Open Source Urban Governance: Crowdsourcing, Neogeography, VGI, and Citizen Science

Citizen E-Participation in Urban Governance: Crowdsourcing and Collaborative Creativity

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 1-18

  Silva, Carlos Nunes ^a  

^a INSTITUTO DE GEOGRAFIA E ORDENAMENTO DO TERRITÓRIO   (Portugal)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84938957237     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-4169-3.ch001     Document Type: Chapter

References (131)

1. Ahmed, N. (2006). An overview of e-participation models. New York: United Nations.
2. Albrecht, S., Kohlrausch, N., Kubicek, H., Lippa, B., Marker, O., Trénel, M., Vorwek, V., Wiedwald, C. (2008). E-participation. electronic participation of citizens and the business community on egovernment. Bremen, Germany: Institut fur Informations management.
3. Anttiroiko, A.-V. (2012). Urban planning 2.0. International Journal of E-Planning Research, 1(1), 16-30. doi:10.4018/ijepr.2012010103
4. Arnstein, S. R. (1969). A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 35(4), 216-224. doi:10.1080/01944 366908977225.
5. Ayanso, A., & Moyers, D. (2012). The role of social media in the public sector: Opportunities and challenges. In Kloby, K., & D'Agostinho, M. J. (Eds.), Citizen 2.0: Public and governmental interaction through Web 2.0 technologies (pp. 1-22). Hershey: IGI-Global. doi:10.4018/978- 1-4666-0318-9.ch001.
6. Boulianne, S. (2009). Does Internet use affect engagement? A meta-analysis of research. Political Communication, 26(2), 193-211. doi:10.1080/10584600902854363.
7. Brabham, D. C. (2008). Crowdsourcing as a model for problem solving: An introduction and cases. Convergence. The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 14(1). doi:10.1177/1354856507084420.
8. Brabham, D. C. (2009). Crowdsourcing the public participation process for planning projects. Planning Theory, 8(3), 242-262. doi:10.1177/1473095209104824.
9. Buchanan, E. A. (2012). E-research ethics and e-planning: Emerging considerations for transformative research. International Journal of E-Planning Research, 1(1), 5-15. doi:10.4018/ ijepr.2012010102.
10. Cammaerts, B. (2008). Critiques on the participatory potentials of Web 2.0. Communication, Culture & Critique, 1(4), 358-377. doi:10.1111/ j.1753-9137.2008.00028.x.
11. Casey, C., & Li, J. (2012). Web 2.0 technologies and authentic public participation: Engaging citizens in decision making processes. In Kloby, K., & D'Agostinho, M. J. (Eds.), Citizen 2.0: Public and governmental interaction through Web 2.0 technologies (pp. 197-223). Hershey: IGI-Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-0318-9.ch011.
12. Chun, S. A., & Artigas, F. (2012). Sensors and crowdsourcing for environmental awareness and emergency planning. International Journal of E-Planning Research, 1(1), 56-74. doi:10.4018/ ijepr.2012010106.
13. Coleman, S., & Gotze, J. (n.d.). Bowling together: Online public engagement in policy deliberation. London: Hansard Society-London School of Economics.
14. Cooper, C. B., Dickinson, J., Phillips, T., & Bonney, R. (2007). Citizen science as a tool for conservation in residential ecosystems. Ecology and Society, 12(2), 11.
15. Damurski, L. (2012). E-participation in urban planning: Online tools for citizen engagement in Poland and in Germany. International Journal of E-Planning Research, 1(3), 40-67. doi:10.4018/ ijepr.2012070103.
16. Dunn, C. E. (2007). Participatory GIS - A people's GIS? Progress in Human Geography, 31(5), 616-637. doi:10.1177/0309132507081493. EC. (2009). European e-participation. Summary Report. Brussels: European Commission.
17. Elwood, S. (2006). Critical issues in participatory GIS: Deconstructions, reconstructions, and new research directions. Transactions in GIS, 10(5), 693-708. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9671.2006.01023.x.
18. Elwood, S. (2008). Volunteered geographic information: Future research directions motivated by critical, participatory, and feminist GIS. Geo- Journal, 72, 173-183. doi:10.1007/s10708-008- 9186-0.
19. Estellés-Arolas, E., & González-Ladrón-de-Guevara, F. (2012). Towards an integrated crowdsourcing definition. Journal of Information Science, 38(2). doi:10.1177/0165551512437638.
20. Evans-Cowley, J., & Hollander, J. (2010). The new generation of public participation: Internetbased participation tools. Planning Practice and Research, 25(3), 397-408. doi:10.1080/026974 59.2010.503432.
21. Evans-Cowley, J. S. (2012). There's an app for that: Mobile applications for urban planning. International Journal of E-Planning Research, 1(2), 79-87. doi:10.4018/ijepr.2012040105.
22. Flanagin, A. J., & Metzger, M. J. (2008). The credibility of volunteered geographic information. GeoJournal, 72, 137-148. doi:10.1007/s10708- 008-9188-y.
23. Foth, M., Bajracharya, B., Brown, R. A., & Hearn, G. N. (2009). The second life of urban planning? Using neogeography tools for community engagement. Journal of Location Based Services, 3(2), 97-117. doi:10.1080/17489720903150016.
24. French, S., Insua, D. R., & Ruggeri, F. (2007). Eparticipation and decision analysis. Decision Analysis, 4(4), 211-226. doi:10.1287/deca.1070.0098.
25. Fritz, S., McCallum, I., Schill, C., Perger, C. Seem, L., & Schepaschenko, D. et al. (2012). Geo-wiki: An online platform for improving global land cover. Environmental Modelling & Software, 31, 110-123. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.11.015.
26. Fung, A. (2006). Varieties of participation in complex governance. Public Administration Review, Vol. 66, suplement: 66-75.
27. Gascó, M. (2003). New technologies and institutional change in public administration. Social Science Computer Review, 21(1), 6-14. doi:10.1177/0894439302238967.
28. Ghose, R. (2001). Use of information technology for community empowerment: Transforming geographic information systems into community information systems. Transactions in GIS, 5(2), 141-163. doi:10.1111/1467-9671.00073.
29. Gibson, R. K., Lusoli, W., & Ward, S. (2005). Online participation in the UK: Testing a 'Contextualised' model of Internet effects. British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 7(4), 561-583. doi:10.1111/j.1467- 856X.2005.00209.x.
30. Goodchild, M. F. (2007). Citizens as sensors: The world of volunteered geography. GeoJournal, 69, 211-221. doi:10.1007/s10708-007-9111-y.
31. Goodchild, M. F. (2009). NeoGeography and the nature of geographic expertise. Journal of Location Based Services, 3(2), 82-96. doi:10.1080/17489720902950374.
32. Goodchild, M. F., & Glennon, J. A. (2010). Crowdsourcing geographic information for disaster response: A research frontier. International Journal of Digital Earth, 3(3), 231-241. doi:10.1080/17538941003759255.
33. Gronlund, Å. (2003). Emerging electronic infrastructures: Exploring democratic components. Social Science Computer Review, 21(1), 55-72. doi:10.1177/0894439302238971.
34. Haklay, M., Singleton, A., & Parker, C. (2008). Web mapping 2.0: The neogeography of the GeoWeb. Geography Compass, 2(6), 2011-2039. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8198.2008.00167.x.
35. Höffken, S., & Streich, B. (2011). Engaging the mobile citizens - How mobile devices offer new ways of civil engagement. In M. Schrenk, V. V. Popovich, and P. Zeile (Eds.), Proceedings REAL CORP 2011. 18-20 May.
36. Holzer, M., & Kim, S.-T. (2008). Digital governance in municipalities worldwide. A longitudinal assessment of municipal Websites throughout the world. Newark: National Center for Public Performance, Rutgers University.
37. Holzer, M., Manoharan, A., & Ryzin, G. V. (2010). Global cities on the Web: An empirical typology of municipal Websites. International Public Management Review, 11(3), 104-121.
38. Howe, J. (2006). The rise of crowdsourcing. Wired Magazine, Issue 14/6.
39. Hudson-Smith, A., Crooks, A., Gibin, M., Milton, R., & Batty, M. (2009). NeoGeography and Web 2.0: Concepts, tools and applications. Journal of Location Based Services, 3(2), 118-145. doi:10.1080/17489720902950366.
40. Irvin, R. A., & Stansbury, J. (2004). Citizen participation in decision making: Is it worth the effort? Public Administration Review, 64(1), 55-65. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2004.00346.x.
41. James, P., Fernando, T., Hamilton, A., & Curwell, S. (2004). Enhancing the decision-making process in urban spatial planning using advanced ICT. University of Salford, Issues Paper, April 2004.
42. Kim, S., & Lee, J. (2012). Citizen participation and transparency in local government: An empirical analysis. 2nd Global Conference on Transparency. Utrecht University, Netherlands.
43. Kingston, R. (2002). The role of e-government and public participation in the planning process XVI AESOP Congress. Volos, Greece, July 10th -14th 2002.
44. Klosterman, R. E. (2012). E-planning in retrospect and prospect. International Journal of E-Planning Research, 1(1), 1-4. doi:10.4018/ ijepr.2012010101.
45. Kubicek, H. (2010). The potential of e-participation in urban planning: A European perspective. In Silva, C. N. (Ed.), Handbook of research on e-planning: ICTs for urban development and monitoring. Hershey: IGI-Global. doi:10.4018/978-1- 61520-929-3.ch009.
46. Lara, S., & Naval, C. (2012). Social networks, civic engagement, and young people. In Manoharan, A., & Holzer, M. (Eds.), Active citizen participation in e-government. A global perspective (pp. 187-205). Hershey: IGI-Global. doi:10.4018/978- 1-4666-0116-1.ch010.
47. Macintosh, A. (2004). Characterizing e-participation in policy-making. Proceedings of the 37th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.
48. Macintosh, A., Robson, E., Smith, E., & Whyte, A. (2003). Electronic democracy and young people. Social Science Computer Review, 21(1), 43-54. doi:10.1177/0894439302238970.
49. Macintosh, A., & Whyte, A. (2006). Evaluating how e-participation changes local democracy. E-Government Workshop '06 (eGov 06). London: Brunel University.
50. Macintosh, A., Whyte, A., & Renton, A. (2005). From the top down. An evaluation of e-Democracy activities initiated by councils and governments. Bristol: Bristol City Council.
51. McCaffrey, R. E. (2005). Using citizen science in urban bird studies. Urban Habitats, 3(1)
52. . Moody, R. (2007). Assessing the role of GIS in egovernment: A tale of e-participation in two cities. In Wimmer, M. A., Scholl, H. J., & Grönlund, A. (Eds.), EGOV 2007, LNCS 4656 (pp. 354-365). doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74444-3_30.
53. Mossberger, K., & Wu, Y. (2012). Civic engagement and local e-government: Social networking comes of age. Chicago: Institute for Policy and Civic Engagement - University of Chicago.
54. Norris, P. (2004). Deepening democracy via e-governance (Draft chapter for the UN World Public Sector Report). Retrieved from http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/pnorris/Acrobat/World%20Public%20Sector%20Report.pdf
55. Noveck, B. S. (2009). Wiki government. How technology can make government better, democracy stronger, and citizens more powerful. Washington: Brookings Institution Press.
56. Obermeyer, N. J. (1998). The evolution of public participation GIS. Cartography and GIS, special issue on Public Participation GIS, 25(2), 65-66.
57. OECD. (2001). Citizens as partners: Information, consultation and public participation in policymaking. Paris: OECD.
58. OECD. (2003). Promises and problems of edemocracy: Challenges of citizen on-line engagement. Paris: OECD.
59. Osimo, D. (2008). Web 2.0 in government: Why and how? Luxembourg: JRC Scientific and Technical Reports. Office of Official Publications of the European Communities, European Communities.
60. Overdevest, C., & Mayer, B. (2008). Harnessing the power of information through community monitoring: Insights from social science. Texas Law Review, 86(7), 1493-1526.
61. Parameswaran, M., & Whinston, A. B. (2007). Social computing: An overview. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 19, 762-780.
62. Peart, M. N., & Diaz, J. R. (2007). Comparative project on local e-democracy initiatives in Europe and North America. Geneve: University of Geneve and European Science Foundation.
63. Peng, Z.-R. (2001). Internet GIS for public participation. Environment and Planning. B, Planning & Design, 28, 889-905. doi:10.1068/b2750t.
64. Rana, S., & Joliveau, T. (2009). Neogeography: An extension of mainstream geography for everyone made by everyone? Journal of Location Based Services, 3, 75-81. doi:10.1080/17489720903146824.
65. Rosa, P., & Pereira, Â. G. (2008). E-participation. Promoting dialog and deliberation between institutions and civil society. Luxembourg: European Commission Joint Research Center.
66. Saad-Sulonen, J. (2012). The role of the creation and sharing of digital media content in participatory e-planning. International Journal of E-Planning Research, 1(2), 1-22. doi:10.4018/ ijepr.2012040101.
67. Schatteman, A., Mohammed-Spigner, D., & Poluse, G. (2012). Citizen participation through municipal Websites: A global scorecard. In Manoharan, A., & Holzer, M. (Eds.), Active citizen participation in e-government. A global perspective (pp. 403-414). Hershey: IGI-Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-0116-1.ch020.
68. Sieber, R. (2006). Public participation geographic information systems: A literature review and framework. Annals of the Association of American Geographers. Association of American Geographers, 96(3), 491-507. doi:10.1111/j.1467- 8306.2006.00702.x.
69. Sifry, M. (2004). The rise of open-source politics. Nation (New York, N.Y.), 4.
70. Silva, C. N. (2010). Handbook of research on eplanning: ICTs for urban development and monitoring. Hershey: IGI-Global. doi:10.4018/978-1- 61520-929-3.
71. Silva, C. N. (2010a). The e-planning paradigm. Theory, Methods and Tools: An overview. In Silva, C. N. (Ed.), Handbook of research on e-planning: ICTs for urban development and monitoring. Hershey: IGI-Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-61520- 929-3.ch001.
72. Silva, C. N. (2012). Online research methods in urban and planning studies: Design and outcomes. Hershey: IGI-Global.
73. Silva, C. N. (2012a). Research methods for urban planning in the digital age. In Silva, C. N. (Ed.), Online research methods in urban and planning studies: Design and outcomes (pp. 1-16). Hershey: IGI-Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-0074-4. ch001.
74. Smith, A., Schlozman, K. L., Verba, S., & Brady, H. (2009). The Internet and civic engagement. Washington: Pew Internet & American Life Project.
75. Starbird, K. (2011). Digital volunteerism during disaster: Crowdsourcing information processing. CHI 2011. May 7-12. Vancouver, BC, Canada.
76. Sundstrom, L.-M. (2012). I-Government: Interactive government enabling civic engagement and a new volunteerism. In Kloby, K., & D'Agostinho, M. J. (Eds.), Citizen 2.0: Public and governmental interaction through Web 2.0 technologies (pp. 297-308). Hershey, PA: IGIGlobal. doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-0318-9.ch015.
77. Surowiecki, J. (2004). The wisdom of crowds. New York: Anchor /Random House.
78. Tait, E. (2012). Web 2.0 for eParticipation: Transformational Tweeting or devaluation of democracy? In Kloby, K., & D'Agostinho, M. J. (Eds.), Citizen 2.0: Public and governmental interaction through Web 2.0 technologies (pp. 224-249). Hershey: IGI-Global. doi:10.4018/978- 1-4666-0318-9.ch012.
79. UN. (2006). Compendium of innovative e-government practices (Vol. II). New York: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
80. UN. (2009). Compendium of innovative e-government practices (Vol. III). New York: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
81. Van Laer, J., & Van Aelst, P. (2010). Internet and social movement action repertoires. Opportunities and limitations. Information Communication and Society, 2010, 1-26.
82. Warf, B., & Sui, D. (2010). From GIS to neogeography: Ontological implications and theories of truth. Annals of GIScience, 26(4), 197-209.
83. Weber, L., Loumakis, A., & Bergman, J. (2003). Who participates and why? An analysis of citizens on the Internet and the mass public. Social Science Computer Review, 21(1), 25-32. doi:10.1177/0894439302238969.
84. Wiggins, A., & Crowston, K. (2010). Distributed scientific collaboration: Research opportunities in citizen science. In The Changing Dynamics of Scientific Collaboration, CSCW 2010 Workshop. Savannah, GA.
85. Wiggins, A., & Crowston, K. (2011). From conservation to crowdsourcing: A typology of citizen science. 44th Hawai International Conference on system Sciences (HICSS).
86. Zavattaro, S. M. (2012). Records management, privacy, and social media: An overview. In Kloby, K., & D'Agostinho, M. J. (Eds.), Citizen 2.0: Public and governmental interaction through Web 2.0 technologies (pp. 41-64). Hershey: IGI-Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-0318-9.ch003.
87. Al-Kodmany, K., Betancur, J., & Vidyarthi, S. (2012). E-civic engagement and the youth: New frontiers and challenges for urban planning. International Journal of E-Planning Research, 1(3), 87-104. doi:10.4018/ijepr.2012070105.
88. Anttiroiko, A.-V., & Malkia, M. (Eds.). (2006). Encyclopedia of digital government. Hershey: Information Science Reference. doi:10.4018/978- 1-59140-789-8.
89. Batty, M., Hudson-Smith, A., Milton, R., & Crooks, A. (2010). Map mashups, Web 2.0 and the GIS revolution. Annals of GIS, 16(1), 1-13. doi:10.1080/19475681003700831.
90. Bishop, I. D. (2012). On-line approaches to data delivery and visualisation in landscape planning and management. International Journal of EPlanning Research, 1(1), 31-41. doi:10.4018/ ijepr.2012010104.
91. Bricout, J., & Baker, P. (2010). Deploying information and communication technologies to enhance participation in local governance for citizens with disabilities. International Journal of Information Communication Technologies and Human Development, 2(2), 34-51. doi:10.4018/ jicthd.2010040103.
92. Budthimedhee, K., Li, J., & George, R. V. (2002). e-Planning: A snapshot of the literature on using the World Wide Web in urban planning. Journal of Planning Literature, 17(2), 227-246. doi:10.1177/088541202762475964.
93. Carver, S., Evans, A., Kingston, R., & Turton, I. (2001). Public participation, GIS, and cyber democracy: Evaluating on-line spatial decision support systems. Environment and Planning. B, Planning & Design, 28, 907-921. doi:10.1068/ b2751t.
94. Castells, M. (2010). The information age: Economy, society and culture (Vol. I-The Rise of the Network Society; Vol. II-The Power of Identity; Vol. III-End of Millennium). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
95. Charlesworth, A. (2012). Addressing legal issues in online research, publication and archiving: A UK perspective. In Silva, C. N. (Ed.), Online research methods in urban and planning studies: Design and outcomes (pp. 368-393). Hershey: IGIGlobal. doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-0074-4.ch022.
96. Chen, Y., Song, Y., Bowker, S., & Hamilton, A. (2012). The SURegen workbench: A Web-based collaborative regeneration tool. International Journal of E-Planning Research, 1(2), 44-64. doi:10.4018/ijepr.2012040103.
97. Conroy, M. M., & Evans-Cowley, J. (2010). The e-citizen in planning: U.S. municipalities' views of who participates online. In Silva, C. N. (Ed.), Handbook of Research on E-Planning: ICTs for Urban Development and Monitoring (pp. 218- 236). Hershey: IGI-Global. doi:10.4018/978-1- 61520-929-3.ch011.
98. Falch, M. (2006). ICT and the future conditions for democratic governance. Telematics and Informatics, 23, 134-156. doi:10.1016/j. tele.2005.06.001.
99. Fritz, S., McCallum, I., Schill, C., Perger, C., Grillmayer, R., & Achard, F. et al. (2009). Geo- Wiki.Org: The use of crowdsourcing to improve global land cover. Remote Sensing, 1, 345-354. doi:10.3390/rs1030345.
100. Ganapati, S. (2010). Using geographic information systems to increase citizen engagement. Washington: IBM Center for the Business of Government.
101. Garson, G. D., & Khostow-Pour, M. (Eds.). (2008). Handbook of research on public information technology. Hershey: Information Science Reference. doi:10.4018/978-1-59904-857-4.
102. Goodchild, M. F. (2012). The future of digital earth. Annals of GIS, 18(2), 93-98. doi:10.108 0/19475683.2012.668561.
103. Graham, S. (2002). Bridging urban digital divides? Urban polarization and information and communications technologies. Urban Studies (Edinburgh, Scotland), 39(1), 33-56. doi:10.1080/00420980220099050.
104. Granberg, M., & Astrom, J. (2010). Planners support of e-participation in the field of urban planning. In Silva, C. N. (Ed.), Handbook of research on e-planning: ICTs for urban development and monitoring (pp. 237-251). Hershey: IGI-Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-61520-929-3.ch012.
105. Harrison, C., & Haklay, M. (2002). The potential of public participation geographic information systems in UK environmental planning: Appraisals by active publics. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 45(6), 841-863. doi :10.1080/0964056022000024370.
106. Haubrock, S., Wittkopf, T., Grünthal, G., & Dransch, D. (2007). Community-made earthquake intensity maps using Google's API. 10th AGILE International Conference on Geographic Information Science. Aalborg University, Denmark.
107. Heipke, C. (2010). Crowdsourcing geospatial data. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 65, 550-557. doi:10.1016/j. isprsjprs.2010.06.005.
108. Hudson-Smith, A., Evans, S., & Batty, M. (2005). Building the virtual city: Public participation through e-democracy. Knowledge, Technology & Policy, 18(1), 62-85. doi:10.1007/s12130-005-1016-9.
109. Hurworth, R. (2012). Search conferences and future search conferences: Potential tools for urban planning in an on-line environment. In Silva, C. N. (Ed.), Online research methods in urban and planning studies: Design and outcomes (pp. 216-222). Hershey: IGI-Global. doi:10.4018/978- 1-4666-0074-4.ch013.
110. Jankowski, P. (2009). Towards participatory geographic information systems for community based environmental decision making. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(6), 1966-1971. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.08.028 PMID:18550264.
111. Klosterman, R. E. (1997). Planning support systems: A new perspective on computer-aided planning. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 17(1), 45-54. doi:10.1177/0739456X9701700105.
112. Madon, S., Reinhard, N., Roode, D., & Walsham, G. (2009). Digital inclusion projects in developing countries: Processes of institutionalization. Information Technology for Development, 15(2), 95-107. doi:10.1002/itdj.20108.
113. Mossberger, K., Tolbert, C., & McNeal, R. (Eds.). (2008). Digital citizenship. The Internet, Society, and Participation. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
114. Nedovic-Budic, Z. (2000). Geographic information science implications for urban and regional planning. URISA Journal, 12(2), 81-93.
115. Nordin, K., & Berglund, U. (2010). Children's maps in GIS: A tool for communicating outdoor experiences in urban planning. International Journal of Information Communication Technologies and Human Development, 2(2), 1-16. doi:10.4018/jicthd.2010040101.
116. Nyerges, T. L., & Jankowski, P. (2007). Participatory geographic information science. In Anttiroiko, A. V., & Malkia, M. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of digital government (pp. 1314-1318). Hershey: IGI-Global.
117. Poser, K., & Dransch, D. (2010). Volunteered geographic information for disaster management with application to rapid flood damage estimation. Geomatica, 64(1), 89-98.
118. Rinner, C. (2001). Argumentation maps: GISbased discussion support for on-line planning. Environment and Planning. B, Planning & Design, 28, 847-863. doi:10.1068/b2748t.
119. Rinner, C., Keler, C., & Andrulis, S. (2008). The use of Web 2.0 concepts to support deliberation in spatial decision-making. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 32(5), 386-395. doi:10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2008.08.004.
120. Rowland, D., Kohl, U., & Charlesworth, A. (2012). Information technology law (4th ed.). London: Routledge.
121. Sheppard, S. R. J., & Cizek, P. (2009). The ethics of Google Earth: Crossing thresholds from spatial data to landscape visualisation. Journal of Environmental Management, 90, 2102-2117. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.09.012 PMID:18599184.
122. Silva, C. N. (Ed.). (2010). Special issue "Local governance in the digital age: e-Participation of children and citizens with disabilities.". International Journal of Information and Communication Technologies, 2(2).
123. Silva, C. N. (Ed.). (2010). Special issue "Local governance in the digital age: Citizen e-participation in rural areas and in displaced aboriginal communities.". International Journal of Information and Communication Technologies, 2(3).
124. Staffans, A., Rantanen, H., & Nummi, P. (2010). Local Internet forums. Interactive land use planning and urban development neighborhoods. In Silva, C. N. (Ed.), Handbook of research on e-planning: ICTs for urban development and monitoring (pp. 80-102). Hershey: IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-61520-929-3.ch005.
125. Steinmann, R., Krek, A., & Blaschke, T. (2004). Analysis of online public participatory GIS applications with respect to the differences between the US and Europe. Paper published in the Proceedings of Urban Data Management Symposium'04. Italy: Chioggia.
126. Steinmann, R., Krek, A., & Blaschke, T. (2005). Can online map-based applications improve citizen participation? In Böhlen, M. et al. (Eds.), TCGOV 2005, LNAI 3416 (pp. 25-35). doi:10.1007/978- 3-540-32257-3_3.
127. Suri, H., & Patel, F. (2012). Ethical considerations in online research methods. In Silva, C. N. (Ed.), Online research methods in urban and planning studies: Design and outcomes (pp. 394-408). Hershey: IGI-Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-4666- 0074-4.ch023.
128. Wallin, S., Horelli, L., & Saad-Sulonen, J. (Eds.). (2010). Digital tools in participatory planning. Aalto. Aalto University, School of Science and Technology, Centre for Urban and Regional Studies.
129. Wesolowski, A., & Eagle, N. (2012). Mobile phones as a lens into slum dynamics. In Silva, C. N. (Ed.), Online research methods in urban and planning studies: Design and outcomes (pp. 334-352). Hershey: IGI-Global. doi:10.4018/978- 1-4666-0074-4.ch020.
130. Wessels, B., Dittrich, Y., Ekelin, A., & Eriksén, S. (2012). Creating synergies between participatory design of e-services and collaborative planning. International Journal of E-Planning Research, 1(3), 1-16. doi:10.4018/ijepr.2012070101.
131. Wyld, D. C. (2008). Blogging. In Garson, G. D., & Khosrow-Pour, M. (Eds.), Handbook of research on public information technology (pp. 81-93). Hershey, PA: IGI-Global. doi:10.4018/978-1- 59904-857-4.ch009.