Parkinson's disease dementia: A neural networks perspective

Brain

Volumn 138, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 1454-1476

  Gratwicke, James ^a   Jahanshahi, Marjan ^a   Foltynie, Thomas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Acetylcholine; Dementia; Dopamine; Neural networks; Parkinson's disease

Indexed keywords

ATOMOXETINE; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR; DONEPEZIL; DOPAMINE; GALANTAMINE; LEVODOPA; MEMANTINE; RIVASTIGMINE;

ALERTNESS; AROUSAL; ATTENTION; BRAIN; BRAIN ATROPHY; BRAIN CORTEX; CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CORPUS STRIATUM; DEGENERATION; DEMENTIA; DISEASE COURSE; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; EXECUTIVE DYSFUNCTION; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FRONTOPARIETAL CORTEX; HUMAN; MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBE; MEMORY; MEYNERT BASAL NUCLEUS; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NEUROPATHOLOGY; PARKINSON DISEASE; PERCEPTION DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; VISUAL DISORDER; VISUAL HALLUCINATION; ADRENERGIC NERVE CELL; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CHOLINERGIC NERVE CELL; COMPLICATION; DOPAMINERGIC NERVE CELL; NERVE DEGENERATION; NERVE TRACT; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; VISION;

ADRENERGIC NEURONS; BRAIN; BRAIN WAVES; CHOLINERGIC NEURONS; DEMENTIA; DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS; HUMANS; MODELS, NEUROLOGICAL; NERVE DEGENERATION; NEURAL PATHWAYS; PARKINSON DISEASE; VISUAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 84938718471     PISSN: 00068950     EISSN: 14602156     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv104     Document Type: Review

References (286)

1. Aarsland D, Ballard C, Walker Z, Bostrom F, Alves G, Kossakowski K, et al. Memantine in patients with Parkinson's disease dementia or dementia with Lewy bodies: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet Neurol 2009; 8: 613-18
2. Aarsland D, Kurz MW. The epidemiology of dementia associated with Parkinson disease. J Neurol Sci 2010; 289: 18-22
3. Aarsland D, Larsen JP, Tandberg E, Laake K. Predictors of nursing home placement in Parkinson's disease: a population-based, prospective study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000; 48: 938-42
4. Alexander GE, DeLong MR, Strick PL. Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci 1986; 9: 357-81
5. Alves G, Larsen JP, Emre M, Wentzel-Larsen T, Aarsland D. Changes in motor subtype and risk for incident dementia in Parkinson's disease Mov Disord 2006; 21: 1123-30
6. Apaydin H, Ahlskog JE, Parisi JE, Boeve BF, Dickson DW. Parkinson disease neuropathology: later-developing dementia and loss of the levodopa response. Arch Neurol 2002; 59: 102-112
7. Aston-Jones G, Rajkowski J, Cohen J. Role of locus coeruleus in attention and behavioral flexibility. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 46: 1309-20
8. Au WL, Zhou J, Palmes P, Sitoh Y-Y, Tan LC, Rajapakse JC Levodopa and the feedback process on set-shifting in Parkinson's disease. Hum Brain Mapp 2012; 33: 27-39
9. Bakin JS, Weinberger NM. Induction of a physiological memory in the cerebral cortex by stimulation of the nucleus basalis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 11219-24
10. Ballard CG, Aarsland D, McKeith I, O'Brien J, Gray A, Cormack F, et al. Fluctuations in attention: PD dementia vs DLB with parkinsonism Neurology 2002; 59: 1714-20
11. Barnes J, Boubert L. Executive functions are impaired in patients with Parkinson's disease with visual hallucinations. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008; 79: 190-2
12. Barnes J, David AS. Visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease: a review and phenomenological survey. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001; 70: 727-33
13. Barnikol TT, Pawelczyk NBA, Barnikol UB, Kuhn J, Lenartz D, Sturm V, et al. Changes in apraxia after deep brain stimulation of the nucleus basalis Meynert in a patient with Parkinson dementia syndrome. Mov Disord 2010; 25: 1519-20
14. Bartus RT, Flicker C, Dean RL, Pontecorvo M, Figueiredo JC, Fisher SK. Selective memory loss following nucleus basalis lesions: long term behavioral recovery despite persistent cholinergic deficiencies Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1985; 23: 125-35
15. Bédard MA, el Massioui F, Malapani C, Dubois B, Pillon B, Renault B, et al. Attentional deficits in Parkinson's disease: partial reversibility with naphtoxazine (SDZ NVI-085), a selective noradrenergic alpha 1 agonist. Clin Neuropharmacol 1998; 21: 108-17
16. Bentley P, Driver J, Dolan RJ. Modulation of fusiform cortex activity by cholinesterase inhibition predicts effects on subsequent memory Brain 2009; 132: 2356-71
17. Bentley P, Driver J, Dolan RJ. Cholinergic modulation of cognition: insights from human pharmacological functional neuroimaging Prog Neurobiol 2011; 94: 360-88
18. Bentley P, Husain M, Dolan RJ. Effects of cholinergic enhancement on visual stimulation, spatial attention, and spatial working memory Neuron 2004; 41: 969-82
19. Bertrand E, Lechowicz W, Szpak GM, Dymecki J. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of locus coeruleus neurons in Parkinson's disease Folia Neuropathol 1997; 35: 80-86
20. Bhattacharyya A, Veit J, Kretz R, Bondar I, Rainer G. Basal forebrain activation controls contrast sensitivity in primary visual cortex BMC Neurosci 2013; 14: 55
21. Biundo R, Weis L, Facchini S, Formento-Dojot P, Vallelunga A, Pilleri M, et al. Cognitive profiling of Parkinson disease patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2014; 20: 394-9
22. Boecker H, Ceballos-Baumann AO, Volk D, Conrad B, Forstl H, Haussermann P. Metabolic alterations in patients with Parkinson disease and visual hallucinations. Arch Neurol 2007; 64: 984-8
23. Bohnen NI, Kaufer DI, Hendrickson R, Ivanco LS, Lopresti BJ, Constantine GM, et al. Cognitive correlates of cortical cholinergic denervation in Parkinson's disease and parkinsonian dementia J Neurol 2006; 253: 242-7
24. Bohnen NI, Kaufer DI, Ivanco LS, Lopresti B, Koeppe RA, Davis JG, et al. Cortical cholinergic function is more severely affected in parkinsonian dementia than in Alzheimer disease: an in vivo positron emission tomographic study. Arch Neurol 2003; 60: 1745-8
25. Bonanni L, Thomas A, Tiraboschi P, Perfetti B, Varanese S, Onofrj M EEG comparisons in early Alzheimer's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease with dementia patients with a 2-year follow-up. Brain 2008; 131: 690-705
26. Bosboom JLW, Stoffers D, Stam CJ, van Dijk BW, Verbunt J, Berendse HW, et al. Resting state oscillatory brain dynamics in Parkinson's disease: an MEG study. Clin Neurophysiol 2006; 117: 2521-31
27. Bosboom JLW, Stoffers D, Wolters EC, Stam CJ, Berendse HW. MEG resting state functional connectivity in Parkinson's disease related dementia. J Neural Transm 2009; 116: 193-202
28. Braak H, Del Tredici K, Rüb U, De Vos R a I, Jansen Steur ENH, Braak E. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2003; 24: 197-211
29. Breen KC, Drutyte G. Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease: the patient's perspective. J Neural Transm 2013; 120: 531-5
30. Bronnick K, Ehrt U, Emre M, De Deyn PP, Wesnes K, Tekin S, et al Attentional deficits affect activities of daily living in dementiaassociated with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006; 77: 1136-42
31. Bronnick K, Emre M, Tekin S, Haugen SB, Aarsland D. Cognitive correlates of visual hallucinations in dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2011; 26: 824-9
32. Brü Ck A P. Positron emission tomography shows that impaired frontal lobe functioning in Parkinson's disease is related to dopaminergic hypofunction in the caudate nucleus Neurosci Lett 2001 311 81-84
33. Burdick DJ, Cholerton B, Watson GS, Siderowf A, Trojanowski JQ, Weintraub D, et al. People with Parkinson's disease and normal MMSE score have a broad range of cognitive performance. Mov Disord 2014; 29: 1258-64
34. Burn DJ. Motor subtype and cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease with dementia, and dementia with Lewy bodies J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006; 77: 585-9
35. Burn D, Weintraub D, Ravina B, Litvan I. Cognition in movement disorders: where can we hope to be in ten years? Mov Disord 2014; 29: 704-11
36. Burton EJ, McKeith IG, Burn DJ, Williams ED, O'Brien JT. Cerebral atrophy in Parkinson's disease with and without dementia: a comparison with Alzheimer's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and controls. Brain 2004; 127: 791-800
37. Buschman TJ, Miller EK. Top-down versus bottom-up control of attention in the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices. Science 2007; 315: 1860-2
38. Buter TC, van den Hout A, Matthews FE, Larsen JP, Brayne C, Aarsland D. Dementia and survival in Parkinson disease: a 12-year population study. Neurology 2008; 70: 1017-22
39. Butt AE, Hodge GK. Acquisition, retention, and extinction of operant discriminations in rats with nucleus basalis magnocellularis lesions Behav Neurosci 1995; 109: 699-713
40. Buzsaki G, Bickford RG, Ponomareff G, Thal LJ, Mandel R, Gage FH Nucleus basalis and thalamic control of neocortical activity in the freely moving rat. J Neurosci 1988; 8: 4007-26
41. Calabresi P, Picconi B, Parnetti L, Di Filippo M. A convergent model for cognitive dysfunctions in Parkinson's disease: the critical dopamine-acetylcholine synaptic balance. Lancet Neurol 2006; 5: 974-83
42. Camicioli R, Moore MM, Kinney A, Corbridge E, Glassberg K, Kaye JA. Parkinson's disease is associated with hippocampal atrophy Mov Disord 2003; 18: 784-90
43. Cash R, Dennis T, L'Heureux R, Raisman R, Javoy-Agid F, Scatton B Parkinson's disease and dementia: norepinephrine and dopamine in locus ceruleus. Neurology 1987; 37: 42
44. Caviness JN, Hentz JG, Evidente VG, Driver-Dunckley E, Samanta J, Mahant P, et al. Both early and late cognitive dysfunction affects the electroencephalogram in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2007; 13: 348-54
45. Choi SH, Jung TM, Lee JE, Lee S-K, Sohn YH, Lee PH. Volumetric analysis of the substantia innominata in patients with Parkinson's disease according to cognitive status. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33: 1265-72
46. Christopher L, Marras C, Duff-Canning S, Koshimori Y, Chen R, Boileau I, et al. Combined insular and striatal dopamine dysfunction are associated with executive deficits in Parkinson's disease with mild cognitive impairment. Brain 2014; 137: 565-75
47. Colosimo C, Hughes AJ, Kilford L, Lees AJ. Lewy body cortical involvement may not always predict dementia in Parkinson's disease J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003; 74: 852-6
48. Compta Y, Parkkinen L, O'Sullivan SS, Vandrovcova J, Holton JL, Collins C, et al. Lewy-and Alzheimer-type pathologies in Parkinson's disease dementia: which is more important? Brain 2011; 134: 1493-505
49. Cools R. Dopaminergic modulation of cognitive function-implications for L-DOPA treatment in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2006; 30: 1-23
50. Cools R, Barker RA, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW. Enhanced or impaired cognitive function in Parkinson's disease as a function of dopaminergic medication and task demands. Cereb Cortex 2001; 11: 1136-43
51. Costa A, Monaco M, Zabberoni S, Peppe A, Perri R, Fadda L, et al Free and cued recall memory in Parkinson's disease associated with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. PLoS One 2014; 9: e86233
52. Dalrymple-Alford JC, Livingston L, MacAskill MR, Graham C, Melzer TR, Porter RJ, et al. Characterizing mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2011; 26: 629-36
53. Del Tredici K, Braak H. Dysfunction of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system and related circuitry in Parkinson's disease-related dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2013; 84: 774-83
54. Desimone R, Duncan J. Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention Annu Rev Neurosci 1995; 18: 193-222
55. Deuschl G, Schade-Brittinger C, Krack P, Volkmann J, Schäfer H, Bötzel K, et al. A randomized trial of deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 896-908
56. Diederich NJ, Goetz CG, Stebbins GT. Repeated visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease as disturbed external/internal perceptions: focused review and a new integrative model. Mov Disord 2005; 20: 130-40
57. Dirnberger G, Frith CD, Jahanshahi M. Executive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease is associated with altered pallidal-frontal processing Neuroimage 2005; 25: 588-99
58. Dirnberger G, Jahanshahi M. Executive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: a review. J Neuropsychol 2013; 7: 193-224
59. Dubois B, Burn D, Goetz C, Aarsland D, Brown RG, Broe GA, et al Diagnostic procedures for Parkinson's disease dementia: recommendations from the movement disorder society task force. Mov Disord 2007; 22: 2314-24
60. Dubois B, Malapani C, Verin M, Rogelet P, Deweer B, Pillon B [Cognitive functions and the basal ganglia: the model of Parkinson disease]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1994; 150: 763-70
61. Dubois B, Pillon B. Cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 1997; 244: 2-8
62. Emerich DF, Orive G, Thanos C, Tornoe J, Wahlberg LU Encapsulated cell therapy for neurodegenerative diseases: from promise to product. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 67-68: 131-41
63. Emre M. Dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol 2003; 2: 229-37
64. Emre M, Aarsland D, Albanese A, Byrne EJ, Deuschl G, De Deyn PP, et al. Rivastigmine for dementia associated with Parkinson's disease N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2509-18
65. Emre M, Aarsland D, Brown R, Burn DJ, Duyckaerts C, Mizuno Y, et al. Clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2007; 22: 1689-707; quiz 1837
66. Emre M, Tsolaki M, Bonuccelli U, Destée A, Tolosa E, Kutzelnigg A, et al. Memantine for patients with Parkinson's disease dementia or dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomised, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9: 969-77
67. Fahn S, Libsch LR, Cutler RW. Monoamines in the human neostriatum: topographic distribution in normals and in Parkinson's disease and their role in akinesia, rigidity, chorea, and tremor. J Neurol Sci 1971; 14: 427-55
68. Fell J, Axmacher N. The role of phase synchronization in memory processes. Nat Rev Neurosci 2011; 12: 105-18
69. Fénelon G, Mahieux F, Huon R, Ziégler M. Hallucinations in Parkinson's disease: prevalence, phenomenology and risk factors Brain 2000; 123 (Pt 4): 733-45
70. Fenoy AJ, Goetz L, Chabardès S, Xia Y. Deep brain stimulation: are astrocytes a key driver behind the scene? CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 20: 191-201
71. Fling BW, Cohen RG, Mancini M, Nutt JG, Fair DA, Horak FB Asymmetric pedunculopontine network connectivity in parkinsonian patients with freezing of gait. Brain 2013; 136: 2405-18
72. Floresco SB, Magyar O. Mesocortical dopamine modulation of executive functions: beyond working memory. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 188: 567-85
73. Foltynie T, Brayne CEG, Robbins TW, Barker RA. The cognitive ability of an incident cohort of Parkinson's patients in the UK. The CamPaIGN study. Brain 2004a; 127: 550-60
74. Foltynie T, Goldberg TE, Lewis SGJ, Blackwell AD, Kolachana BS, Weinberger DR, et al. Planning ability in Parkinson's disease is influenced by the COMT val158met polymorphism. Mov Disord 2004b; 19: 885-91
75. Foltynie T, Hariz MI. Surgical management of Parkinson's disease Expert Rev Neurother 2010; 10: 903-14
76. Freund H-J, Kuhn J, Lenartz D, Mai JK, Schnell T, Klosterkoetter J, et al. Cognitive functions in a patient with Parkinson-dementia syndrome undergoing deep brain stimulation. Arch Neurol 2009; 66: 781-5
77. Fuller PM, Fuller P, Sherman D, Pedersen NP, Saper CB, Lu J Reassessment of the structural basis of the ascending arousal system. J Comp Neurol 2011; 519: 933-56
78. Fuster JM. The prefrontal cortex. London: Elsevier; 2008
79. Gallagher DA, Parkkinen L, O'Sullivan SS, Spratt A, Shah A, Davey CC, et al. Testing an aetiological model of visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2011; 134: 3299-309
80. Galvin JE, Pollack J, Morris JC. Clinical phenotype of Parkinson disease dementia. Neurology 2006; 67: 1605-11
81. Gaspar P, Gray F. Dementia in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. A neuropathological study of 32 cases. Acta Neuropathol 1984; 64: 43-52
82. Gibb WR, Lees AJ. Anatomy, pigmentation, ventral and dorsal subpopulations of the substantia nigra, and differential cell death in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991; 54: 388-96
83. Goard M, Dan Y. Basal forebrain activation enhances cortical coding of natural scenes. Nat Neurosci 2009; 12: 1444-9
84. Goetz CG, Fan W, Leurgans S, Bernard B, Stebbins GT. The malignant course of 'benign hallucinations' in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 2006; 63: 713-16
85. Goetz CG, Leurgans S, Pappert EJ, Raman R, Stemer AB. Prospective longitudinal assessment of hallucinations in Parkinson's disease Neurology 2001; 57: 2078-82
86. Goetz CG, Stebbins GT. Risk factors for nursing home placement in advanced Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1993; 43: 2227-9
87. Goldman JG, Stebbins GT, Dinh V, Bernard B, Merkitch D, Detoledo-Morrell L, et al. Visuoperceptive region atrophy independent of cognitive status in patients with Parkinson's disease with hallucinations Brain 2014a; 137 (Pt 3): 849-59
88. Goldman JG, Williams-Gray C, Barker RA, Duda JE, Galvin JE. The spectrum of cognitive impairment in Lewy body diseases. Mov Disord 2014b; 29: 608-21
89. González-Redondo R, García-García D, Clavero P, Gasca-Salas C, García-Eulate R, Zubieta JL, et al. Grey matter hypometabolism and atrophy in Parkinson's disease with cognitive impairment: a two-step process. Brain 2014; 137 (Pt 8): 2356-67
90. Goodin DS, Aminoff MJ. Electrophysiological differences between demented and nondemented patients with Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 1987; 21: 90-4
91. Gotham AM, Brown RG, Marsden CD. 'Frontal' cognitive function in patients with Parkinson's disease 'on' and 'off' levodopa. Brain 1988; 111 (Pt 2): 299-321
92. Gratwicke J, Kahan J, Zrinzo L, Hariz M, Limousin P, Foltynie T, et al. The nucleus basalis of Meynert: a new target for deep brain stimulation in dementia? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37: 2676-88
93. Hagell P, Schrag A, Piccini P, Jahanshahi M, Brown R, Rehncrona S, et al. Sequential bilateral transplantation in Parkinson's disease: effects of the second graft. Brain 1999; 122 (Pt 6): 1121-32
94. Hall H, Reyes S, Landeck N, Bye C, Leanza G, Double K, et al Hippocampal Lewy pathology and cholinergic dysfunction are associated with dementia in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2014; 137 (Pt 9): 2493-508
95. Halliday GM, Leverenz JB, Schneider JS, Adler CH. The neurobiological basis of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2014; 29: 634-50
96. Hanyu H, Asano T, Sakurai H, Tanaka Y, Takasaki M, Abe K. MR analysis of the substantia innominata in normal aging, Alzheimer disease, and other types of dementia. Am J Neuroradiol 2002; 23: 27-32
97. Harding AJ, Broe GA, Halliday GM. Visual hallucinations in Lewy body disease relate to Lewy bodies in the temporal lobe. Brain 2002; 125: 391-403
98. Harding AJ, Halliday GM. Cortical Lewy body pathology in the diagnosis of dementia. Acta Neuropathol 2001; 102: 355-63
99. Hasselmo ME, McGaughy J. High acetylcholine levels set circuit dynamics for attention and encoding and low acetylcholine levels set dynamics for consolidation. Prog Brain Res 2004; 145: 207-31
100. Hattori T, Orimo S, Aoki S, Ito K, Abe O, Amano A, et al. Cognitive status correlates with white matter alteration in Parkinson's disease Hum Brain Mapp 2012; 33: 727-39
101. Hautecoeur P, Gallois P, Forzy G, Chatelet P, Choteau P, Dereux JF [Late auditory evoked potentials in subcortical cognitive deterioration] Rev Neurol (Paris) 1991; 147: 293-9
102. He Y, Wang L, Zang Y, Tian L, Zhang X, Li K, et al. Regional coherence changes in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease: a combined structural and resting-state functional MRI study. Neuroimage 2007; 35: 488-500
103. Helkala EL, Laulumaa V, Soininen H, Riekkinen PJ. Recall and recognition memory in patients with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases Ann Neurol 1988; 24: 214-17
104. Hely MA, Reid WGJ, Adena MA, Halliday GM, Morris JGL. The Sydney multicenter study of Parkinson's disease: the inevitability of dementia at 20 years. Mov Disord 2008; 23: 837-44
105. Henry JD, Crawford JR. Verbal fluency deficits in Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2004; 10: 608-22
106. Hilker R, Thomas a V, Klein JC, Weisenbach S, Kalbe E, Burghaus L, et al. Dementia in Parkinson disease: functional imaging of cholinergic and dopaminergic pathways. Neurology 2005; 65: 1716-22
107. Hillyard SA, Hink RF, Schwent VL, Picton TW. Electrical signs of selective attention in the human brain. Science 1973; 182: 177-80
108. Hindle JV, Petrelli A, Clare L, Kalbe E. Nonpharmacological enhancement of cognitive function in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review. Mov Disord 2013; 28: 1034-49
109. Hirsch E, Graybiel AM, Agid YA. Melanized dopaminergic neurons are differentially susceptible to degeneration in Parkinson's disease Nature 1988; 334: 345-8
110. Hodgson T, Chamberlain M, Parris B, James M, Gutowski N, Husain M, et al. The role of the ventrolateral frontal cortex in inhibitory oculomotor control. Brain 2007; 130: 1525-37
111. Hoops S, Nazem S, Siderowf AD, Duda JE, Xie SX, Stern MB, et al Validity of the MoCA and MMSE in the detection of MCI and dementia in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2009; 73: 1738-45
112. Horvath J, Herrmann FR, Burkhard PR, Bouras C, Kövari E Neuropathology of dementia in a large cohort of patients with Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2013; 19: 864-8; discussion 864
113. Hosokai Y, Nishio Y, Hirayama K, Takeda A, Ishioka T, Sawada Y, et al. Distinct patterns of regional cerebral glucose metabolism in Parkinson's disease with and without mild cognitive impairment Mov Disord 2009; 24: 854-62
114. Huang C, Mattis P, Perrine K, Brown N, Dhawan V, Eidelberg D Metabolic abnormalities associated with mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2008; 70: 1470-7
115. Huang C, Mattis P, Tang C, Perrine K, Carbon M, Eidelberg D Metabolic brain networks associated with cognitive function in Parkinson's disease. Neuroimage 2007; 34: 714-23
116. Huerta PT, Lisman JE. Heightened synaptic plasticity of hippocampal CA1 neurons during a cholinergically induced rhythmic state Nature 1993; 364: 723-5
117. Hurtig HI, Trojanowski JQ, Galvin J, Ewbank D, Schmidt ML, Lee VM, et al. Alpha-synuclein cortical Lewy bodies correlate with dementia in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 2000; 54: 1916-21
118. Ibarretxe-Bilbao N, Ramirez-Ruiz B, Junque C, Marti MJ, Valldeoriola F, Bargallo N, et al. Differential progression of brain atrophy in Parkinson's disease with and without visual hallucinations J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2010; 81: 650-7
119. Ibarretxe-Bilbao N, Ramírez-Ruiz B, Tolosa E, Martí MJ, Valldeoriola F, Bargalló N, et al. Hippocampal head atrophy predominance in Parkinson's disease with hallucinations and with dementia. J Neurol 2008; 255: 1324-31
120. Irwin DJ, White MT, Toledo JB, Xie SX, Robinson JL, Van Deerlin V, et al. Neuropathologic substrates of Parkinson disease dementia Ann Neurol 2012; 72: 587-98
121. Jahanshahi M, Wilkinson L, Gahir H, Dharminda A, Lagnado DA Neuropsychologia Medication impairs probabilistic classification learning in Parkinson's disease 2010; 48: 1096-103
122. Janvin CC, Aarsland D, Larsen JP. Cognitive predictors of dementia in Parkinson's disease: a community-based, 4-year longitudinal study. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2005; 18: 149-54
123. Janzen J, van't Ent D, Lemstra AW, Berendse HW, Barkhof F, Foncke EMJ. The pedunculopontine nucleus is related to visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease: preliminary results of a voxelbased morphometry study. J Neurol 2012; 259: 147-54
124. Javoy-Agid F, Agid Y. Is the mesocortical dopaminergic system involved in Parkinson disease? Neurology 1980; 30: 1326
125. Jones BE. Activity, modulation and role of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons innervating the cerebral cortex. Prog Brain Res 2004; 145: 157-69
126. Jubault T, Monetta L, Strafella AP, Lafontaine A-L, Monchi O. Ldopa medication in Parkinson's disease restores activity in the motor cortico-striatal loop but does not modify the cognitive network PLoS One 2009; 4: e6154
127. Junqué C, Ramírez-Ruiz B, Tolosa E, Summerfield C, Martí M-J, Pastor P, et al. Amygdalar and hippocampal MRI volumetric reductions in Parkinson's disease with dementia. Mov Disord 2005; 20: 540-4
128. Kahan J, Urner M, Moran R, Flandin G, Marreiros A, Mancini L, et al. Resting state functional MRI in Parkinson's disease: the impact of deep brain stimulation on 'effective' connectivity. Brain 2014; 137: 1130-1144
129. Kalaitzakis ME, Christian LM, Moran LB, Graeber MB, Pearce RKB, Gentleman SM. Dementia and visual hallucinations associated with limbic pathology in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009; 15: 196-204
130. Kalmbach A, Hedrick T, Waters J. Selective optogenetic stimulation of cholinergic axons in neocortex. J Neurophysiol 2012; 107: 2008-19
131. Kastner S, Ungerleider LG. Mechanisms of visual attention in the human cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci 2000; 23: 315-41
132. Kehagia AA, Barker RA, Robbins TW. Neuropsychological and clinical heterogeneity of cognitive impairment and dementia in patients with Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9: 1200-13
133. Kehagia AA, Barker RA, Robbins TW. Cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: the dual syndrome hypothesis. Neurodegener Dis 2013; 11: 79-92
134. Kehagia AA, Housden CR, Regenthal R, Barker RA, Muller U, Rowe J, et al. Targeting impulsivity in Parkinson's disease using atomoxetine. Brain 2014; 137: 1986-1997
135. Kempster PA, O'Sullivan SS, Holton JL, Revesz T, Lees AJ Relationships between age and late progression of Parkinson's disease: a clinico-pathological study. Brain 2010; 133: 1755-62
136. Kida Y, Tachibana H, Takeda M, Yoshikawa H, Okita T. Recognition memory for unfamiliar faces in Parkinson's disease: behavioral and electrophysiologic measures. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2007; 13: 157-64
137. Kilgard MP, Merzenich MM. Cortical map reorganization enabled by nucleus basalis activity. Science 1998; 279: 1714-18
138. Klein JC, Eggers C, Kalbe E, Weisenbach S, Hohmann C, Vollmar S, et al. Neurotransmitter changes in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson disease dementia in vivo. Neurology 2010; 74: 885-92
139. Kuhl DE, Minoshima S, Fessler JA, Frey KA, Foster NL, Ficaro EP, et al. In vivo mapping of cholinergic terminals in normal aging, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 1996; 40: 399-410
140. Kuhn J, Hardenacke K, Lenartz D, Gruendler T, Ullsperger M, Bartsch C, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the nucleus basalis of Meynert in Alzheimer's dementia. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20: 353-60
141. Laatu S, Revonsuo A, Pihko L, Portin R, Rinne JO. Visual object recognition deficits in early Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2004; 10: 227-33
142. Leanza G, Muir J, Nilsson OG, Wiley RG, Dunnett SB, Bjorklund A Selective immunolesioning of the basal forebrain cholinergic system disrupts short-term memory in rats. Eur J Neurosci 1996; 8: 1535-44
143. Lech RK, Suchan B. The medial temporal lobe: memory and beyond Behav Brain Res 2013; 254: 45-9
144. Lee AC, Harris JP, Calvert JE. Impairments of mental rotation in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia 1998; 36: 109-114
145. Lee H, Fell J, Axmacher N. Electrical engram: how deep brain stimulation affects memory. Trends Cogn Sci 2013; 17: 574-84
146. Lee HJ, Lim IJ, Park SW, Kim YB, Ko Y, Kim SU. Human neural stem cells genetically modified to express human nerve growth factor (NGF) gene restore cognition in the mouse with ibotenic acidinduced cognitive dysfunction. Cell Transplant 2012; 21: 2487-96
147. Lee JE, Cho KH, Song SK, Kim HJ, Lee HS, Sohn YH, et al Exploratory analysis of neuropsychological and neuroanatomical correlates of progressive mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014; 85: 7-16
148. Lee JE, Park H-J, Park B, Song SK, Sohn YH, Lee JD, et al. A comparative analysis of cognitive profiles and white-matter alterations using voxel-based diffusion tensor imaging between patients with Parkinson's disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2010; 81: 320-6
149. Lee MG, Hassani OK, Alonso A, Jones BE. Cholinergic basal forebrain neurons burst with theta during waking and paradoxical sleep J Neurosci 2005; 25: 4365-9
150. Lees AJ, Smith E. Cognitive deficits in the early stages of Parkinson's disease. Brain 1983; 106: 257-70
151. Levin BE, Llabre MM, Reisman S, Weiner WJ, Sanchez-Ramos J, Singer C, et al. Visuospatial impairment in Parkinson's disease Neurology 1991; 41: 365
152. Levy G, Jacobs DM, Tang M-X, Cô té LJ, Louis ED, Alfaro B, et al Memory and executive function impairment predict dementia in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2002a; 17: 1221-6
153. Levy G, Tang M-X, Louis ED, Cote LJ, Alfaro B, Mejia H, et al. The association of incident dementia with mortality in PD. Neurology 2002b; 59: 1708-1713
154. Lewis SJG, Dove A, Robbins TW, Barker RA, Owen AM. Cognitive impairments in early Parkinson's disease are accompanied by reductions in activity in frontostriatal neural circuitry. J Neurosci 2003; 23: 6351-6
155. Lewis SJG, Slabosz A, Robbins TW, Barker RA, Owen AM Dopaminergic basis for deficits in working memory but not attentional set-shifting in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia 2005; 43: 823-32
156. Liepelt I, Reimold M, Maetzler W, Godau J, Reischl G, Gaenslen A, et al. Cortical hypometabolism assessed by a metabolic ratio in Parkinson's disease primarily reflects cognitive deterioration-[18F]FDG-PET. Mov Disord 2009; 24: 1504-11
157. Litvinenko IV, Odinak MM, Mogil'naya VI, Emelin AY. Efficacy and safety of galantamine (reminyl) for dementia in patients with Parkinson's disease (an open controlled trial). Neurosci Behav Physiol 2008; 38: 937-45
158. Liu Y, Weick JP, Liu H, Krencik R, Zhang X, Ma L, et al. Medial ganglionic eminence-like cells derived from human embryonic stem cells correct learning and memory deficits. Nat Biotechnol 2013; 31: 440-7
159. Mandel RJ, Gage FH, Thal LJ. Spatial learning in rats: correlation with cortical choline acetyltransferase and improvement with NGF following NBM damage. Exp Neurol 1989; 104: 208-17
160. Marié RM, Barré L, Dupuy B, Viader F, Defer G, Baron JC Relationships between striatal dopamine denervation and frontal executive tests in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 1999; 260: 77-80
161. Marsh L, Biglan K, Gerstenhaber M, Williams JR. Atomoxetine for the treatment of executive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: a pilot open-label study. Mov Disord 2009; 24: 277-82
162. Martinez-Martin P. Dementia in Parkinson's disease: usefulness of the pill questionnaire. Mov Disord 2013; 28: 1832-7
163. Matsui H, Nishinaka K, Oda M, Hara N, Komatsu K, Kubori T, et al Hypoperfusion of the visual pathway in parkinsonian patients with visual hallucinations. Mov Disord 2006; 21: 2140-4
164. Matsui H, Nishinaka K, Oda M, Niikawa H, Kubori T, Udaka F Dementia in Parkinson's disease: diffusion tensor imaging. Acta Neurol Scand 2007; 116: 177-81
165. Mattila PM, Rinne JO, Helenius H, Dickson DW, RöyttäM. Alphasynuclein-immunoreactive cortical Lewy bodies are associated with cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2000; 100: 285-290
166. Mattila PM, RöyttäM, Torikka H, Dickson DW, Rinne JO. Cortical Lewy bodies and Alzheimer-type changes in patients with Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol 1998; 95: 576-82
167. McConnell GC, So RQ, Hilliard JD, Lopomo P, Grill WM. Effective deep brain stimulation suppresses low-frequency network oscillations in the basal ganglia by regularizing neural firing patterns. J Neurosci 2012; 32: 15657-68
168. McLin DE, Miasnikov AA, Weinberger NM. Induction of behavioral associative memory by stimulation of the nucleus basalis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 4002-7
169. Melzer TR, Watts R, MacAskill MR, Pitcher TL, Livingston L, Keenan RJ, et al. Grey matter atrophy in cognitively impaired Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012; 83: 188-94
170. Menon V, Uddin LQ. Saliency, switching, attention and control: a network model of insula function. Brain Struct Funct 2010; 214: 655-67
171. Meppelink AM, de Jong BM, Renken R, Leenders KL, Cornelissen FW, van Laar T. Impaired visual processing preceding image recognition in Parkinson's disease patients with visual hallucinations Brain 2009; 132: 2980-93
172. Meppelink AM, Koerts J, Borg M, Leenders KL, van Laar T. Visual object recognition and attention in Parkinson's disease patients with visual hallucinations. Mov Disord 2008; 23: 1906-12
173. Mesulam MM, Mufson EJ, Levey AI, Wainer BH. Cholinergic innervation of cortex by the basal forebrain: cytochemistry and cortical connections of the septal area, diagonal band nuclei, nucleus basalis (substantia innominata), and hypothalamus in the rhesus monkey J Comp Neurol 1983; 214: 170-97
174. Metherate R, Cox CL, Ashe JH. Cellular bases of neocortical activation: modulation of neural oscillations by the nucleus basalis and endogenous acetylcholine. J Neurosci 1992; 12: 4701-11
175. Middleton FA, Strick PL. Basal ganglia and cerebellar loops: motor and cognitive circuits. Brain Res. Brain Res Rev 2000; 31: 236-50
176. Milner B. Some Cognitive Effects of Frontal-Lobe Lesions in Man Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 1982; 298: 211-26
177. Milner B. Aspects of human frontal lobe function. Adv Neurol 1995; 66: 67-81; discussion 81-4
178. Monchi O, Petrides M, Doyon J, Postuma RB, Worsley K, Dagher A Neural bases of set-shifting deficits in Parkinson's diseaseJ Neurosci 2004; 24: 702-10
179. Monchi O, Petrides M, Mejia-Constain B, Strafella AP. Cortical activity in Parkinson's disease during executive processing depends on striatal involvement. Brain 2007; 130: 233-44
180. Montse A, Pere V, Carme J, Francesc V, Eduardo T. Visuospatial deficits in Parkinson's disease assessed by judgment of line orientation test: error analyses and practice effects. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2001; 23: 592-8
181. Mortimer JA, Pirozzolo FJ, Hansch EC, Webster DD. Relationship of motor symptoms to intellectual deficits in Parkinson disease Neurology 1982; 32: 133
182. Mufson EJ, Ginsberg SD, Ikonomovic MD, DeKosky ST. Human cholinergic basal forebrain: chemoanatomy and neurologic dysfunction J Chem Neuroanat 2003; 26: 233-42
183. Muslimovic D, Post B, Speelman JD, Schmand B. Cognitive profile of patients with newly diagnosed Parkinson disease. Neurology 2005; 65: 1239-45
184. Nazem S, Siderowf AD, Duda JE, Have TT, Colcher A, Horn SS, et al Montreal cognitive assessment performance in patients with Parkinson's disease with 'normal' global cognition according to mini-mental state examination score. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009; 57: 304-8
185. Neufeld MY, Blumen S, Aitkin I, Parmet Y, Korczyn AD. EEG frequency analysis in demented and nondemented parkinsonian patients Dementia 1994; 5: 23-8
186. Nguyen DP, Lin S-C. A frontal cortex event-related potential driven by the basal forebrain. Elife 2014; 3: e02148
187. Nombela C, Bustillo PJ, Castell PF, Sanchez L, Medina V, Herrero MT. Cognitive rehabilitation in Parkinson's disease: evidence from neuroimaging. Front Neurol 2011, DEC: 1-11
188. Nombela C, Rowe JB, Winder-Rhodes SE, Hampshire A, Owen AM, Breen DP, et al. Genetic impact on cognition and brain function in newly diagnosed Parkinson's disease: ICICLE-PD study. Brain 2014; 137: 2743-58
189. Nomura T, Inoue Y, Mitani H, Kawahara R, Miyake M, Nakashima K. Visual hallucinations as REM sleep behavior disorders in patients with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2003; 18: 812-7
190. Norman D, Shallice T. Attention to action: willed and automatic control of behaviour. In: Davidson R, Schwartz G, Shapiro D, editors. Consciousness and self-regulation. Vol. Vol. 4. New York: Plenum; 1986. p. 1-18
191. Oades RD, Halliday GM. Ventral tegmental (A10) system: neurobiology 1. Anatomy and connectivity. Brain Res 1987; 434: 117-65
192. Oishi N, Udaka F, Kameyama M, Sawamoto N, Hashikawa K, Fukuyama H. Regional cerebral blood flow in Parkinson diseasewith nonpsychotic visual hallucinations. Neurology 2005; 65: 1708-15
193. Ouchi Y, Kanno T, Okada H, Yoshikawa E, Futatsubashi M, Nobezawa S, et al. Presynaptic and postsynaptic dopaminergic binding densities in the nigrostriatal and mesocortical systems in early Parkinson's disease: a double-tracer positron emission tomography study. Ann Neurol 1999; 46: 723-31
194. Owen AM. Cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: the role of frontostriatal circuitry. Neuroscientist 2004; 10: 525-37
195. Owen AM, Doyon J, Dagher A, Sadikot A, Evans AC. Abnormal basal ganglia outflow in Parkinson's disease identified with PET Implications for higher cortical functions. Brain 1998; 121 (Pt 5): 949-65
196. Owen AM, Sahakian B, Hodges JR, Summers BA, Polkey CE, Robbins TW. Dopamine-dependent frontostriatal planning deficits in early Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychology 1995; 9: 126-140
197. Pagonabarraga J, Kulisevsky J. Cognitive impairment and dementia in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 46: 590-6
198. Pahapill PA, Lozano AM. The pedunculopontine nucleus and Parkinson's disease. Brain 2000; 123 (Pt 9): 1767-83
199. Pan PL, Shi HC, Zhong JG, Xiao PR, Shen Y, Wu LJ, et al. Gray matter atrophy in Parkinson's disease with dementia: evidence from meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies. Neurol Sci 2013; 34: 613-19
200. Papapetropoulos S, McCorquodale DS, Gonzalez J, Jean-Gilles L, Mash DC. Cortical and amygdalar Lewy body burden in Parkinson's disease patients with visual hallucinations Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2006; 12: 253-6
201. Parasuraman R. Brain systems of vigilance. In: Parasuraman R, editor The attentive brain. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 1998
202. París AP, Saleta HG, de la Cruz Crespo Maraver M, Silvestre E, Freixa MG, Torrellas CP, et al. Blind randomized controlled study of the efficacy of cognitive training in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2011; 26: 1251-58
203. Parker KL, Lamichhane D, Caetano MS, Narayanan NS. Executive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease and timing deficits. Front Integr Neurosci 2013; 7: 75
204. Parkkinen L, PirttiläT, Alafuzoff I. Applicability of current staging/categorization of alpha-synuclein pathology and their clinical relevance Acta Neuropathol 2008; 115: 399-407
205. Pereira JB, Junqué C, Martí M-J, Ramirez-Ruiz B, Bargalló N, Tolosa E. Neuroanatomical substrate of visuospatial and visuoperceptual impairment in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2009; 24: 1193-9
206. Perry EK, Curtis M, Dick DJ, Candy JM, Atack JR, Bloxham CA, et al. Cholinergic correlates of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: comparisons with Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985; 48: 413-421
207. Perry EK, Perry RH. Acetylcholine and hallucinations: disease-related compared to drug-induced alterations in human consciousness Brain Cogn 1995; 28: 240-58
208. Petersen SE, Posner MI. The attention system of the human brain: 20 years after. Annu Rev Neurosci 2012; 35: 73-89
209. Pillon B, Deweer B, Agid Y, Dubois B. Explicit memory in Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's diseases. Arch Neurol 1993; 50: 374-9
210. Pillon B, Dubois B, Bonnet A-M, Esteguy M, Guimaraes J, Vigouret J-M, et al. Cognitive slowing in Parkinson's disease fails to respond to levodopa treatment: the 15-objects test. Neurology 1989; 39: 762
211. Pinto L, Goard MJ, Estandian D, Xu M, Kwan AC, Lee S-H, et al Fast modulation of visual perception by basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. Nat Neurosci 2013; 16: 1857-63
212. Poewe W, Berger W, Benke T, Schelosky L. High-speed memory scanning in Parkinson's disease: adverse effects of levodopa. Ann Neurol 1991; 29: 670-3
213. Poliakoff E, O'Boyle DJ, Moore AP, McGlone FP, Cody FWJ, Spence C. Orienting of attention and Parkinson's disease: tactile inhibition of return and response inhibition. Brain 2003; 126: 2081-92
214. Ponsen MM, Stam CJ, Bosboom JLW, Berendse HW, Hillebrand A. A three dimensional anatomical view of oscillatory resting-state activity and functional connectivity in Parkinson's disease related dementia: an MEG study using atlas-based beamforming. NeuroImage Clin 2012; 2: 95-102
215. Posner MI, Dehaene S. Attentional networks. Trends Neurosci 1994; 17: 75-9
216. Posner MI, Petersen SE. The attention system of the human brain Annu Rev Neurosci 1990; 13: 25-42
217. Postuma RB, Bertrand J-A, Montplaisir J, Desjardins C, Vendette M, Rios Romenets S, et al. Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and risk of dementia in Parkinson's disease: a prospective study Mov Disord 2012; 27: 720-6
218. Ramírez-Ruiz B, Junqué C, Martí M-J, Valldeoriola F, Tolosa E Neuropsychological deficits in Parkinson's disease patients with visual hallucinations. Mov Disord 2006; 21: 1483-7
219. Ravina B, Putt M, Siderowf A, Farrar JT, Gillespie M, Crawley A, et al. Donepezil for dementia in Parkinson's disease: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, crossover study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005; 76: 934-9
220. Reid WG, Hely MA, Morris JG, Broe GA, Adena M, Sullivan DJ, et al. A longitudinal of Parkinson's disease: clinical and neuropsychological correlates of dementia. J Clin Neurosci 1996; 3: 327-33
221. Ricciardi L, Piano C, Rita Bentivoglio A, Fasano A. Pedunculopontine nucleus stimulation in Parkinson's disease dementia. Biol Psychiatry 2014, pii: S0006-3223(14)00590-3
222. Riekkinen M, JäkäläP, Kejonen K, Riekkinen P. The alpha2 agonist, clonidine, improves spatial working performance in Parkinson's disease Neuroscience 1999; 92: 983-9
223. Rolinski M, Fox C, Maidment I, McShane R. Cholinesterase inhibitors for dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease dementia and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. Cochrane database Syst Rev 2012; 3: CD006504
224. Rommelfanger KS, Weinshenker D. Norepinephrine: the redheaded stepchild of Parkinson's disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 74: 177-90
225. Rosenthal E, Brennan L, Xie S, Hurtig H, Milber J, Weintraub D, et al. Association between cognition and function in patients with Parkinson disease with and without dementia. Mov Disord 2010; 25: 1170-6
226. Rowe J, Stephan KE, Friston K, Frackowiak R, Lees A, Passingham R Attention to action in Parkinson's disease: impaired effective connectivity among frontal cortical regions. Brain 2002; 125: 276-89
227. Sabbagh MN, Adler CH, Lahti TJ, Connor DJ, Vedders L, Peterson LK, et al. Parkinson disease with dementia: comparing patients with and without Alzheimer pathology. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2009; 23: 295-7
228. Sammer G, Reuter I, Hullmann K, Kaps M, Vaitl D. Training of executive functions in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 2006; 248: 115-19
229. Sanchez-Castaneda C, Rene R, Ramirez-Ruiz B, Campdelacreu J, Gascon J, Falcon C, et al. Frontal and associative visual areas related to visual hallucinations in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease with dementia. Mov Disord 2010; 25: 615-22
230. Santangelo G, Trojano L, Vitale C, Ianniciello M, Amboni M, Grossi D, et al. A neuropsychological longitudinal study in Parkinson's patients with and without hallucinations. Mov Disord 2007; 22: 2418-25
231. Sarter M, Bruno JP, Givens B. Attentional functions of cortical cholinergic inputs: what does it mean for learning and memory? Neurobiol Learn Mem 2003; 80: 245-56
232. Sarter M, Gehring WJ, Kozak R. More attention must be paid: the neurobiology of attentional effort. Brain Res Rev 2006; 51: 145-60
233. Sarter M, Hasselmo ME, Bruno JP, Givens B. Unraveling the attentional functions of cortical cholinergic inputs: interactions between signal-driven and cognitive modulation of signal detection. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2005; 48: 98-111
234. Scatton B, Javoy-Agid F, Rouquier L, Dubois B, Agid Y. Reduction of cortical dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin and their metabolites in Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 1983; 275: 321-8
235. Sharpe MH. Auditory attention in early Parkinson's disease: an impairment in focused attention. Neuropsychologia 1992; 30: 101-6
236. Shimada H, Hirano S, Shinotoh H, Aotsuka A, Sato K, Tanaka N, et al. Mapping of brain acetylcholinesterase alterations in Lewy body disease by PET. Neurology 2009; 73: 273-8
237. Shin S, Lee JE, Hong JY, Sunwoo M-K, Sohn YH, Lee PH Neuroanatomical substrates of visual hallucinations in patients with non-demented Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012; 83: 1155-61
238. Shine JM, Halliday GM, Gilat M, Matar E, Bolitho SJ, Carlos M, et al. The role of dysfunctional attentional control networks in visual misperceptions in Parkinson's disease. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 35: 2206-19
239. Shine JM, Halliday GM, Naismith SL, Lewis SJG. Visual misperceptions and hallucinations in Parkinson's disease: dysfunction of attentional control networks? Mov Disord 2011; 26: 2154-9
240. Sinforiani E, Banchieri L, Zucchella C, Pacchetti C, Sandrini G Cognitive rehabilitation in Parkinson's disease. Arch Gerontol Geriatr Suppl 2004; 387-91
241. Sinforiani E, Zangaglia R, Manni R, Cristina S, Marchioni E, Nappi G, et al. REM sleep behavior disorder, hallucinations, and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2006; 21: 462-6
242. Soikkeli R, Partanen J, Soininen H, Pääkkönen A, Riekkinen P Slowing of EEG in Parkinson's disease. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1991; 79: 159-65
243. Soma S, Shimegi S, Suematsu N, Tamura H, Sato H. Modulationspecific and laminar-dependent effects of acetylcholine on visual responses in the rat primary visual cortex. PLoS One 2013; 8: e68430
244. Song SK, Lee JE, Park H-J, Sohn YH, Lee JD, Lee PH. The pattern of cortical atrophy in patients with Parkinson's disease according to cognitive status. Mov Disord 2011; 26: 289-96
245. Squire LR, Stark CEL, Clark RE. The medial temporal lobe. Annu Rev Neurosci 2004; 27: 279-306
246. Srinivasan J, Schmidt WJ. Potentiation of parkinsonian symptoms by depletion of locus coeruleus noradrenaline in 6-hydroxydopamineinduced partial degeneration of substantia nigra in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2003; 17: 2586-92
247. Stam CJ, Visser SL, Op de Coul AA, De Sonneville LM, Schellens RL, Brunia CH, et al. Disturbed frontal regulation of attention in Parkinson's disease. Brain 1993; 116 (Pt 5): 1139-58
248. Stebbins GT, Goetz CG, Carrillo MC, Bangen KJ, Turner DA, Glover GH, et al. Altered cortical visual processing in PD with hallucinations: an fMRI study. Neurology 2004; 63: 1409-16
249. Summerfield C, Junqué C, Tolosa E, Salgado-Pineda P, Gó mez-Ansón B, Martí MJ, et al. Structural brain changes in Parkinson disease with dementia: a voxel-based morphometry study. Arch Neurol 2005; 62: 281-5
250. Swainson R, Rogers RD, Sahakian BJ, Summers BA, Polkey CE, Robbins TW. Probabilistic learning and reversal deficits in patients with Parkinson's disease or frontal or temporal lobe lesions: possible adverse effects of dopaminergic medication. Neuropsychologia 2000; 38: 596-612
251. Szymusiak R. Magnocellular nuclei of the basal forebrain: substrates of sleep and arousal regulation. Sleep 1995; 18: 478-500
252. Tam CWC, Burton EJ, McKeith IG, Burn DJ, O'Brien JT. Temporal lobe atrophy on MRI in Parkinson disease with dementia: a comparison with Alzheimer disease and dementia with Lewy bodies Neurology 2005; 64: 861-5
253. Taylor AE, Saint-Cyr JA, Lang AE. Frontal lobe dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. The cortical focus of neostriatal outflow Brain 1986; 109 (Pt 5): 845-83
254. Tulving E. Episodic and semantic memory. In: Tulving E, Donaldson W, editors. Organization of memory. New York: Academic; 1972. p. 381-403
255. Ungerleider LG, Mishkin M. Two cortical visual systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 1982
256. van Hartevelt TJ, Cabral J, Deco G, Møller A, Green AL, Aziz TZ, et al. Neural plasticity in human brain connectivity: the effects of long term deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2014; 9: e86496
257. Vazey EM, Aston-Jones G. The emerging role of norepinephrine in cognitive dysfunctions of Parkinson's disease. Front Behav Neurosci 2012; 6: 48
258. Villardita C, Smirni P, le Pira F, Zappala G, Nicoletti F. Mental deterioration, visuoperceptive disabilities and constructional apraxia in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 1982; 66: 112-20
259. Voytko ML. Cognitive functions of the basal forebrain cholinergic system in monkeys: memory or attention? Behav Brain Res 1996; 75: 13-25
260. Voytko ML, Olton DS, Richardson RT, Gorman LK, Tobin JR, Price DL. Basal forebrain lesions in monkeys disrupt attention but not learning and memory. J Neurosci 1994; 14: 167-86
261. Wahlberg LU, Lind G, Almqvist PM, Kusk P, Tornøe J, Juliusson B, et al. Targeted delivery of nerve growth factor via encapsulated cell biodelivery in Alzheimer disease: a technology platform for restorative neurosurgery. J Neurosurg 2012; 117: 340-7
262. Walker MP. The Clinician Assessment of Fluctuation and the One Day Fluctuation Assessment Scale: Two methods to assess fluctuating confusion in dementia. Br J Psychiatry 2000; 177: 252-6
263. Weintraub D, Mavandadi S, Mamikonyan E, Siderowf AD, Duda JE, Hurtig HI, et al. Atomoxetine for depression and other neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2010; 75: 448-55
264. Weintraub D, Somogyi M, Meng X. Rivastigmine in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease dementia: an ADAS-cog factor analysis Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2011; 26: 443-9
265. Wesnes KA, Edgar C, Thomas J. Rivastigmine reduces the attentional deficit in dementia associated with Parkinson's disease and treatment response is dependent on the initial severity of the deficits. Int Psychogeriatr 2005a; 17: 263-4
266. Wesnes KA, McKeith I, Edgar C, Emre M, Lane R. Benefits of rivastigmine on attention in dementia associated with Parkinson disease Neurology 2005b; 65: 1654-6
267. Whitehead DL, Davies ADM, Playfer JR, Turnbull CJ. Circadian restactivity rhythm is altered in Parkinson's disease patients with hallucinations Mov Disord 2008; 23: 1137-45
268. Whitehouse PJ, Hedreen JC, White CL, Price DL. Basal forebrain neurons in the dementia of Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol 1983; 13: 243-8
269. Whittington CJ, Podd J, Kan MM. Recognition memory impairment in Parkinson's disease: power and meta-analyses. Neuropsychology 2000; 14: 233-46
270. Whittington CJ, Podd J, Stewart-Williams S. Memory deficits in Parkinson's disease. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2006; 28: 738-54
271. Williams A, Gill S, Varma T, Jenkinson C, Quinn N, Mitchell R, et al Deep brain stimulation plus best medical therapy versus best medical therapy alone for advanced Parkinson's disease (PD SURG trial): a randomised, open-label trial. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9: 581-91
272. Williams DR, Lees AJ. Visual hallucinations in the diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease: a retrospective autopsy study. Lancet Neurol 2005; 4: 605-10
273. Williams-Gray CH, Evans JR, Goris A, Foltynie T, Ban M, Robbins TW, et al. The distinct cognitive syndromes of Parkinson's disease: 5 year follow-up of the CamPaIGN cohort Brain 2009; 132: 2958-69
274. Williams-Gray CH, Foltynie T, Brayne CEG, Robbins TW, Barker RA Evolution of cognitive dysfunction in an incident Parkinson's disease cohort. Brain 2007a; 130: 1787-98
275. Williams-Gray CH, Hampshire A, Barker RA, Owen AM. Attentional control in Parkinson's disease is dependent on COMT val 158 met genotype. Brain 2008; 131: 397-408
276. Williams-Gray CH, Hampshire A, Robbins TW, Owen AM, Barker RA. Catechol O-methyltransferase Val158Met genotype influences frontoparietal activity during planning in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci 2007b; 27: 4832-8
277. Williams-Gray CH, Mason SL, Evans JR, Foltynie T, Brayne C, Robbins TW, et al. The CamPaIGN study of Parkinson's disease: 10-year outlook in an incident population-based cohort. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2013; 84: 1258-64
278. Witt K, Daniels C, Reiff J, Krack P, Volkmann J, Pinsker MO, et al Neuropsychological and psychiatric changes after deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease: a randomised, multicentre study Lancet Neurol 2008; 7: 605-14
279. Woods SP, Tröster AI. Prodromal frontal/executive dysfunction predicts incident dementia in Parkinson's disease. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2003; 9: 17-24
280. Wright MJ, Burns RJ, Geffen GM, Geffen LB. Covert orientation of visual attention in Parkinson's disease: an impairment in the maintenance of attention. Neuropsychologia 1990; 28: 151-9
281. Yagi S, Yoshikawa E, Futatsubashi M, Yokokura M, Yoshihara Y, Torizuka T, et al. Progression from unilateral to bilateral parkinsonism in early Parkinson disease: implication of mesocortical dopamine dysfunction by PET. J Nucl Med 2010; 51: 1250-7
282. Yong SW, Yoon JK, An YS, Lee PH. A comparison of cerebral glucose metabolism in Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. Eur J Neurol 2007; 14: 1357-62
283. Zadikoff C, Fox SH, Tang-Wai DF, Thomsen T, de Bie RMA, Wadia P, et al. A comparison of the mini mental state exam to the Montreal cognitive assessment in identifying cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2008; 23: 297-9
284. Zgaljardic DJ, Borod JC, Foldi NS, Mattis P. A review of the cognitive and behavioral sequelae of Parkinson's disease: relationship to frontostriatal circuitry. Cogn Behav Neurol 2003; 16: 193-210
285. Zgaljardic DJ, Foldi NS, Borod JC. Cognitive and behavioral dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: neurochemical and clinicopathological contributions. J Neural Transm 2004; 111: 1287-301
286. Zweig RM, Cardillo JE, Cohen M, Giere S, Hedreen JC. The locus ceruleus and dementia in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1993; 43: 986.