Cellular membrane microparticles: Potential targets of combinational therapy for vascular disease

Current Vascular Pharmacology

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 449-458

  Xiao, Xiang ^a   Ma, Xiaotang ^b   Liu, Langni ^a   Wang, Jinju ^a   Bi, Kexia ^b   Liu, Yingxia ^c   Fan, Ran ^a   Zhao, Bin ^b   Chen, Yanfang ^a,b   Bihl, Ji C ^a  

^a WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b GUANGDONG MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^c The Third People's Municipal Hospital of Shenzhen   (China)

Author keywords

Combinational therapy; Microparticles; Vascular disease

Indexed keywords

CD11B ANTIGEN; CD31 ANTIGEN; CD34 ANTIGEN; ENDOGLIN; ENDOTHELIAL LEUKOCYTE ADHESION MOLECULE 1; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; L SELECTIN; MEMBRANE PROTEIN; MESSENGER RNA; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE P38; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; PHOSPHOLIPID; PROTEIN KINASE B; RNA; TICLOPIDINE; VASCULOTROPIN RECEPTOR 2; BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

ANGIOGENESIS; APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY; BIOGENESIS; CELL COMMUNICATION; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL ISOLATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL SURVIVAL; CELL THERAPY; CENTRIFUGATION; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DRUG TARGETING; ENDOTHELIAL PROGENITOR CELL; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; EXOSOME; FLOW CYTOMETRY; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; MEMBRANE MICROPARTICLE; MESENCHYMAL STROMA CELL; NONHUMAN; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERIPHERAL ISCHEMIA; PLATELET MEMBRANE MICROPARTICLE; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; VASCULAR DISEASE; ANIMAL; BLOOD; DRUG EFFECTS; GENETICS; METABOLISM; MOLECULARLY TARGETED THERAPY; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; PROCEDURES; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; THROMBOCYTE; VASCULAR DISEASES; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM;

ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; BIOMARKERS; BLOOD PLATELETS; CELL-DERIVED MICROPARTICLES; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; HUMANS; MOLECULAR TARGETED THERAPY; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; VASCULAR DISEASES;

EID: 84938679351     PISSN: 15701611     EISSN: 18756212     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1570161112666141014145440     Document Type: Article

References (146)

1. Rautou PE, Vion AC, Amabile N, et al. Microparticles, vascular function, and atherothrombosis. Circ Res 2011; 109(5): 593-606.
2. Eraso LH, Reilly MP, Sehgal C, Mohler ER, III. Emerging diagnostic and therapeutic molecular imaging applications in vascular disease. Vasc Med 2011; 16(2): 145-56.
3. Bosch JL, Hunink MG. Meta-analysis of the results of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stent placement for aortoiliac occlusive disease. Radiology 1997; 204(1): 87-96.
4. De Sanctis JT. Percutaneous interventions for lower extremity peripheral vascular disease. Am Fam Physician 2001; 64(12): 1965-72.
5. Nozaki T, Sugiyama S, Sugamura K, et al. Prognostic value of endothelial microparticles in patients with heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2010; 12(11): 1223-8.
6. Stepien E, Kablak-Ziembicka A, Czyz J, Przewlocki T, Malecki M. Microparticles, not only markers but also a therapeutic target in the early stage of diabetic retinopathy and vascular aging. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16(7): 677-88.
7. Morel O, Toti F, Hugel B, Freyssinet JM. Cellular microparticles: a disseminated storage pool of bioactive vascular effectors. Curr Opin Hematol 2004; 11(3): 156-64.
8. Mause SF, Weber C. Microparticles: protagonists of a novel communication network for intercellular information exchange. Circ Res 2010; 107(9): 1047-57.
9. Distler JH, Pisetsky DS, Huber LC, Kalden JR, Gay S, Distler O. Microparticles as regulators of inflammation: novel players of cellular crosstalk in the rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52(11): 3337-48.
10. Boon RA, Vickers KC. Intercellular transport of microRNAs. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33(2): 186-92.
11. Diehl P, Fricke A, Sander L, et al. Microparticles: major transport vehicles for distinct microRNAs in circulation. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 93(4): 633-44.
12. Jansen F, Yang X, Hoelscher M, et al. Endothelial Microparticle- Mediated Transfer of MicroRNA-126 Promotes Vascular Endothelial Cell Repair via SPRED1 and Is Abrogated in Glucose- Damaged Endothelial Microparticles. Circulation 2013; 128(18): 2026-38.
13. Soleti R, Benameur T, Porro C, Panaro MA, Andriantsitohaina R, Martinez MC. Microparticles harboring Sonic Hedgehog promote angiogenesis through the upregulation of adhesion proteins and proangiogenic factors. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30(4): 580-8.
14. Yang C, Mwaikambo BR, Zhu T, et al. Lymphocytic microparticles inhibit angiogenesis by stimulating oxidative stress and negatively regulating VEGF-induced pathways. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 294(2): R467-76.
15. Wang J, Chen S, Ma X, et al. Effects of Endothelial Progenitor Cell-Derived Microvesicles on Hypoxia/Reoxygenation-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction and Apoptosis. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2013; 2013: 572729.
16. Thery C, Ostrowski M, Segura E. Membrane vesicles as conveyors of immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol 2009; 9(8): 581-93.
17. Crescitelli R, Lasser C, Szabo TG, et al. Distinct RNA profiles in subpopulations of extracellular vesicles: apoptotic bodies, microvesicles and exosomes. J Extracell Vesicles 2013; 2.
18. Borges FT, Reis LA, Schor N. Extracellular vesicles: structure, function, and potential clinical uses in renal diseases. Braz J Med Biol Res 2013; 46(10): 824-30.
19. Gyorgy B, Szabo TG, Pasztoi M, et al. Membrane vesicles, current state-of-the-art: emerging role of extracellular vesicles. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68(16): 2667-88.
20. Porto I, De Maria GL, Di VL, Camaioni C, Gustapane M, Biasucci LM. Microparticles in health and disease: small mediators, large role? Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2011; 9(4): 490-500.
21. Thery C, Zitvogel L, Amigorena S. Exosomes: composition, biogenesis and function. Nat Rev Immunol 2002; 2(8): 569-79.
22. Lee Y, El AS, Wood MJ. Exosomes and microvesicles: extracellular vesicles for genetic information transfer and gene therapy. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21(R1): R125-34.
23. Soldevilla B, Rodriguez M, San MC, et al. Tumor-derived exosomes are enriched in DeltaNp73, which promotes oncogenic potential in acceptor cells and correlates with patient survival. Hum Mol Genet 2013.
24. Ohno S, Ishikawa A, Kuroda M. Roles of exosomes and microvesicles in disease pathogenesis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65(3): 398-401.
25. Shifrin DA, Jr., Demory BM, Coffey RJ, Tyska MJ. Extracellular vesicles: communication, coercion, and conditioning. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24(9): 1253-9.
26. Hawari FI, Rouhani FN, Cui X, et al. Release of full-length 55-kDa TNF receptor 1 in exosome-like vesicles: a mechanism for generation of soluble cytokine receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101(5): 1297-302.
27. Valadi H, Ekstrom K, Bossios A, Sjostrand M, Lee JJ, Lotvall JO. Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells. Nat Cell Biol 2007; 9(6): 654-9.
28. Hristov M, Erl W, Linder S, Weber PC. Apoptotic bodies from endothelial cells enhance the number and initiate the differentiation of human endothelial progenitor cells in vitro. Blood 2004; 104(9): 2761-6.
29. Jimenez JJ, Jy W, Mauro LM, Soderland C, Horstman LL, Ahn YS. Endothelial cells release phenotypically and quantitatively distinct microparticles in activation and apoptosis. Thromb Res 2003; 109(4): 175-80.
30. George FD. Microparticles in vascular diseases. Thromb Res 2008; 122(Suppl 1): S55-9.
31. Abid Hussein MN, Meesters EW, Osmanovic N, Romijn FP, Nieuwland R, Sturk A. Antigenic characterization of endothelial cell-derived microparticles and their detection ex vivo. J Thromb Haemost 2003; 1(11): 2434-43.
32. Sims PJ, Wiedmer T, Esmon CT, Weiss HJ, Shattil SJ. Assembly of the platelet prothrombinase complex is linked to vesiculation of the platelet plasma membrane. Studies in Scott syndrome: an isolated defect in platelet procoagulant activity. J Biol Chem 1989; 264(29): 17049-57.
33. Ikeda Y, Handa M, Kawano K, et al. The role of von Willebrand factor and fibrinogen in platelet aggregation under varying shear stress. J Clin Invest 1991; 87(4): 1234-40.
34. Butler J. Shear stress platelet activation. Lancet 1995; 346(8978): 841.
35. Sahler J, Woeller C, Spinelli S, Blumberg N, Phipps R. A novel method for overexpression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma in megakaryocyte and platelet microparticles achieves transcellular signaling. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10(12): 2563-72.
36. Mizrak A, Bolukbasi MF, Ozdener GB, et al. Genetically engineered microvesicles carrying suicide mRNA/protein inhibit schwannoma tumor growth. Mol Ther 2013; 21(1): 101-8.
37. Mehta JL, Szwedo J. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells, microparticles and vascular disease. J Hypertens 2010; 28(8): 1611-3.
38. VanWijk MJ, VanBavel E, Sturk A, Nieuwland R. Microparticles in cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovasc Res 2003; 59(2): 277-87.
39. Orozco AF, Lewis DE. Flow cytometric analysis of circulating microparticles in plasma. Cytometry A 2010; 77(6): 502-14.
40. Jy W, Horstman LL, Jimenez JJ, et al. Measuring circulating cellderived microparticles. J Thromb Haemost 2004; 2(10): 1842-51.
41. Shah MD, Bergeron AL, Dong JF, Lopez JA. Flow cytometric measurement of microparticles: pitfalls and protocol modifications. Platelets 2008; 19(5): 365-72.
42. Chen J, Chen S, Chen Y, et al. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells and cellular membrane microparticles in db/db diabetic mouse: possible implications in cerebral ischemic damage. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 301(1): E62-71.
43. Pirro M, Schillaci G, Bagaglia F, et al. Microparticles derived from endothelial progenitor cells in patients at different cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerosis 2008; 197(2): 757-67.
44. Benameur T, Tual-Chalot S, Andriantsitohaina R, Martinez MC. PPARalpha is essential for microparticle-induced differentiation of mouse bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells and angiogenesis. PLoS One 2010; 5(8): e12392.
45. Ou ZJ, Chang FJ, Luo D, et al. Endothelium-derived microparticles inhibit angiogenesis in the heart and enhance the inhibitory effects of hypercholesterolemia on angiogenesis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 300(4): E661-8.
46. Vlassov AV, Magdaleno S, Setterquist R, Conrad R. Exosomes: current knowledge of their composition, biological functions, and diagnostic and therapeutic potentials. Biochim Biophys Acta 2012; 1820(7): 940-8.
47. Thery C, Amigorena S, Raposo G, Clayton A. Isolation and characterization of exosomes from cell culture supernatants and biological fluids. Curr Protoc Cell Biol 2006; Chapter 3: Unit 3.22.
48. Koopman G, Reutelingsperger CP, Kuijten GA, Keehnen RM, Pals ST, van Oers MH. Annexin V for flow cytometric detection of phosphatidylserine expression on B cells undergoing apoptosis. Blood 1994; 84(5): 1415-20.
49. Dragovic RA, Gardiner C, Brooks AS, et al. Sizing and phenotyping of cellular vesicles using Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis. Nanomedicine 2011; 7(6): 780-8.
50. van der Pol E, Hoekstra AG, Sturk A, Otto C, van Leeuwen TG, Nieuwland R. Optical and non-optical methods for detection and characterization of microparticles and exosomes. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8(12): 2596-607.
51. Miyamoto S, Marcinkiewicz C, Edmunds Jr. LH, Niewiarowski S. Measurement of platelet microparticles during cardiopulmonary bypass by means of captured ELISA for GPIIb/IIIa. Thromb Haemost 1998; 80(2): 225-30.
52. van der Pol E, Coumans F, Varga Z, Krumrey M, Nieuwland R. Innovation in detection of microparticles and exosomes. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11(Suppl 1): 36-45.
53. Lvovich V, Srikanthan S, Silverstein RL. A novel broadband impedance method for detection of cell-derived microparticles. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 26(2): 444-51.
54. Yuana Y, Oosterkamp TH, Bahatyrova S, et al. Atomic force microscopy: a novel approach to the detection of nanosized blood microparticles. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8(2): 315-23.
55. Parot P, Dufrene YF, Hinterdorfer P, et al. Past, present and future of atomic force microscopy in life sciences and medicine. J Mol Recognit 2007; 20(6): 418-31.
56. Radmacher M, Tillamnn RW, Fritz M, Gaub HE. From molecules to cells: imaging soft samples with the atomic force microscope. Science 1992; 257(5078): 1900-5.
57. Amabile N, Heiss C, Real WM, et al. Circulating endothelial microparticle levels predict hemodynamic severity of pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177(11): 1268-75.
58. Nadaud S, Poirier O, Girerd B, et al. Small platelet microparticle levels are increased in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur J Clin Invest 2013; 43(1): 64-71.
59. Amabile N, Boulanger CM. Circulating microparticle levels in patients with coronary artery disease: a new indicator of vulnerability? Eur Heart J 2011; 32(16): 1958-60.
60. Jansen F, Yang X, Hoyer FF, et al. Endothelial microparticle uptake in target cells is annexin I/phosphatidylserine receptor dependent and prevents apoptosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32(8): 1925-35.
61. Jansen F, Yang X, Franklin BS, et al. High glucose condition increases NADPH oxidase activity in endothelial microparticles that promote vascular inflammation. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 98(1): 94-106.
62. Brill A, Dashevsky O, Rivo J, Gozal Y, Varon D. Platelet-derived microparticles induce angiogenesis and stimulate post-ischemic revascularization. Cardiovasc Res 2005; 67(1): 30-8.
63. Mause SF, Ritzel E, Liehn EA, et al. Platelet microparticles enhance the vasoregenerative potential of angiogenic early outgrowth cells after vascular injury. Circulation 2010; 122(5): 495-506.
64. Simak J, Gelderman MP. Cell membrane microparticles in blood and blood products: potentially pathogenic agents and diagnostic markers. Transfus Med Rev 2006; 20(1): 1-26.
65. Viera AJ, Mooberry M, Key NS. Microparticles in cardiovascular disease pathophysiology and outcomes. J Am Soc Hypertens 2012; 6(4): 243-52.
66. Schwarz M, Katagiri Y, Kotani M, et al. Reversibility versus persistence of GPIIb/IIIa blocker-induced conformational change of GPIIb/IIIa (alphaIIbbeta3, CD41/CD61). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 308(3): 1002-11.
67. Losy J, Niezgoda A, Wender M. Increased serum levels of soluble PECAM-1 in multiple sclerosis patients with brain gadoliniumenhancing lesions. J Neuroimmunol 1999; 99(2): 169-72.
68. George JN, Pickett EB, Saucerman S, et al. Platelet surface glycoproteins. Studies on resting and activated platelets and platelet membrane microparticles in normal subjects, and observations in patients during adult respiratory distress syndrome and cardiac surgery. J Clin Invest 1986; 78(2): 340-8.
69. Tschoepe D, Spangenberg P, Esser J, et al. Flow-cytometric detection of surface membrane alterations and concomitant changes in the cytoskeletal actin status of activated platelets. Cytometry 1990; 11(5): 652-6.
70. von AN, Ehrlich B, Scott CS, Riggert J, Oellerich M. Cryoglobulins interfere with platelet counts by optical and impedance methods but not with the CD61 immunoplatelet count. Clin Chem 2001; 47(10): 1858-60.
71. Lukasik M, Rozalski M, Luzak B, et al. Enhanced platelet-derived microparticle formation is associated with carotid atherosclerosis in convalescent stroke patients. Platelets 2013; 24(1): 63-70.
72. Michelsen AE, Brodin E, Brosstad F, Hansen JB. Increased level of platelet microparticles in survivors of myocardial infarction. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2008; 68(5): 386-92.
73. Kuriyama N, Nagakane Y, Hosomi A, et al. Evaluation of factors associated with elevated levels of platelet-derived microparticles in the acute phase of cerebral infarction. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2010; 16(1): 26-32.
74. Ikeda M, Iwamoto S, Imamura H, Furukawa H, Kawasaki T. Increased platelet aggregation and production of platelet-derived microparticles after surgery for upper gastrointestinal malignancy. J Surg Res 2003; 115(2): 174-83.
75. Leroyer AS, Ebrahimian TG, Cochain C, et al. Microparticles from ischemic muscle promotes postnatal vasculogenesis. Circulation 2009; 119(21): 2808-17.
76. Castaman G, Yu-Feng L, Battistin E, Rodeghiero F. Characterization of a novel bleeding disorder with isolated prolonged bleeding time and deficiency of platelet microvesicle generation. Br J Haematol 1997; 96(3): 458-63.
77. Meziani F, Tesse A, Andriantsitohaina R. Microparticles are vectors of paradoxical information in vascular cells including the endothelium: role in health and diseases. Pharmacol Rep 2008; 60(1): 75-84.
78. Kim HK, Song KS, Chung JH, Lee KR, Lee SN. Platelet microparticles induce angiogenesis in vitro. Br J Haematol 2004; 124(3): 376-84.
79. Mutin M, Dignat-George F, Sampol J. Immunologic phenotype of cultured endothelial cells: quantitative analysis of cell surface molecules. Tissue Antigens 1997; 50(5): 449-58.
80. Benameur T, Andriantsitohaina R, Martinez MC. Therapeutic potential of plasma membrane-derived microparticles. Pharmacol Rep 2009; 61(1): 49-57.
81. Chironi GN, Boulanger CM, Simon A, Dignat-George F, Freyssinet JM, Tedgui A. Endothelial microparticles in diseases. Cell Tissue Res 2009; 335(1): 143-51.
82. Horstman LL, Jy W, Jimenez JJ, Ahn YS. Endothelial microparticles as markers of endothelial dysfunction. Front Biosci 2004; 9: 1118-35.
83. Boulanger CM. Microparticles, vascular function and hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2010; 19(2): 177-80.
84. Brogan PA, Shah V, Brachet C, et al. Endothelial and platelet microparticles in vasculitis of the young. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50(3): 927-36.
85. Mezentsev A, Merks RM, O'Riordan E, et al. Endothelial microparticles affect angiogenesis in vitro: role of oxidative stress. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 289(3): H1106-14.
86. Distler JH, Akhmetshina A, Dees C, et al. Induction of apoptosis in circulating angiogenic cells by microparticles. Arthritis Rheum 2011; 63(7): 2067-77.
87. Burger D, Kwart DG, Montezano AC, et al. Microparticles induce cell cycle arrest through redox-sensitive processes in endothelial cells: implications in vascular senescence. J Am Heart Assoc 2012; 1(3): e001842.
88. Zernecke A, Bidzhekov K, Noels H, et al. Delivery of microRNA- 126 by apoptotic bodies induces CXCL12-dependent vascular protection. Sci Signal 2009; 2(100): ra81.
89. Perez-Casal M, Downey C, Cutillas-Moreno B, Zuzel M, Fukudome K, Toh CH. Microparticle-associated endothelial protein C receptor and the induction of cytoprotective and antiinflammatory effects. Haematologica 2009; 94(3): 387-94.
90. Taraboletti G, D'Ascenzo S, Borsotti P, Giavazzi R, Pavan A, Dolo V. Shedding of the matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2, MMP-9, and MT1-MMP as membrane vesicle-associated components by endothelial cells. Am J Pathol 2002; 160(2): 673-80.
91. Deregibus MC, Cantaluppi V, Calogero R, et al. Endothelial progenitor cell derived microvesicles activate an angiogenic program in endothelial cells by a horizontal transfer of mRNA. Blood 2007; 110(7): 2440-8.
92. Leroyer AS, Rautou PE, Silvestre JS, et al. CD40 ligand+ microparticles from human atherosclerotic plaques stimulate endothelial proliferation and angiogenesis a potential mechanism for intraplaque neovascularization. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52(16): 1302-11.
93. Chahed S, Leroyer AS, Benzerroug M, et al. Increased vitreous shedding of microparticles in proliferative diabetic retinopathy stimulates endothelial proliferation. Diabetes 2010; 59(3): 694-701.
94. Biancone L, Cantaluppi V, Duo D, Deregibus MC, Torre C, Camussi G. Role of L-selectin in the vascular homing of peripheral blood-derived endothelial progenitor cells. J Immunol 2004; 173(8): 5268-74.
95. Gu S, Zhang W, Chen J, et al. EPC-derived microvesicles protect cardiomyocytes from Ang II-induced hypertrophy and apoptosis. PLoS One 2014; 9(1): e85396.
96. Angelillo-Scherrer A. Leukocyte-derived microparticles in vascular homeostasis. Circ Res 2012; 110(2): 356-69.
97. Dalli J, Norling LV, Renshaw D, Cooper D, Leung KY, Perretti M. Annexin 1 mediates the rapid anti-inflammatory effects of neutrophil-derived microparticles. Blood 2008; 112(6): 2512-9.
98. Martin S, Tesse A, Hugel B, et al. Shed membrane particles from T lymphocytes impair endothelial function and regulate endothelial protein expression. Circulation 2004; 109(13): 1653-9.
99. Benameur T, Soleti R, Porro C, Andriantsitohaina R, Martinez MC. Microparticles carrying Sonic hedgehog favor neovascularization through the activation of nitric oxide pathway in mice. PLoS One 2010; 5(9): e12688.
100. Iida K, Whitlow MB, Nussenzweig V. Membrane vesiculation protects erythrocytes from destruction by complement. J Immunol 1991; 147(8): 2638-42.
101. van Beers EJ, Schaap MC, Berckmans RJ, et al. Circulating erythrocyte-derived microparticles are associated with coagulation activation in sickle cell disease. Haematologica 2009; 94(11): 1513-9.
102. Kriebardis AG, Antonelou MH, Stamoulis KE, Economou-Petersen E, Margaritis LH, Papassideri IS. RBC-derived vesicles during storage: ultrastructure, protein composition, oxidation, and signaling components. Transfusion 2008; 48(9): 1943-53.
103. Sadallah S, Eken C, Schifferli JA. Erythrocyte-derived ectosomes have immunosuppressive properties. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84(5): 1316-25.
104. Twomley KM, Rao SV, Becker RC. Proinflammatory, immunomodulating, and prothrombotic properties of anemia and red blood cell transfusions. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2006; 21(2): 167-74.
105. Koch CG, Li L, Sessler DI, Figueroa P, et al. Duration of red-cell storage and complications after cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med 2008; 358(12): 1229-39.
106. Lee JS, Gladwin MT. Bad blood: the risks of red cell storage. Nat Med 2010; 16(4): 381-2.
107. Xu SS, Alam S, Margariti A. Epigenetics in vascular disease - therapeutic potential of new agents. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2014; 12(1): 77-86.
108. Cohn JN. Arterial stiffness, vascular disease, and risk of cardiovascular events. Circulation 2006; 113(5): 601-3.
109. Gibbons GH, Dzau VJ. The emerging concept of vascular remodeling. N Engl J Med 1994; 330(20): 1431-8.
110. Sena CM, Pereira AM, Seica R. Endothelial dysfunction - A major mediator of diabetic vascular disease. Biochim Biophys Acta 2013; 1832(12): 2216-31.
111. Funk SD, Yurdagul A, Jr., Orr AW. Hyperglycemia and endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis: lessons from type 1 diabetes. Int J Vasc Med 2012; 2012: 569654.
112. Dzau VJ. Theodore Cooper Lecture: Tissue angiotensin and pathobiology of vascular disease: a unifying hypothesis. Hypertension 2001; 37(4): 1047-52.
113. Brodsky SV, Zhang F, Nasjletti A, Goligorsky MS. Endotheliumderived microparticles impair endothelial function in vitro. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 286(5): H1910-H1915.
114. Gerrity RG, Naito HK, Richardson M, Schwartz CJ. Dietary induced atherogenesis in swine. Morphology of the intima in prelesion stages. Am J Pathol 1979; 95(3): 775-92.
115. Faggiotto A, Ross R, Harker L. Studies of hypercholesterolemia in the nonhuman primate. I. Changes that lead to fatty streak formation. Arteriosclerosis 1984; 4(4): 323-40.
116. Ross R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a perspective for the 1990s. Nature 1993; 362(6423): 801-9.
117. Mesri M, Altieri DC. Leukocyte microparticles stimulate endothelial cell cytokine release and tissue factor induction in a JNK1 signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 1999; 274(33): 23111-8.
118. Mesri M, Altieri DC. Endothelial cell activation by leukocyte microparticles. J Immunol 1998; 161(8): 4382-7.
119. Shantsila E, Kamphuisen PW, Lip GY. Circulating microparticles in cardiovascular disease: implications for atherogenesis and atherothrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8(11): 2358-68.
120. Preston RA, Jy W, Jimenez JJ, et al. Effects of severe hypertension on endothelial and platelet microparticles. Hypertension 2003; 41(2): 211-7.
121. Wang JM, Huang YJ, Wang Y, et al. Increased circulating CD31+/CD42- microparticles are associated with impaired systemic artery elasticity in healthy subjects. Am J Hypertens 2007; 20(9): 957-64.
122. Davi G, Patrono C. Platelet activation and atherothrombosis. N Engl J Med 2007; 357(24): 2482-94.
123. Burnier L, Fontana P, Kwak BR, Angelillo-Scherrer A. Cellderived microparticles in haemostasis and vascular medicine. Thromb Haemost 2009; 101(3): 439-51.
124. Morel O, Toti F, Bakouboula B, Grunebaum L, Freyssinet JM. Procoagulant microparticles: 'criminal partners' in atherothrombosis and deleterious cellular exchanges. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb 2006; 35(1-2): 15-22.
125. Suades R, Padro T, Vilahur G, Badimon L. Circulating and platelet-derived microparticles in human blood enhance thrombosis on atherosclerotic plaques. Thromb Haemost 2012; 108(6): 1208- 19.
126. Amabile N, Rautou PE, Tedgui A, Boulanger CM. Microparticles: key protagonists in cardiovascular disorders. Semin Thromb Hemost 2010; 36(8): 907-16.
127. Werner N, Wassmann S, Ahlers P, Kosiol S, Nickenig G. Circulating CD31+/annexin V+ apoptotic microparticles correlate with coronary endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26(1): 112-6.
128. Mallat Z, Benamer H, Hugel B, et al. Elevated levels of shed membrane microparticles with procoagulant potential in the peripheral circulating blood of patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 2000; 101(8): 841-3.
129. Bernal-Mizrachi L, Jy W, Fierro C, et al. Endothelial microparticles correlate with high-risk angiographic lesions in acute coronary syndromes. Int J Cardiol 2004; 97(3): 439-46.
130. Lackner P, Dietmann A, Beer R, et al. Cellular microparticles as a marker for cerebral vasospasm in spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2010; 41(10): 2353-7.
131. Horstman LL, Jy W, Bidot CJ, et al. Potential roles of cell-derived microparticles in ischemic brain disease. Neurol Res 2009; 31(8): 799-806.
132. Simak J, Gelderman MP, Yu H, Wright V, Baird AE. Circulating endothelial microparticles in acute ischemic stroke: a link to severity, lesion volume and outcome. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4(6): 1296-302.
133. Lukasik M, Rozalski M, Luzak B, Michalak S, Kozubski W, Watala C. Platelet activation and reactivity in the convalescent phase of ischaemic stroke. Thromb Haemost 2010; 103(3): 644-50.
134. Martinez MC, Tesse A, Zobairi F, Andriantsitohaina R. Shed membrane microparticles from circulating and vascular cells in regulating vascular function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 288(3): H1004-9.
135. Loomans CJ, Dao HH, van Zonneveld AJ, Rabelink TJ. Is endothelial progenitor cell dysfunction involved in altered angiogenic processes in patients with hypertension? Curr Hypertens Rep 2004; 6(1): 51-4.
136. Jung KH, Chu K, Lee ST, et al. Circulating endothelial microparticles as a marker of cerebrovascular disease. Ann Neurol 2009; 66(2): 191-9.
137. Amabile N, Heiss C, Chang V, et al. Increased CD62e(+) endothelial microparticle levels predict poor outcome in pulmonary hypertension patients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009; 28(10): 1081- 6.
138. Nozaki T, Sugiyama S, Koga H, et al. Significance of a multiple biomarkers strategy including endothelial dysfunction to improve risk stratification for cardiovascular events in patients at high risk for coronary heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54(7): 601-8.
139. Kagawa H, Nomura S, Nagahama M, Ozaki Y, Fukuhara S. Effect of ticlopidine on platelet-derived microparticles in patients with connective tissue diseases. Haemostasis 1999; 29(5): 255-61.
140. Lee YJ, Jy W, Horstman LL, et al. Elevated platelet microparticles in transient ischemic attacks, lacunar infarcts, and multiinfarct dementias. Thromb Res 1993; 72(4): 295-304.
141. Lopez AN, Tesse A, Regnault V, et al. Increased microparticle production and impaired microvascular endothelial function in aldosterone-salt-treated rats: protective effects of polyphenols. PLoS One 2012; 7(7): e39235.
142. Cantaluppi V, Gatti S, Medica D, et al. Microvesicles derived from endothelial progenitor cells protect the kidney from ischemiareperfusion injury by microRNA-dependent reprogramming of resident renal cells. Kidney Int 2012; 82(4): 412-27.
143. Xin H, Li Y, Cui Y, Yang JJ, Zhang ZG, Chopp M. Systemic administration of exosomes released from mesenchymal stromal cells promote functional recovery and neurovascular plasticity after stroke in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33(11): 1711-5.
144. Xin H, Li Y, Liu Z, et al. MiR-133b promotes neural plasticity and functional recovery after treatment of stroke with multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells in rats via transfer of exosome-enriched extracellular particles. Stem Cells 2013; 31(12): 2737-46.
145. Agouni A, Mostefai HA, Porro C, et al. Sonic hedgehog carried by microparticles corrects endothelial injury through nitric oxide release. FASEB J 2007; 21(11): 2735-41.
146. Baka Z, Senolt L, Vencovsky J, et al. Increased serum concentration of immune cell derived microparticles in polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Immunol Lett 2010; 128(2): 124- 30.