images without intermolecular bonds. Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 186102 (2014).
48. Tang, W., Sanville, E., Henkelman, G. A grid-based Bader analysis algorithm without lattice bias. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 21, 084204 (2009).
49. Brooks, B. R. et al. CHARMM: The biomolecular simulation program. J. Comput. Chem. 30, 1545-1614 (2009).
50. Baowan, D., Hill, J. M. Nested boron nitride and carbon-boron nitride nanocones. IET Micro & Nano Lett. 2, 46-49 (2007).
51. Welker, J., Illek, E., Giessibl, F. J. Analysis of force-deconvolution methods in frequency-modulations atomic force microscopy. Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 3, 238-248 (2012).