Tunable band gaps and p-type transport properties of boron-doped graphenes by controllable ion doping using reactive microwave plasma

ACS Nano

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 1970-1978

  Tang, Yong Bing ^a   Yin, Li Chang ^b   Yang, Yang ^a   Bo, Xiang Hui ^a   Cao, Yu Lin ^a   Wang, Hong En ^a   Zhang, Wen Jun ^a   Bello, Igor ^a   Lee, Shuit Tong ^a   Cheng, Hui Ming ^b   Lee, Chun Sing ^a  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^b INSTITUTE OF METAL RESEARCH   (China)

Author keywords

boron doped; controllable doping; grapheme; microwave plasma; p type transport properties; tunable band gaps

Indexed keywords

BORON-DOPED; GRAPHEME; MICROWAVE PLASMA; P-TYPE; TUNABLE BAND-GAP;

ELECTRON ENERGY LOSS SPECTROSCOPY; ENERGY GAP; FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS; GRAPHENE; IONS; MICROWAVES; PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY;

TRANSPORT PROPERTIES;

EID: 84859152307     PISSN: 19360851     EISSN: 1936086X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/nn3005262     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Novoselov, K. S.; Geim, A. K.; Morozov, S. V.; Jiang, D.; Zhang, Y.; Dubonos, S. V.; Grigorieva, I. V.; Firsov, A. A. Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films Science 2004, 306, 666-669
2. Eda, G.; Fanchini, G.; Chhowalla, M. Large-Area Ultrathin Films of Reduced Graphene Oxide as a Transparent and Flexible Electronic Material Nat. Nanotechnol. 2008, 3, 270-274
3. Li, X. L.; Wang, X.; Zhang, L.; Lee, S.; Dai, H. J. Chemically Derived, Ultrasmooth Graphene Nanoribbon Semiconductors Science 2008, 319, 1229-1232
4. Tang, Y. B.; Lee, C. S.; Chen, Z. H.; Yuan, G. D.; Kang, Z. H.; Luo, L. B.; Song, H. S.; Liu, Y.; He, Z. B.; Zhang, W. J. et al. High-Quality Graphenes via a Facile Quenching Method for Field-Effect Transistors Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 1374-1377
5. Yang, X. B.; Liu, G. X.; Balandin, A. A.; Mohanram, K. Triple-Mode Single-Transistor Graphene Amplifier and Its Applications ACS Nano 2010, 4, 5532-5538
6. Stankovich, S.; Dikin, D. A.; Dommett, G. H. B.; Kohlhaas, K. M.; Zimney, E. J.; Stach, E. A.; Piner, R. D.; Nguyen, S. T.; Ruoff, R. S. Graphene-Based Composite Materials Nature 2006, 442, 282-286
7. Eda, G.; Chhowalla, M. Graphene-Based Composite Thin Films for Electronics Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 814-818
8. Rafiee, M. A.; Rafiee, J.; Wang, Z.; Song, H. H.; Yu, Z. Z.; Koratkar, N. Enhanced Mechanical Properties of Nanocomposites at Low Graphene Content ACS Nano 2009, 3, 3884-3890
9. Schedin, F.; Geim, A. K.; Morozov, S. V.; Hill, E. W.; Blake, P.; Katsnelson, M. I.; Novoselov, K. S. Detection of Individual Gas Molecules Adsorbed on Graphene Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 652-655
10. Sudibya, H. G.; He, Q. Y.; Zhang, H.; Chen, P. Electrical Detection of Metal Ions Using Field-Effect Transistors Based on Micropatterned Reduced Graphene Oxide Films ACS Nano 2011, 5, 1990-1994
11. Tang, L. A. L.; Wang, J. Z.; Loh, K. P. Graphene-Based SELDI Probe with Ultrahigh Extraction and Sensitivity for DNA Oligomer J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 10976-10977
12. Liu, Z. F.; Liu, Q.; Huang, Y.; Ma, Y. F.; Yin, S. G.; Zhang, X. Y.; Sun, W.; Chen, Y. S. Organic Photovoltaic Devices Based on a Novel Acceptor Material: Graphene Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 3924-3930
13. 2 Films via Molecular Grafting for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Application ACS Nano 2010, 4, 3482-3488
14. Wang, Y.; Chen, X. H.; Zhong, Y. L.; Zhu, F. R.; Loh, K. P. Large Area, Continuous, Few-Layered Graphene as Anodes in Organic Photovoltaic Devices Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 95, 063302
15. Wang, X.; Zhi, L.; Mullen, K. Transparent, Conductive Graphene Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 323-327
16. Becerril, H. A.; Mao, J.; Liu, Z.; Stoltenberg, R. M.; Bao, Z. N.; Chen, Y. S. Evaluation of Solution-Processed Reduced Graphene Oxide Films as Transparent Conductors ACS Nano 2008, 2, 463-470
17. Li, X. S.; Zhu, Y. W.; Cai, W. W.; Borysiak, M.; Han, B. Y.; Chen, D.; Piner, R. D.; Colombo, L.; Ruoff, R. S. Transfer of Large-Area Graphene Films for High-Performance Transparent Conductive Electrodes Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 4359-4363
18. Kim, K. S.; Zhao, Y.; Jang, H.; Lee, S. Y.; Kim, J. M.; Kim, K. S.; Ahn, J. H.; Kim, P.; Choi, J. Y.; Hong, B. H. Large-Scale Pattern Growth of Graphene Films for Stretchable Transparent Electrodes Nature 2009, 457, 706-710
19. Bae, S.; Kim, H.; Lee, Y.; Xu, X. F.; Park, J. S.; Zheng, Y.; Balakrishnan, J.; Lei, T.; Kim, H. R.; Song, Y. I. et al. Roll-to-Roll Production of 30-Inch Graphene Films for Transparent Electrodes Nat. Nanotechnol. 2010, 5, 574-578
20. Li, H.; Zhang, Q.; Liu, C.; Xu, S. H.; Gao, P. Q. Ambipolar to Unipolar Conversion in Graphene Field-Effect Transistors ACS Nano 2011, 5, 3198-3203
21. Chen, Z. H.; Lin, Y. M.; Rooks, M. J.; Avouris, P. Graphene Nano-Ribbon Electronics Physica E 2007, 40, 228-232
22. Han, M. Y.; Ozyilmaz, B.; Zhang, Y.; Kim, P. Energy Band-Gap Engineering of Graphene Nanoribbons Phys. Rev. Lett. 2007, 98, 206805
23. Geim, A. K.; Novoselov, K. S. The Rise of Graphene Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 183-191
24. Bai, J.; Zhong, X.; Jiang, S.; Huang, Y.; Duan, X. Graphene Nanomesh Nat. Nanotechnol. 2010, 5, 190-194
25. Zhang, Y. B.; Tang, T. T.; Girit, C.; Hao, Z.; Martin, M. C.; Zettl, A.; Crommie, M. F.; Shen, Y. R.; Wang, F. Direct Observation of a Widely Tunable Bandgap in Bilayer Graphene Nature 2009, 459, 820-823
26. Rotenberg, E.; Bostwick, A.; Ohta, T.; McChesney, J. L.; Seyller, T.; Horn, K. Origin of the Energy Bandgap in Epitaxial Graphene Nat. Mater. 2008, 7, 258-259
27. Zhou, S. Y.; Gweon, G. H.; Fedorov, A. V.; First, P. N.; de Heer, W. A.; Lee, D. H.; Guinea, F.; Castro Neto, A. H.; Lanzara, A. Substrate-Induced Bandgap Opening in Epitaxial Graphene Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 770-775
28. Li, X. S.; Cai, W. W.; An, J.; Kim, S.; Nah, J.; Yang, D. X.; Piner, R.; Velamakanni, A.; Jung, I.; Tutuc, E. et al. Large-Area Synthesis of High-Quality and Uniform Graphene Films on Copper Foils Science 2009, 324, 1312-1314
29. Bai, J. W.; Duan, X. F.; Huang, Y. Rational Fabrication of Graphene Nanoribbons Using a Nanowire Etch Mask Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 2083-2087
30. Wang, X. R.; Li, X. L.; Zhang, L.; Yoon, Y. K.; Weber, P. K.; Wang, H. L.; Guo, J.; Dai, H. J. N-Doping of Graphene through Electrothermal Reactions with Ammonia Science 2009, 324, 768-771
31. Guo, B. D.; Liu, Q.; Chen, E. D.; Zhu, H. W.; Fang, L.; Gong, J. R. Controllable N-Doping of Graphene Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 4975-4980
32. Wei, D. C.; Liu, Y. Q.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, H. L.; Huang, L. P.; Yu, G. Synthesis of N-Doped Graphene by Chemical Vapor Deposition and Its Electrical Properties Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 1752-1758
33. Reddy, A. L. M.; Srivastava, A.; Gowda, S. R.; Gullapalli, H.; Dubey, M.; Ajayan, P. M. Synthesis of Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Films for Lithium Battery Application ACS Nano 2010, 4, 6337-6342
34. Qu, L. T.; Liu, Y.; Baek, J. B.; Dai, L. M. Nitrogen-Doped Graphene as Efficient Metal-Free Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction in Fuel Cells ACS Nano 2010, 4, 1321-1326
35. Okushi, H. High Quality Homoepitaxial CVD Diamond for Electronic Devices Diamond Relat. Mater. 2001, 10, 281-288
36. Elias, D. C.; Nair, R. R.; Mohiuddin, T. M. G.; Morozov, S. V.; Blake, P.; Halsall, M. P.; Ferrari, A. C.; Boukhvalov, D. W.; Katsnelson, M. I.; Geim, A. K. et al. Control of Graphenes Properties by Reversible Hydrogenation: Evidence for Graphane Science 2009, 323, 610-613
37. Panchakarla, L. S.; Subrahmanyam, K. S.; Saha, S. K.; Govindaraj, A.; Krishnamurthy, H. R.; Waghmare, U. V.; Rao, C. N. R. Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of Boron- and Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 4726-4730
38. Wu, M.; Cao, C.; Jiang, J. Z. Light Non-metallic Atom (B, N, O and F)-Doped Graphene: A First-Principles Study Nanotechnology 2010, 21, 505202
39. Uddin, M. N.; Shimoyama, I.; Yuji Baba, Y.; Sekiguchi, T.; Nagano, M. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopic Observation on B-C-N Hybrids Synthesized by on Beam Deposition of Borazine J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 2005, 23, 497-502
40. Linss, V.; Rodilb, S.; Reinkec, P.; Garnierd, M.; Oelhafend, P.; Kreissige, U.; Richtera, F. Bonding Characteristics of DC Magnetron Sputtered B-C-N Thin Films Investigated by Fourier-Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Thin Solid Films 2004, 467, 76-87
41. y Thin Films Grown by Dual Ion Beam Sputtering Thin Solid Films 2005, 515, 207-211
42. Dato, A.; Radmilovic, V.; Lee, Z.; Phillips, J.; Frenklach, M. Substrate-Free Gas-Phase Synthesis of Graphene Sheets Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 2012-2016
43. Gai, P. L.; Stephan, O.; McGuire, K.; Rao, A. M.; Dresselhaus, M. S.; Dresselhaus, G.; Colliex, C. Structural Systematics in Boron-Doped Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes J. Mater. Chem. 2004, 14, 669-675
44. Borowiak-Palen, E.; Pichler, T.; Graff, A.; Kalenczuk, R. J.; Knupfer, M.; Fink, J. Synthesis and Electronic Properties of B-Doped Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes Carbon 2004, 42, 1123-1126
45. Xu, Z.; Lu, W. G.; Wang, W. L.; Gu, C. Z.; Liu, K. H.; Bai, X. D.; Wang, E. G.; Dai, H. J. Converting Metallic Single-Walled Carbon Nanotnbes into Semiconductors by Boron/Nitrogen Co-Doping Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 3615-3518
46. Palen, B.; Pichler, T.; Graff, A.; Kalenczuk, R. J.; Knupfer, M.; Fink, J. Synthesis and Electronic Properties of B-Doped Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes Carbon 2004, 42, 1123-1126
47. Kunadian, L.; Andrewsa, R.; Mengu, M. P.; Qian., D. L. Thermoelectric Power Generation Using Doped MWCNTs Carbon 2009, 47, 589-601
48. Golberg, D.; Bando, Y.; Han, W.; Kurashima, K.; Sato, T. Single-Walled B-Doped Carbon, BrN-Doped Carbon and BN Nanotubes Synthesized from Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes through a Substitution Reaction Chem. Phys. Lett. 1999, 308, 337-342
49. Liao, L.; Liu, K.; Wang, W. L.; Bai, X. D.; Wang, E. G.; Liu, Y. L.; Li, J. H.; Liu, C. Multiwall Boron Carbonitride/Carbon Nanotube Junction and Its Rectification Behavior J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 9562-9563
50. Hayashi, T.; Terrones, M.; Scheu, C.; Kim, Y. A.; Ruhle, M.; Nakajima, T.; Endo, M. Nano Teflons: Structure and EELS Characterization of Fluorinated Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers Nano Lett. 2002, 2, 491-496
51. + Implanted ZnO Nanowires J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2008, 41, 135010
52. Wang, C. Y.; Liu, C. P.; Shen, H. W.; Chen, Y. J.; Kuo, C. L.; Wang, T. Y.; Zheng, R. K.; Ringer, S. P. Growth and Valence Excitations of ZnO:M (Al, In, Sn) Hierarchical Nanostructures J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 18031-18036
53. Kim, S. Y.; Park, J.; Choi, H. C.; Ahn, J. P.; Hou, J. Q.; Kang, H. S. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and First Principles Calculation of BCN Nanotubes J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 1705-1716
54. Panchalkarla, L. S.; Govindraj, A.; Rao, C. N. R. Nitrogen- and Boron-Doped Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes ACS Nano 2007, 1, 494-500
55. Ayala, P.; Plank, W. G.; Grüneis, A.; Kauppinen, E. I.; Rummeli, M. H.; Kuzmany, H.; Pichler, T. A. One Step Approach to B-Doped Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes J. Mater. Chem. 2008, 18, 5676-5681
56. Zhang, W. J.; Bello, I.; Lifshitz, Y.; Lee, S. T. Recent Advances in Cubic Boron Nitride Deposition MRS Bull. 2003, 3, 184-188
57. Gomez-Navarro, C.; Weitz, R. T.; Bittner, A. M.; Scolari, M.; Mews, A.; Burghard, M.; Kern, K. Electronic Transport Properties of Individual Chemically Reduced Graphene Oxide Sheets Nano Lett. 2007, 7, 3499-3503
58. Cervantes-Sodi, F.; Csanyi, G.; Piscanec, S.; Ferrari, A. C. Edge-Functionalized and Substitutionally Doped Graphene Nanoribbons: Electronic and Spin Properties Phys. Rev. B 2008, 77, 165427
59. Deng, X. H.; Wu, Y. Q.; Dai, J. Y.; Kang, D. D.; Zhang, D. Y. Electronic Structure Tuning and Band Gap Opening of Graphene by Hole/Electron Codoping Phys. Lett. A 2011, 375, 3890-3894
60. Yu, S. S.; Zheng, W. T.; Wang, C.; Jiang, Q. Nitrogen/Boron Doping Position Dependence of the Electronic Properties of a Triangular Graphene ACS Nano 2010, 4, 7619-7629
61. Martins, T. B.; Miwa, R. H.; Silva, A.J. R.; Fazzio, A. Electronic and Transport Properties of Boron-Doped Graphene Nanoribbons Phys. Rev. Lett. 2007, 98, 196803
62. Zhang, Y. H.; Chen, Y. B.; Zhou, K. G.; Liu, C. H.; Zeng, J.; Zhang, H. L.; Peng, Y. Improving Gas Sensing Properties of Graphene by Introducing Dopants and Defects: A First-Principles Study Nanotechnology 2009, 20, 185504
63. Huang, B. Electronic Properties of Boron and Nitrogen Doped Graphene Nanoribbons and Its Application for Graphene Electronics Phys. Lett. A 2011, 375, 845-848