A Neurologist's Guide to TNF Biology and to the Principles behind the Therapeutic Removal of Excess TNF in Disease

Neural Plasticity

Volumn 2015, Issue , 2015, Pages

  Clark, Ian A ^a   Vissel, Bryce ^b  

^a AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b GARVAN INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL RESEARCH   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR INHIBITOR;

BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; HUMAN; INFECTION; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NERVE DEGENERATION; NEUROLOGIST; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; ANIMAL; BRAIN; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; NEUROLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; TRENDS;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; HUMANS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; NEUROLOGY; NEURONAL PLASTICITY; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA;

EID: 84938614317     PISSN: 20905904     EISSN: 16875443     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2015/358263     Document Type: Review

References (132)

1. E. A. Carswell, L. J. Old, R. L. Kassel, S. Green, N. Fiore, and B. Williamson, "An endotoxin-induced serum factor that causes necrosis of tumors" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 72, no. 9, pp. 3666-3670, 1975.
2. E. A. Carswell-Richards and B. D. Williamson, "Aman of vision and the discovery of tumor necrosis factor" Cancer immunity, vol. 12, p. 4, 2012.
3. V. Hachinski, G. A. Donnan, P. B. Gorelick et al. , "Stroke: working toward a prioritized world agenda" Stroke, vol. 41, pp. 1084-1099, 2010.
4. W. S. T. Griffin, "Perispinal etanercept: potential as an Alzheimer therapeutic" Journal of Neuroinflammation, vol. 5, no. 3, 2008.
5. T. A. Ignatowski, R. N. Spengler, K. M. Dhandapani, H. Folkersma, R. F. Butterworth, and E. Tobinick, "Perispinal etanercept for post-stroke neurological and cognitive dysfunction: scientific rationale and current evidence" CNS Drugs, vol. 28, pp. 679-697, 2014.
6. T. A. Ignatowski, R. N. Spengler, and E. Tobinick, "Authors reply toWhitlock: perispinal etanercept for post-stroke neurological and cognitive dysfunction: scientific rationale and current evidence" CNS Drugs, vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 1207-1213, 2014.
7. S. D. Quistad, A. Stotland, K. L. Barott et al. , "Evolution of TNFinduced apoptosis reveals 550 My of functional conservation" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 111, no. 26, pp. 9567-9572, 2014.
8. S. Hong, R. Li, Q. Xu, C. J. Secombes, and T. Wang, "Two types of TNF-α exist in teleost fish: phylogeny, expression, and bioactivity analysis of type-II TNF-α3 in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss"The Journal of Immunology, vol. 191, no. 12, pp. 5959-5972, 2013.
9. F. W.-S. Lam, S.-Y. Wu, S.-J. Lin et al. , "The expression of two novel orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) TNF genes in peripheral blood leukocytes, various organs, and fish larvae" Fish and Shellfish Immunology, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 618-629, 2011.
10. R. González-Stegmaier, A. Romero, A. Estepa, J. Montero, V. Mulero, and L. Mercado, "Effects of recombinant flagellin B and its ND1 domain from Vibrio anguillarum on macrophages from gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L. ) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, W. )" Fish and Shellfish Immunology, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 144-152, 2015.
11. L. Vitkovic, J. Bockaert, and C. Jacque, "Inflammatory cytokines: neuromodulators in normal brain? Journal of Neurochemistry, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 457-471, 2000.
12. T. A. Ignatowski and R. N. Spengler, "Tumor necrosis factor-α: presynaptic sensitivity is modified after antidepressant drug administration" Brain Research, vol. 665, no. 2, pp. 293-299, 1994.
13. K. Kato, H. Liu, S.-I. Kikuchi, R. R. Myers, and V. I. Shubayev, "Immediate anti-tumor necrosis factor-α (etanercept) therapy enhances axonal regeneration after sciatic nerve crush" Journal of Neuroscience Research, vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 360-368, 2010.
14. N. Gavaldá, H. Gutierrez, and A. M. Davies, "Developmental regulation of sensory neurite growth by the tumor necrosis factor superfamily member LIGHT" Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 1599-1607, 2009.
15. H. Gutierrez, L. Kisiswa, G. W. OKeeffe, M. J. Smithen, S. Wyatt, and A. M. Davies, "Regulation of neurite growth by tumour necrosis superfamily member RANKL" Open Biology, vol. 3, Article ID 120150, 2013.
16. M. A. Wheeler, D. L. Heffner, S. Kim et al. , "TNF-α/TNFR1 signaling is required for the development and function of primary nociceptors" Neuron, vol. 82, no. 3, pp. 587-602, 2014.
17. K. R. L. Schmitt, F. Boato, A. Diestel et al. , "Hypothermiainduced neurite outgrowth is mediated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha" Brain Pathology, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 771-779, 2010.
18. A. Meissner, N. P. Visanji, M. A. Momen, R. Feng, and B. M. Francis, "Tumor necrosis factor-alpha underlies loss of cortical dendritic spine density in a mouse model of congestive heart failure" Journal of the American Heart Association, 2015.
19. B. Liu, B. Zupan, E. Laird et al. , "Maternal hematopoietic TNF, viamilk chemokines, programs hippocampal development and memory" Nature Neuroscience, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 97-105, 2014.
20. I. Marin and J. Kipnis, "Learning and memory⋯ and the immune system" Learning andMemory, vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 601-606, 2013.
21. M. Pickering, D. Cumiskey, and J. J. OConnor, "Actions of TNFalpha on glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the central nervous system" Experimental Physiology, vol. 90, no. 5, pp. 663-670, 2005.
22. A. R. Ferguson, R. N. Christensen, J. C. Gensel et al. , "Cell death after spinal cord injury is exacerbated by rapid TNFα-induced trafficking of GluR2-lacking AMPARs to the plasma membrane" The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 28, no. 44, pp. 11391-11400, 2008.
23. D. Stellwagen and R. C. Malenka, "Synaptic scalingmediated by glial TNF-α" Nature, vol. 440, no. 7087, pp. 1054-1059, 2006.
24. D. Becker, N. Zahn, T. Deller, and A. Vlachos, "Tumor necrosis factor alpha maintains denervation-induced homeostatic synaptic plasticity of mouse dentate granule cells" Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, vol. 7, article no. 257, 2013.
25. D. Cumiskey, M. P. Butler, P. N. Moynagh, and J. J. OConnor, "Evidence for a role for the group I metabotropic glutamate receptor in the inhibitory effect of tumor necrosis factor-α on long-term potentiation" Brain Research, vol. 1136, no. 1, pp. 13-19, 2007.
26. L. Bernardino, F. Agasse, B. Silva, R. Ferreira, S. Grade, and J. O. Malva, "Tumor necrosis factor-α modulates survival, proliferation, and neuronal differentiation in neonatal subventricular zone cell cultures" StemCells, vol. 26, no. 9, pp. 2361-2371, 2008.
27. I. Russo, S. Barlati, and F. Bosetti, "Effects of neuroinflammation on the regenerative capacity of brain stem cells" Journal of Neurochemistry, vol. 116, no. 6, pp. 947-956, 2011.
28. Z. Chen and T. D. Palmer, "Differential roles of TNFR1 and TNFR2 signaling in adult hippocampal neurogenesis" Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, vol. 30, pp. 45-53, 2013.
29. J. A. Sánchez-Alcázar, E. Schneider, M. A. Martínez et al. , "Tumor necrosis factor-β increases the steady-state reduction of cytochrome b of the mitochondrial respiratory chain in metabolically inhibited L929 cells" The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 275, no. 18, pp. 13353-13361, 2000.
30. S. Zhan, G. Q. Cai, A. Zheng et al. , "Tumornecrosis factor-alpha regulates the Hypocretin system via mRNA degradation andubiquitination" Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-Molecular Basis of Disease, vol. 1812, no. 4, pp. 565-571, 2011.
31. I. A. Clark and B. Vissel, "Inflammation-sleep interface in brain disease: TNF, insulin, orexin" Journal of Neuroinflammation, vol. 11, article 51, 2014.
32. K. M. Park, D. I. Yule, andW. J. Bowers, "Tumornecrosis factor-α potentiates intraneuronal Ca2+ signaling via regulation of the inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate receptor" Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 283, no. 48, pp. 33069-33079, 2008.
33. I. A. Clark, A. C. Allison, and F. E. Cox, "Protection of mice against Babesia, and Plasmodium with BCG" Nature, vol. 259, no. 5541, pp. 309-311, 1976.
34. I. A. Clark, "Does endotoxin cause both the disease and parasite death in acute malaria and babesiosis? The Lancet, vol. 2, no. 8080, pp. 75-77, 1978.
35. I. A. Clark, J.-L. Virelizier, E. A. Carswell, and P. R. Wood, "Possible importance of macrophage-derived mediators in acute malaria" Infection and Immunity, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 1058-1066, 1981.
36. I. A. Clark, "How TNF was recognized as a key mechanism of disease" Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews, vol. 18, no. 3-4, pp. 335-343, 2007.
37. B. B. Aggarwal, W. J. Kohr, P. E. Hass et al. , "Human tumor necrosis factor: production, purification, and characterization" The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 260, no. 4, pp. 2345-2354, 1985.
38. J. Vilcek, "First demonstration of the role of TNF in the pathogenesis of disease" Journal of Immunology, vol. 181, no. 1, pp. 5-6, 2008.
39. B. Beutler, I. W. Milsark, and A. C. Cerami, "Passive immunization against cachectin/tumor necrosis factor protects mice from lethal effect of endotoxin" Science, vol. 229, no. 4716, pp. 869-871, 1985.
40. I. A. Clark, L. M. Alleva, A. C. Mills, and W. B. Cowden, "Pathogenesis of malaria and clinically similar conditions" Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 509-539, 2004.
41. G. A. W. Rook, J. Taverne, C. Leveton, and J. Steele, "The role of gamma-interferon, vitamin D3 metabolites and tumour necrosis factor in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis" Immunology, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 229-234, 1987.
42. I. A. Clark andW. B. Cowden, "Is TNF a key to acute infectious illness? Todays Life Science, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 26-29, 1989.
43. S. Raziuddin, R. E. Abdalla, E. H. El-Awad, and M. Al-Janadi, "Immunoregulatory and proinflammatory cytokine production in visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis" Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 170, no. 4, pp. 1037-1040, 1994.
44. R. L. Peper and H. van Campen, "Tumor necrosis factor as a mediator of inflammation in influenza A viral pneumonia" Microbial Pathogenesis, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 175-183, 1995.
45. Z. A. Bhutta, N. Mansoorali, and R. Hussain, "Plasma cytokines in paediatric typhoidal salmonellosis: correlation with clinical course and outcome" Journal of Infection, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 253-256, 1997.
46. D. Arsenijevic, L. Girardier, J. Seydoux, H. R. Chang, and A. G. Dulloo, "Altered energy balance and cytokine gene expression in a murine model of chronic infection with Toxoplasma gondii" American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 272, no. 5, pp. E908-E917, 1997.
47. A. Nakane, K. Yamada, S. Hasegawa et al. , "Endogenous cytokines during a lethal infection with Listeria monocytogenes in mice" FEMSMicrobiology Letters, vol. 175, no. 1, pp. 133-142, 1999.
48. D. R. Spriggs, M. L. Sherman, H. Michie et al. , "Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor administered as a 24-hour intravenous infusion. A phase I and pharmacologic study" Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 80, no. 13, pp. 1039-1044, 1988.
49. C. J. Fisher Jr. , J. M. Agosti, S. M. Opal et al. , "Treatment of septic shock with the tumor necrosis factor receptor:Fc fusion protein"The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 334, no. 26, pp. 1697-1702, 1996.
50. A. Waage, A. Halstensen, and T. Espevik, "Association between tumour necrosis factor in serum and fatal outcome in patients with meningococcal disease" The Lancet, vol. 1, no. 8529, pp. 355-357, 1987.
51. R. E. Coxon, D. Fekade, K. Knox et al. , "The effect of antibody against TNFα on cytokine response in Jarisch-Herxheimer reactions of louse-borne relapsing fever" QJM, vol. 90, no. 3, pp. 213-221, 1997.
52. D. Fekade, K. Knox, K. Hussein et al. , "Prevention of Jarisch-Herxheimer reactions by treatment with antibodies against tumor necrosis factor α"The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 335, no. 5, pp. 311-315, 1996.
53. L. Chatenoud, "OKT3-induced cytokine-release syndrome: preventive effect of anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibody" Transplantation Proceedings, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 47-51, 1993.
54. J. D. Eason, M. Pascual, S. Wee et al. , "Evaluation of recombinant human soluble dimeric tumor necrosis factor receptor for prevention of OKT3-associated acute clinical syndrome" Transplantation, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 224-228, 1996.
55. E. Holler, H. J. Kolb, J. Mittermüller et al. , "Modulation of acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation by tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) release in the course of pretransplant conditioning: role of conditioning regimens and prophylactic application of a monoclonal antibody neutralizing human TNFα (MAK 195F)" Blood, vol. 86, no. 3, pp. 890-899, 1995.
56. D. A. Jacobsohn and G. B. Vogelsang, "Novel pharmacotherapeutic approaches to prevention and treatment of GVHD" Drugs, vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 879-889, 2002.
57. A. M. Reimold, "New indications for treatment of chronic inflammation by TNF-α blockade" The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, vol. 325, no. 2, pp. 75-92, 2003.
58. C. Nathan and A. Ding, "Nonresolving inflammation" Cell, vol. 140, no. 6, pp. 871-882, 2010.
59. F. M. Brennan, D. Chantry, A. Jackson, R. Maini, and M. Feldmann, "Inhibitory effect of TNFα antibodies on synovial cell interleukin-1 production in rheumatoid arthritis" The Lancet, vol. 2, no. 8657, pp. 244-247, 1989.
60. P. Charles, M. J. Elliott, D. Davis et al. , "Regulation of cytokines, cytokine inhibitors, and acute-phase proteins following anti-TNF-alpha therapy in rheumatoid arthritis" Journal of Immunology, vol. 163, no. 3, pp. 1521-1528, 1999.
61. R. N. Maini, "A perspective on anti-cytokine and anti-T celldirected therapies in rheumatoid arthritis" Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology, vol. 13, supplement 12, pp. S35-S40, 1995.
62. M. Feldmann, F. M. Brennan, D. Chantry et al. , "Cytokine production in the rheumatoid joint: implications for treatment" Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 480-486, 1990.
63. M. J. Elliott, R. N. Maini, M. Feldmann et al. , "Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with chimeric monoclonal antibodies totumor necrosis factor alpha" Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 36, no. 12, pp. 1681-1690, 1993.
64. M. J. Elliott, R. N. Maini, M. Feldmann et al. , "Randomised double-blind comparison of chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumour necrosis factor α (cA2) versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis" Lancet, vol. 344, no. 8930, pp. 1105-1110, 1994.
65. L. G. Criscione and E. W. S. Clair, "Tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonists for the treatment of rheumatic diseases" Current Opinion in Rheumatology, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 204-211, 2002.
66. C. J. Oh, K. M. Das, and A. B. Gottlieb, "Treatment with anti-tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) monoclonal antibody dramatically decreases the clinical activity of psoriasis lesions" Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 829-830, 2000.
67. T. R. Freeman and P. Piascik, "Monoclonal antibody approved for treatment of Crohns disease" Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 770-772, 1998.
68. I. A. Clark, L. M. Alleva, and B. Vissel, "Theroles ofTNFin brain dysfunction and disease" Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol. 128, no. 3, pp. 519-548, 2010.
69. E. Tobinick, N. M. Kim, G. Reyzin, H. Rodriguez-Romanacce, and V. Depuy, "Selective TNF inhibition for chronic stroke and traumatic brain injury: an observational study involving 629 consecutive patients treated with perispinal etanercept" CNS Drugs, vol. 26, no. 12, pp. 1051-1070, 2012.
70. G. Z. Feuerstein, T. Liu, and F. C. Barone, "Cytokines, inflammation, and brain injury: role of tumor necrosis factor-α" Cerebrovascular and BrainMetabolismReviews, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 341-360, 1994.
71. C. Jacque and J.-L. Tchelingerian, "New concepts on the role of cytokines in the central nervous system" Revue Neurologique, vol. 150, no. 11, pp. 748-756, 1994.
72. B. Arvin, L. F. Neville, F. C. Barone, and G. Z. Feuerstein, "The role of inflammation and cytokines in brain injury" Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 445-452, 1996.
73. E. Tarkowski, A.-M. Liljeroth, L. Minthon, A. Tarkowski, A. Wallin, and K. Blennow, "Cerebral pattern of pro-and antiinflammatory cytokines in dementias" Brain Research Bulletin, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 255-260, 2003.
74. M. M. Esiri, "The interplay between inflammation and neurodegeneration in CNS disease" Journal of Neuroimmunology, vol. 184, no. 1-2, pp. 4-16, 2007.
75. P. Eikelenboom, R. Veerhuis, E. van Exel, J. J. M. Hoozemans, A. J. M. Rozemuller, and W. A. van Gool, "The early involvement of the innate immunity in the pathogenesis of late-onset Alzheimers disease: neuropathological, epidemiological and genetic evidence" Current Alzheimer Research, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 142-150, 2011.
76. T. K. Howcroft, J. Campisi, G. B. Louis et al. , "The role of inflammation in age-related disease" Aging, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 84-93, 2013.
77. E. Tobinick and S. Davoodifar, "Efficacy of etanercept delivered by perispinal administration for chronic back and/or neck discrelated pain: a study of clinical observations in 143 patients" Current Medical Research and Opinion, vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 1075-1085, 2004.
78. S. P. Cohen, N. Bogduk, A. Dragovich et al. , "Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response, and preclinical safety study of transforaminal epidural etanercept for the treatment of sciatica" Anesthesiology, vol. 110, no. 5, pp. 1116-1126, 2009.
79. S. Ohtori, M. Miyagi, Y. Eguchi et al. , "Epidural administration of spinal nerves with the tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor, etanercept, compared with dexamethasone for treatment of sciatica in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: a prospective randomized study" Spine, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 439-444, 2012.
80. B. J. C. Freeman, G. L. Ludbrook, S. Hall et al. , "Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, trial of transforaminal epidural etanercept for the treatment of symptomatic lumbar disc herniation" Spine, vol. 38, no. 23, pp. 1986-1994, 2013.
81. T. Sainoh, S. Orita, K. Yamauchi et al. , "Intradiscal administration of tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor, etanercept, clinically Improves Intractable discogenic low back pain" Global Spine Journal, vol. 04, 2014.
82. S. H. Horowitz, "Thrombolytic therapy in acute stroke: neurologists, get off your hands!" Archives of Neurology, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 155-157, 1998.
83. C.-C. Chio, C.-H. Chang, C.-C. Wang et al. , "Etanercept attenuates traumatic brain injury in rats by reducing early microglial expression of tumor necrosis factor-α" BMC Neuroscience, vol. 14, article 33, 2013.
84. B. H. Clausen, M. Degn, N. A. Martin et al. , "Systemically administered anti-TNF therapy ameliorates functional outcomes after focal cerebral ischemia" Journal of Neuroinflammation, vol. 11, article 203, 2014.
85. A. Abulrob, H. Sprong, P. Van Bergen en Henegouwen, and D. Stanimirovic, "The blood-brain barrier transmigrating single domain antibody: mechanisms of transport and antigenic epitopes in human brain endothelial cells" Journal of Neurochemistry, vol. 95, no. 4, pp. 1201-1214, 2005.
86. Q.-H. Zhou, R. J. Boado, E. K.-W. Hui, J. Z. Lu, and W. M. Pardridge, "Brain-penetrating tumor necrosis factor decoy receptor in the mouse" DrugMetabolism and Disposition, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 71-76, 2011.
87. R. K. Sumbria, R. J. Boado, and W. M. Pardridge, "Brain protection fromstroke with intravenous TNFalpha decoy receptor-Trojan horse fusion protein" Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, vol. 32, no. 10, pp. 1933-1938, 2012.
88. O. V. Batson, "The function of the vertebral veins and their role in the spread ofmetastases" Annals of Surgery, vol. 112, no. 1, pp. 138-149, 1940.
89. E. L. Tobinick, H. Gross, A. Weinberger, and H. Cohen, "TNFalpha modulation for treatment of Alzheimers disease: a 6-month pilot study" Medscape General Medicine, vol. 8, no. 2, article 25, 2006.
90. E. Tobinick, "Perispinal etanercept for neuroinflammatory disorders" Drug Discovery Today, vol. 14, no. 3-4, pp. 168-177, 2009.
91. E. Tobinick, "Perispinal etanercept: a new therapeutic paradigm in neurology" Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 985-1002, 2010.
92. P. H. Hashimoto, T. Gotow, T. Ichimura et al. , "Visualization of the cerebrospinal fluid drainage into theGalens vein" Archivum Histologicum Japonicum, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 173-181, 1985.
93. H. Biceroglu, S. Albayram, S. Ogullar et al. , "Direct venous spinal reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid: a new concept with serial magnetic resonance cisternography in rabbits Laboratory investigation" Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 394-401, 2012.
94. E. Tobinick and C. P. Vega, "The cerebrospinal venous system: anatomy, physiology, and clinical implications" MedGenMed Medscape General Medicine, vol. 8, article 53, 2006.
95. T.-S. Wen, D. C. Randall, and J. F. Zolman, "Protein accumulation in cerebrospinal fluid during-90 head-down tilt in rabbit" Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 1081-1086, 1994.
96. E. L. Tobinick and H. Gross, "Rapid cognitive improvement in Alzheimers disease following perispinal etanercept administration" Journal of Neuroinflammation, vol. 5, article 2, 2008.
97. E. Tobinick, "Rapid improvement of chronic stroke deficits after perispinal etanercept: three consecutive cases" CNS Drugs, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 145-155, 2011.
98. E. Tobinick, H. Rodriguez-Romanacce, A. Levine, T. A. Ignatowski, and R. N. Spengler, "Immediate neurological recovery following perispinal etanercept years after brain injury" Clinical Drug Investigation, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 361-366, 2014.
99. D. Bohac, W. Burke, R. Cotter, J. Zheng, and J. Potter, "A 24-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and tolerability of TNFR: Fc (etanercept) in the treatment of dementia of the Alzheimer type" Neurobiol Aging, vol. 23, supplement 1, pp. S1-S606, 2002, abstract 315.
100. J. Butchart, L. Brook, V. Hopkins et al. , "Etanercept inAlzheimer disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 2 trial" Neurology, vol. 84, no. 21, pp. 2161-2168, 2015.
101. A. Tuttolomondo, R. Pecoraro, and A. Pinto, "Studies of selective TNF inhibitors in the treatment of brain injury fromstroke and trauma: a review of the evidence to date" Drug Design, Development andTherapy, vol. 8, pp. 2221-2238, 2014.
102. M. S. Dhamoon, Y. P. Moon, M. C. Paik et al. , "Long-term functional recovery after first ischemic stroke: the Northern Manhattan Study" Stroke, vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 2805-2811, 2009.
103. Y. J. Alderazi and R. Bomprezzi, "Are randomized, blind clinical trials enough to guide individualized decisions for patients with neurologic diseases? Neurology: Clinical Practice, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 319-328, 2014.
104. D. Baeten and P. M. van Hagen, "Use of TNF blockers and other targeted therapies in rare refractory immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: evidence-based or rational? Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol. 69, no. 12, pp. 2067-2073, 2010.
105. S. J. Page, "Selective TNF inhibition for chronic stroke and traumatic brain injury: an observational study involving 629 consecutive patients treated with perispinal etanercept" CNS Drugs, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 395-397, 2013.
106. D. R. Whitlock, "Comment on: perispinal etanercept for post-stroke neurological and cognitive dysfunction: scientific rationale and current evidence" CNS Drugs, vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 1205-1206, 2014.
107. J. E. Paramarta, L. de Rycke, C. A. Ambarus, P. P. Tak, and D. Baeten, "Undifferentiated spondyloarthritis vs ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis: a real-life prospective cohort study of clinical presentation and response to treatment" Rheumatology, vol. 52, no. 10, pp. 1873-1878, 2013.
108. N. Terrando, C. Monaco, D. Ma, B. M. J. Foxwell, M. Feldmannc, and M. Maze, "Tumor necrosis factor-α triggers a cytokine cascade yielding postoperative cognitive decline" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 107, no. 47, pp. 20518-20522, 2010.
109. C. M. Wilson, M. W. Gaber, O. M. Sabek, J. A. Zawaski, and T. E. Merchant, "Radiation-induced astrogliosis and blood-brain barrier damage can be abrogated using anti-TNF treatment" International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 934-941, 2009.
110. S. Kesler, M. Janelsins, D. Koovakkattu et al. , "Reduced hippocampal volume and verbal memory performance associated with interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in chemotherapy-treated breast cancer survivors" Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, vol. 30, pp. S109-S116, 2013.
111. M. D. Elfferich, P. J. Nelemans, R. W. Ponds, J. De Vries, P. A. Wijnen, and M. Drent, "Everyday cognitive failure in sarcoidosis: the prevalence andthe effectof anti-TNF-κ treatment" Respiration, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 212-219, 2010.
112. Y.-M. Chen, H.-H. Chen, J.-L. Lan, and D.-Y. Chen, "Improvement of cognition, a potential benefit of anti-TNF therapy in elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis" Joint Bone Spine, vol. 77, no. 4, pp. 366-367, 2010.
113. A. Hess, R. Axmann, J. Rech et al. , "Blockade of TNF-alpha rapidly inhibits pain responses in the central nervous system" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 108, no. 9, pp. 3731-3736, 2011.
114. A. Mussi, C. Bonifati, M. Carducci et al. , "Serum TNF-alpha levels correlatewithdisease severity and are reducedby effective therapy in plaque-type psoriasis" Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 115-118, 1997.
115. U. Chaudhari, P. Romano, L. D. Mulcahy, L. T. Dooley, D. G. Baker, and A. B. Gottlieb, "Efficacy and safety of infliximab monotherapy for plaque-type psoriasis: a randomised trial" The Lancet, vol. 357, no. 9271, pp. 1842-1847, 2001.
116. L. J. Van Eldik and W. S. T. Griffin, "S100β expression in Alzheimers disease: Relation to neuropathology in brain regions" Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, vol. 1223, no. 3, pp. 398-403, 1994.
117. J. E. Paramarta and D. Baeten, "Spondyloarthritis: from unifying concepts to improved treatment" Rheumatology, vol. 53, no. 9, pp. 1547-1559, 2014.
118. E. Holler, H. J. Kolb, R. Hintermeier-Knabe et al. , "Role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in acute graft-versus-host disease and complications following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation" Transplantation Proceedings, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 1234-1236, 1993.
119. T. A. Ignatowski, W. C. Covey, P. R. Knight, C. M. Severin, T. J. Nickola, and R. N. Spengler, "Brain-derived TNFalphamediates neuropathic pain" Brain Research, vol. 841, no. 1-2, pp. 70-77, 1999.
120. W. C. Covey, T. A. Ignatowski, P. R. Knight, and R. N. Spengler, "Brain-derived TNFα: involvement in neuroplastic changes implicated in the conscious perception of persistent pain" Brain Research, vol. 859, no. 1, pp. 113-122, 2000.
121. W. C. Covey, T. A. Ignatowski, A. E. Renauld, P. R. Knight, N. D. Nader, and R. N. Spengler, "Expression of neuron-associated tumor necrosis factor alpha in the brain is increased during persistent pain" Regional Anesthesia and PainMedicine, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 357-366, 2002.
122. E. L. Tobinick, "Targeted etanercept for treatment-refractory pain due to bone metastasis: two case reports" Clinical Therapeutics, vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 2279-2288, 2003.
123. E. Gerard, R. N. Spengler, A. C. Bonoiu et al. , "Chronic constriction injury-induced nociception is relieved by nanomedicinemediated decrease of rat hippocampal tumor necrosis factor" Pain, 2015.
124. J.-Q. Shi, W. Shen, J. Chen et al. , "Anti-TNF-α reduces amyloid plaques and tau phosphorylation and induces CD11c-positive dendritic-like cell in the APP/PS1 transgenic mouse brains" Brain Research, vol. 1368, pp. 239-247, 2011.
125. A. S. Harms, C. J. Barnum, K. A. Ruhn et al. , "Delayed dominant-negative TNF gene therapy halts progressive loss of nigraldopaminergic neurons in a rat model of parkinsons disease" MolecularTherapy, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 46-52, 2011.
126. H.-Y. Hsiao, Y.-C. Chen, H.-M. Chen, P.-H. Tu, and Y. Chern, "A critical role of astrocyte-mediated nuclear factor-κB-dependent inflammation in huntingtons disease" Human Molecular Genetics, vol. 22, no. 9, Article ID ddt036, pp. 1826-1842, 2013.
127. K. Belarbi, T. Jopson, D. Tweedie et al. , "TNF-α protein synthesis inhibitor restores neuronal function and reverses cognitive deficits induced by chronic neuroinflammation" Journal of Neuroinflammation, vol. 9, article 23, 2012.
128. H. Pribiag and D. Stellwagen, "Neuroimmune regulation of homeostatic synaptic plasticity" Neuropharmacology, vol. 78, pp. 13-22, 2014.
129. E. Tobinick, "Deciphering the physiology underlying the rapid clinical effects of perispinal etanercept in alzheimers disease" Current Alzheimer Research, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 99-109, 2012.
130. S. Pappata, M. Levasseur, R. N. Gunn et al. , "Thalamic microglial activation in ischemic stroke detected in vivo by PET and 11C]PK11195" Neurology, vol. 55, no. 7, pp. 1052-1054, 2000.
131. A. F. Ramlackhansingh, D. J. Brooks, R. J. Greenwood et al. , "Inflammation after trauma: microglial activation and traumatic brain injury" Annals of Neurology, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 374-383, 2011.
132. V. E. Johnson, J. E. Stewart, F. D. Begbie, J. Q. Trojanowski, D. H. Smith, and W. Stewart, "Inflammation and white matter degeneration persist for years after a single traumatic brain injury" Brain, vol. 136, no. 1, pp. 28-42, 2013.