Electronic Doping and Redox-Potential Tuning in Colloidal Semiconductor Nanocrystals

Accounts of Chemical Research

Volumn 48, Issue 7, 2015, Pages 1929-1937

  Schimpf, Alina M ^a   Knowles, Kathryn E ^a   Carroll, Gerard M ^a   Gamelin, Daniel R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84937719742     PISSN: 00014842     EISSN: 15204898     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00181     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Kittel, C. Introduction to Solid State Physics, 8 ed.; Wiley: New York, 2004.
2. Whitaker, K. M.; Ochsenbein, S. T.; Polinger, V. Z.; Gamelin, D. R. Electron Confinement Effects in the EPR Spectra of Colloidal n-Type ZnO Quantum Dots J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 14331-14335
3. Schimpf, A. M.; Thakkar, N.; Gunthardt, C. E.; Masiello, D. J.; Gamelin, D. R. Charge-Tunable Quantum Plasmons in Colloidal Semiconductor Nanocrystals ACS Nano 2013, 8, 1065-1072
4. Kumar, C. P.; Gopal, N. O.; Wang, T. C.; Wong, M.-S.; Ke, S. C. EPR Investigation of TiO2 Nanoparticles with Temperature-Dependent Properties J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 5223-5229
5. Fittipaldi, M.; Curri, M. L.; Comparelli, R.; Striccoli, M.; Agostiano, A.; Grassi, N.; Sangregorio, C.; Gatteschi, D. A Multifrequency EPR Study on Organic-Capped Anatase TiO2 Nanocrystals J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 6221-6226
6. Chiesa, M.; Paganini, M. C.; Livraghi, S.; Giamello, E. Charge Trapping in TiO2 Polymorphs as Seen by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2013, 15, 9435-9447
7. De Trizio, L.; Buonsanti, R.; Schimpf, A. M.; Llordes, A.; Gamelin, D. R.; Simonutti, R.; Milliron, D. J. Nb-Doped Colloidal TiO2 Nanocrystals with Tunable Infrared Absorption Chem. Mater. 2013, 25, 3383-3390
8. Reiss, H. The Fermi Level and the Redox Potential J. Phys. Chem. 1985, 89, 3783-3791
9. Rinehart, J. D.; Schimpf, A. M.; Weaver, A. L.; Cohn, A. W.; Gamelin, D. R. Photochemical Electronic Doping of Colloidal CdSe Nanocrystals J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 18782-18785
10. Shim, M.; Wang, C.; Guyot-Sionnest, P. Charge-Tunable Optical Properties in Colloidal Semiconductor Nanocrystals J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, 2369-2373
11. Kanehara, M.; Koike, H.; Yoshinaga, T.; Teranishi, T. Indium Tin Oxide Nanoparticles with Compositionally Tunable Surface Plasmon Resonance Frequencies in the Near-IR Region J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 17736-17737
12. Zhao, Y.; Pan, H.; Lou, Y.; Qiu, X.; Zhu, J.; Burda, C. Plasmonic Cu2-xS Nanocrystals: Optical and Structural Properties of Copper-Deficient Copper(I) Sulfides J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 4253-4261
13. Luther, J.; Jain, P.; Ewers, T.; Alivisatos, A. Localized Surface Plasmon Resonances Arising from Free Carriers in Doped Quantum Dots Nat. Mater. 2011, 10, 361-366
14. Dorfs, D.; Härtling, T.; Miszta, K.; Bigall, N. C.; Kim, M. R.; Genovese, A.; Falqui, A.; Povia, M.; Manna, L. Reversible Tunability of the Near-Infrared Valence Band Plasmon Resonance in Cu2-xSe Nanocrystals J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 11175-11180
15. Manthiram, K.; Alivisatos, A. Tunable Localized Surface Plasmon Resonances in Tungsten Oxide Nanocrystals J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 3995-3998
16. Rowe, D. J.; Jeong, J. S.; Mkhoyan, K. A.; Kortshagen, U. R. Phosphorus-Doped Silicon Nanocrystals Exhibiting Mid-Infrared Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 1317-1322
17. Palomaki, P. K. B.; Miller, E. M.; Neale, N. R. Control of Plasmonic and Interband Transitions in Colloidal Indium Nitride Nanocrystals J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 14142-14150
18. Diroll, B. T.; Gordon, T. R.; Gaulding, E. A.; Klein, D. R.; Paik, T.; Yun, H. J.; Goodwin, E. D.; Damodhar, D.; Kagan, C. R.; Murray, C. B. Synthesis of n-Type Plasmonic Oxide Nanocrystals and the Optical and Electrical Characterization of their Transparent Conducting Films Chem. Mater. 2014, 26, 4579-4588
19. Lounis, S. D.; Runnerstrom, E. L.; Bergerud, A.; Nordlund, D.; Milliron, D. J. Influence of Dopant Distribution on the Plasmonic Properties of Indium Tin Oxide Nanocrystals J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 7110-7116
20. Ye, X.; Fei, J.; Diroll, B. T.; Paik, T.; Murray, C. B. Expanding the Spectral Tunability of Plasmonic Resonances in Doped Metal-Oxide Nanocrystals through Cooperative Cation-Anion Codoping J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 11680-11686
21. Zhou, S.; Pi, X.; Ni, Z.; Ding, Y.; Jiang, Y.; Jin, C.; Delerue, C.; Yang, D.; Nozaki, T. Comparative Study on the Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance of Boron- and Phosphorus-Doped Silicon Nanocrystals ACS Nano 2015, 9, 378-386
22. Schimpf, A. M.; Runnerstrom, E. L.; Lounis, S. D.; Milliron, D. J.; Gamelin, D. R. Redox Energies and Plasmon Resonance Energies of Photodoped In2O3 and Sn-doped In2O3 Nanocrystals J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 518-524
23. Faucheaux, J. A.; Jain, P. K. Plasmons in Photocharged ZnO Nanocrystals Revealing the Nature of Charge Dynamics J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2013, 4, 3024-3030
24. Wehrenberg, B. L.; Guyot-Sionnest, P. Electron and Hole Injection in PbSe Quantum Dot Films J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 7806-7807
25. Koh, W.-K.; Koposov, A. Y.; Stewart, J. T.; Pal, B. N.; Robel, I.; Pietryga, J. M.; Klimov, V. I. Heavily Doped n-Type PbSe and PbS Nanocrystals Using Ground-State Charge Transfer from Cobaltocene Sci. Rep. 2013, 3 2004
26. Liu, H.; Keuleyan, S.; Guyot-Sionnest, P. n- and p-Type HgTe Quantum Dot Films J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, 116, 1344-1349
27. Cohn, A. W.; Schimpf, A. M.; Gunthardt, C. E.; Gamelin, D. R. Size-Dependent Trap-Assisted Auger Recombination in Semiconductor Nanocrystals Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 1810-1815
28. Orlinskii, S. B.; Blok, H.; Schmidt, J.; Baranov, P. G.; de Mello Donegá, C.; Meijerink, A. Donor-Acceptor Pairs in the Confined Structure of ZnO Nanocrystals Phys. Rev. B 2006, 74 045204
29. Zhou, H.; Hofstaetter, A.; Hofmann, D. M.; Meyer, B. K. Magnetic Resonance Studies on ZnO Nanocrystals Microelectron. Eng. 2003, 66, 59-64
30. Rodina, A. V.; Efros, A. L.; Rosen, M.; Meyer, B. K. Theory of the Zeeman Effect in Semiconductor Nanocrystals Mater. Sci. Eng., C 2002, 19, 435-438
31. Schimpf, A. M.; Ochsenbein, S. T.; Buonsanti, R.; Milliron, D. J.; Gamelin, D. R. Comparison of Extra Electrons in Colloidal n -type Al3+-Doped and Photochemically Reduced ZnO Nanocrystals Chem. Commun. 2012, 48, 9352-9354
32. Haase, M.; Weller, H.; Henglein, A. Photochemistry and Radiation Chemistry of Colloidal Semiconductors. 23. Electron Storage on ZnO Particles and Size Quantization J. Phys. Chem. 1988, 92, 482-487
33. Shim, M.; Guyot-Sionnest, P. n-Type Colloidal Semiconductor Nanocrystals Nature 2000, 407, 981-983
34. Wang, C. J.; Shim, M.; Guyot-Sionnest, P. Electrochromic Nanocrystal Quantum Dots Science 2001, 291, 2390-2392
35. Yu, D.; Wang, C.; Guyot-Sionnest, P. n-Type Conducting CdSe Nanocrystal Solids Science 2003, 300, 1277-1280
36. Valdez, C. N.; Braten, M.; Soria, A.; Gamelin, D. R.; Mayer, J. M. Effect of Protons on the Redox Chemistry of Colloidal Zinc Oxide Nanocrystals J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 8492-8495
37. Wheeler, L. M.; Neale, N. R.; Chen, T.; Kortshagen, U. R. Hypervalent Surface Interactions for Colloidal Stability and Doping of Silicon Nanocrystals Nat. Commun. 2013, 4 2197
38. Jeong, K. S.; Deng, Z.; Keuleyan, S.; Liu, H.; Guyot-Sionnest, P. Air-Stable n-Doped Colloidal HgS Quantum Dots J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2014, 5, 1139-1143
39. Wood, A.; Giersig, M.; Mulvaney, P. Fermi Level Equilibration in Quantum Dot-Metal Nanojunctions J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, 8810-8815
40. Shim, M.; Guyot-Sionnest, P. Organic-Capped ZnO Nanocrystals: Synthesis and n-Type Character J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 11651-11654
41. Germeau, A.; Roest, A. L.; Vanmaekelbergh, D.; Allan, G.; Delerue, C.; Meulenkamp, E. A. Optical Transitions in Artificial Few-Electron Atoms Strongly Confined Inside ZnO Nanocrystals Phys. Rev. Lett. 2003, 90 097401
42. Liu, W. K.; Whitaker, K. M.; Kittilstved, K. R.; Gamelin, D. R. Stable Photogenerated Carriers in Magnetic Semiconductor Nanocrystals J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 3910-3911
43. Liu, W. K.; Whitaker, K. M.; Smith, A. L.; Kittilstved, K. R.; Robinson, B. H.; Gamelin, D. R. Room-Temperature Electron Spin Dynamics in Free-Standing ZnO Quantum Dots Phys. Rev. Lett. 2007, 98 186804
44. Cohn, A. W.; Janßen, N.; Mayer, J. M.; Gamelin, D. R. Photocharging ZnO Nanocrystals: Picosecond Hole Capture, Electron Accumulation, and Auger Recombination J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 20633-20642
45. Schimpf, A. M.; Gunthardt, C. E.; Rinehart, J. D.; Mayer, J. M.; Gamelin, D. R. Controlling Carrier Densities in Photochemically Reduced Colloidal ZnO Nanocrystals: Size Dependence and Role of the Hole Quencher J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 16569-16577
46. Liang, X.; Ren, Y.; Bai, S.; Zhang, N.; Dai, X.; Wang, X.; He, H.; Jin, C.; Ye, Z.; Chen, Q.; Chen, L.; Wang, J.; Jin, Y. Colloidal Indium-Doped Zinc Oxide Nanocrystals with Tunable Work Function: Rational Synthesis and Optoelectronic Applications Chem. Mater. 2014, 26, 5169-5178
47. Wang, T.; Radovanovic, P. V. Free Electron Concentration in Colloidal Indium Tin Oxide Nanocrystals Determined by Their Size and Structure J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, 115, 406-413
48. Xie, Y.; Riedinger, A.; Prato, M.; Casu, A.; Genovese, A.; Guardia, P.; Sottini, S.; Sangregorio, C.; Miszta, K.; Ghosh, S.; Pellegrino, T.; Manna, L. Copper Sulfide Nanocrystals with Tunable Composition by Reduction of Covellite Nanocrystals with Cu+ Ions J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 17630-17637
49. Buonsanti, R.; Llordes, A.; Aloni, S.; Helms, B.; Milliron, D. Tunable Infrared Absorption and Visible Transparency of Colloidal Aluminum-Doped Zinc Oxide Nanocrystals Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 4706-4716
50. Herklotz, F.; Lavrov, E. V.; Weber, J.; Mamin, G. V.; Kutin, Y. S.; Volodin, M. A.; Orlinskii, S. B. Identification of Shallow Al Donors in ZnO Phys. Status Solidi B 2011, 248, 1532-1537
51. Hayoun, R.; Whitaker, K. M.; Gamelin, D. R.; Mayer, J. M. Electron Transfer Between Colloidal ZnO Nanocrystals J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 4228-4231
52. Cohn, A. W.; Kittilstved, K. R.; Gamelin, D. R. Tuning the Potentials of "Extra" Electrons in Colloidal n -Type ZnO Nanocrystals via Mg2+ Substitution J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 7937-7943
53. Pourbaix, M. Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions, 2 ed.; National Association of Corrosion Engineers: Houston, TX, 1974.
54. Bolts, J. M.; Wrighton, M. S. Correlation of Photocurrent-Voltage Curves with Flat-Band Potential for Stable Photoelectrodes for the Photoelectrolysis of Water J. Phys. Chem. 1976, 80, 2641-2645
55. Duonghong, D.; Ramsden, J.; Grätzel, M. Dynamics of Interfacial Electron-Transfer Processes in Colloidal Semiconductor Systems J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 2977-2985
56. Ward, M. D.; White, J. R.; Bard, A. J. Electrochemical Investigation of the Energetics of Particulate Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysts. The Methyl Viologen-Acetate System J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 27-31
57. Geyer, S. M.; Allen, P. M.; Chang, L.-Y.; Wong, C. R.; Osedach, T. P.; Zhao, N.; Bulovic, V.; Bawendi, M. G. Control of the Carrier Type in InAs Nanocrystal Films by Predeposition Incorporation of Cd ACS Nano 2010, 4, 7373-7378
58. Zhitomirsky, D.; Furukawa, M.; Tang, J.; Stadler, P.; Hoogland, S.; Voznyy, O.; Liu, H.; Sargent, E. H. N-Type Colloidal-Quantum-Dot Solids for Photovoltaics Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 6181-6185
59. Sahu, A.; Kang, M. S.; Kompch, A.; Notthoff, C.; Wills, A. W.; Deng, D.; Winterer, M.; Frisbie, C. D.; Norris, D. J. Electronic Impurity Doping in CdSe Nanocrystals Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 2587-2594
60. Kang, M. S.; Sahu, A.; Frisbie, C. D.; Norris, D. J. Influence of Silver Doping on Electron Transport in Thin Films of PbSe Nanocrystals Adv. Mater. 2013, 25, 725-731
61. Oh, S. J.; Berry, N. E.; Choi, J.-H.; Gaulding, E. A.; Lin, H.; Paik, T.; Diroll, B. T.; Muramoto, S.; Murray, C. B.; Kagan, C. R. Designing High-Performance PbS and PbSe Nanocrystal Electronic Devices through Stepwise, Post-Synthesis, Colloidal Atomic Layer Deposition Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 1559-1566
62. Brown, P. R.; Kim, D.; Lunt, R. R.; Zhao, N.; Bawendi, M. G.; Grossman, J. C.; Bulović, V. Energy Level Modification in Lead Sulfide Quantum Dot Thin Films through Ligand Exchange ACS Nano 2014, 8, 5863-5872
63. Mocatta, D.; Cohen, G.; Schattner, J.; Millo, O.; Rabani, E.; Banin, U. Heavily Doped Semiconductor Nanocrystal Quantum Dots Science 2011, 332, 77-81
64. Amit, Y.; Fasut, A.; Milo, O.; Rabani, E.; Frenkel, A.; Banin, U. How to Dope a Semiconductor Nanocrystal ECS Trans. 2013, 58, 127-133
65. Zhitomirsky, D.; Voznyy, O.; Levina, L.; Hoogland, S.; Kemp, K. W.; Ip, A. H.; Thon, S. M.; Sargent, E. H. Engineering Colloidal Quantum Dot Solids Within and Beyond the Mobility-Invariant Regime Nat. Commun. 2014, 5 3803
66. Owen, J. The Coordination Chemistry of Nanocrystal Surfaces Science 2015, 347, 615-616