Photocharging ZnO nanocrystals: Picosecond hole capture, electron accumulation, and auger recombination

Journal of Physical Chemistry C

Volumn 116, Issue 38, 2012, Pages 20633-20642

  Cohn, Alicia W ^a   Janßen, Nils ^a   Mayer, James M ^a   Gamelin, Daniel R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS; AUGER PROCESS; AUGER RECOMBINATION; CONDUCTION-BAND ELECTRONS; CONTINUOUS WAVES; CROSS-RELAXATION PROCESS; ELECTRON ACCUMULATION; ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; ETHANOL CONCENTRATIONS; HOLE CAPTURE; NONRADIATIVE DECAY RATE; PHOTOCHARGING; PICOSECONDS; TIME-RESOLVED PHOTOLUMINESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY; UV LUMINESCENCE; VALENCE-BAND HOLES; VISIBLE PHOTOLUMINESCENCE; ZNO NANOCRYSTAL;

AUGERS; DECAY (ORGANIC); ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; ELECTRONS; ETHANOL; EXCITONS; LUMINESCENCE; PARAMAGNETISM; PHOTOEXCITATION; PHOTOLUMINESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY; ZINC OXIDE;

NANOCRYSTALS;

EID: 84866876864     PISSN: 19327447     EISSN: 19327455     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/jp3075942     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Haase, M.; Weller, H.; Henglein, A. Photochemistry and Radiation Chemistry of Colloidal Semiconductors. 23. Electron Storage on ZnO Particles and Size Quantization J. Phys. Chem. 1988, 92, 482
2. Hoyer, P.; Weller, H. Size-dependent redox potentials of quantized zinc oxide measured with an optically transparent thin layer electrode Chem. Phys. Lett. 1994, 221, 379
3. Shim, M.; Guyot-Sionnest, P. n-type colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals Nature 2000, 407, 981
4. Wang, C.; Shim, M.; Guyot-Sionnest, P. Electrochromic Nanocrystal Quantum Dots Science 2001, 291, 2390
5. Roest, A. L.; Kelly, J. J.; Vanmaekelbergh, D.; Meulenkamp, E. A. Staircase in the Electron Mobility of a ZnO Quantum Dot Assembly due to Shell Filling Phys. Rev. Lett. 2002, 89, 036801
6. Shim, M.; Guyot-Sionnest, P. Comment on "Staircase in the electron mobility of a ZnO quantum dot assembly due to shell filling" and "Optical transitions in artificial few-electron atoms strongly confined inside ZnO nanocrystals" Phys. Rev. Lett. 2003, 91, 169703
7. Yu, D.; Wang, C.; Guyot-Sionnest, P. n-Type Conducting CdSe Nanocrystal Solids Science 2003, 300, 1277
8. Guyot-Sionnest, P. Charging colloidal quantum dots by electrochemistry (review) Microchim. Acta 2008, 160, 309
9. Liu, W. K.; Whitaker, K. M.; Kittilstved, K. R.; Gamelin, D. R. Stable Photogenerated Carriers in Magnetic Semiconductor Nanocrystals J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 3910
10. Liu, W. K.; Whitaker, K. M.; Smith, A. L.; Kittilstved, K. R.; Robinson, B. H.; Gamelin, D. R. Room-Temperature Electron Spin Dynamics in Free-Standing ZnO Quantum Dots Phys. Rev. Lett. 2007, 98, 186804
11. Whitaker, K. M.; Ochsenbein, S. T.; Polinger, V. Z.; Gamelin, D. R. Electron Confinement Effects in the EPR Spectra of Colloidal n-Type ZnO Quantum Dots J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 14331
12. Whitaker, K. M.; Ochsenbein, S. T.; Smith, A. L.; Echodu, D. C.; Robinson, B. H.; Gamelin, D. R. Hyperfine Coupling in Colloidal n-type ZnO Quantum Dots: Effects on Electron Spin Relaxation J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 14467
13. Ochsenbein, S. T.; Feng, Y.; Whitaker, K. M.; Badaeva, E.; Liu, W. K.; Li, X.; Gamelin, D. R. Charge-Controlled Magnetism in Colloidal Doped Semiconductor Nanocrystals Nature Nanotechnol. 2009, 4, 681
14. Roest, A. L.; Germeau, A.; Kelly, J. J.; Vanmaekelbergh, D.; Allan, G.; Meulenkamp, E. A. Long-Range Transport in an Assembly of ZnO Quantum Dots: The Effects of Quantum Confinement, Coulomb Repulsion and Structural Disorder Chem. Phys. Chem. 2003, 4, 959
15. Hayoun, R.; Whitaker, K. M.; Gamelin, D. R.; Mayer, J. M. Electron Transfer Between Colloidal ZnO Nanocrystals J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 4228
16. 2+ Substitution J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 7937
17. Schrauben, J. N.; Hayoun, R.; Valdez, C. N.; Braten, M.; Fridley, L.; Mayer, J. M. Titanium and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles are Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Agents Science 2012, 336, 1298
18. Wehrenberg, B. L.; Guyot-Sionnest, P. Electron and Hole Injection in PbSe Quantum Dot Films J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 7806
19. Germeau, A.; Roest, A. L.; Vanmaekelbergh, D.; Allan, G.; Delerue, C.; Meulenkamp, E. A. Optical Transitions in Artificial Few-Electron Atoms Strongly Confined inside ZnO Nanocrystals Phys. Rev. Lett. 2003, 90, 097401
20. Bahnemann, D. W.; Kormann, C.; Hoffmann, M. R. Preparation and Characterization of Quantum Size Zinc Oxide: A Detailed Spectroscopic Study J. Phys. Chem. 1987, 91, 3789
21. Kamat, P. V.; Patrick, B. Photophysics and photochemistry of quantized zinc oxide colloids J. Phys. Chem. 1992, 96, 6829
22. van Dijken, A.; Meulenkamp, E. A.; Vanmaekelbergh, D.; Meijerink, A. Influence of Adsorbed Oxygen on the Emission Properties of Nanocrystalline ZnO Particles J. Phys. Chem. B 2000, 104, 4355
23. Shim, M.; Guyot-Sionnest, P. Organic-Capped ZnO Nanocrystals: Synthesis and n-Type Character J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 11651
24. Wood, A.; Giersig, M.; Mulvaney, P. Fermi Level Equilibration in Quantum Dot-Metal Nanojunctions J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, 8810
25. Subramanian, V.; Wolf, E. E.; Kamat, P. V. Green Emission to Probe Photoinduced Charging Events in ZnO-Au Nanoparticles. Charge Distribution and Fermi-Level Equilibration J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107, 7479
26. Stroyuk, O. L.; Dzhagan, V. M.; Shvalagin, V. V.; Kuchmiy, S. Y. Size-Dependent Optical Properties of Colloidal ZnO Nanoparticles Charged by Photoexcitation J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 220
27. Hoyer, P.; Weller, H. Potential-Dependent Electron Injection in Nanoporous Colloidal ZnO Films J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 14096
28. Yamamoto, S. Photoenhanced Band-Edge Luminescence in ZnO Nanocrystals Dispersed in Ethanol J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, 115, 21635
29. 2+-Doped ZnO Nanocrystals J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 13205
30. Norberg, N. S.; Gamelin, D. R. Influence of Surface Modification on the Luminescence of Colloidal ZnO Nanocrystals J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 20810
31. Meulenkamp, E. A. Synthesis and Growth of ZnO Nanoparticles J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 5566
32. Lommens, P.; Lambert, K.; Loncke, F.; Muynck, D. D.; Balkan, T.; Vanhaecke, F.; Vrielinck, H.; Callens, F.; Hens, Z. The Growth of Co:ZnO/ZnO Core/Shell Colloidal Quantum Dots: Changes in Nanocrystal Size, Concentration and Dopant Coordination Chem. Phys. Chem. 2008, 9, 484
33. 3+-Doped and Photochemically Reduced ZnO Nanocrystals. Chem. Commun. 2012, 48, 9352.
34. van Dijken, A.; Meulenkamp, E. A.; Vanmaekelbergh, D.; Meijerink, A. The Kinetics of the Radiative and Nonradiative Processes in Nanocrystalline ZnO Particles upon Photoexcitation J. Phys. Chem. B 2000, 104, 1715
35. Jha, P. P.; Guyot-Sionnest, P. Trion decay in colloidal quantum dots ACS Nano 2009, 3, 1011
36. Kamat, P. V.; Huehn, R.; Nicolaescu, R. A "Sense and Shoot" Approach for Photocatalytic Degredation of Organic Contaminants in Water J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 788
37. Ramakrishna, G.; Ghosh, H. N. Effect of Particle Size on the Reactivity of Quantum Size ZnO Nanoparticles and Charge-Transfer Dynamics with Adsorbed Catechols Langmuir 2003, 19, 3006
38. Bullen, C.; Mulvaney, P. The Effects of Chemisorption on the Luminescence of CdSe Quantum Dots Langmuir 2006, 22, 3007
39. Munro, A. M.; Ginger, D. S. Photoluminescence Quenching of Single CdSe Nanocrystals by Ligand Adsorption Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 2585
40. Nagao, M.; Morimoto, T. Adsorption of Alcohols on Zinc Oxide Surfaces J. Phys. Chem. 1980, 84, 2054
41. Bowker, M.; Houghton, H.; Waugh, K. C. Temperature-Programmed Reaction Studies of the Interaction of Methyl Formate and Ethanol with Polycrystalline Zinc Oxide J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1 1982, 78, 2573
42. Vohs, J. M.; Barteau, M. A. Dehydration and Dehydrogenation of Ethanol and 1-Propanol on the Polar Surfaces of Zinc Oxide Surf. Sci. 1989, 221, 590
43. Kwak, G.; Yong, K. Adsorption and Reaction of Ethanol on ZnO Nanowires J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 3036
44. Stirring even has a noticeable effect without added EtOH, which can be attributed at least in part to the presence of residual adsorbed EtOH from the nanocrystal synthesis and washing procedure as detected by pulsed-EPR spectroscopy (data not shown). Given the extreme oxidizing ability of the ZnO VB hole, the capping dodecylamine may also be oxidized in the absence of other substrates. Studies of photoexcited CdS nanocrystals suggest that dense surface passivation by primary amines retards surface redox chemistry: Dukovic, G.; Merkle, M. G.; Nelson, J. H.; Hughes, S. M.; Alivisatos, A. P. Photodeposition of Pt on Colloidal CdS and CdSe/CdS Semiconductor Nanostructures Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 4306
45. Pollnau, M.; Gamelin, D. R.; Lüthi, S. R.; Güdel, H. U.; Hehlen, M. P. Power Dependence of Upconversion Luminescence in Lanthanide and Transition-Metal-Ion Systems Phys. Rev. B 2000, 61, 3337
46. Gamelin, D. R.; Güdel, H. U. Upconversion Processes in Transition Metal and Rare Earth Metal Systems Top. Curr. Chem. 2001, 214, 1
47. McGuire, J. A.; Sykora, M.; Joo, J.; Pietryga, J. M.; Klimov, V. I. Apparent Versus True Carrier Multiplication Yields in Semiconductor Nanocrystals Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 2049
48. Cunningham, J.; Hodnett, B. K. Kinetic Studies of Secondary Alcohol Photo-oxidation on ZnO and TiO2 at 348 K Studied by Gas-chromatographic Analysis J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1 1981, 77, 2777
49. Markham, M. C.; Hannan, M. C.; Paternostro, R.; Rose, C. B. Oxidation of Alcohols Catalyzed by Zinc Oxide and Light J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1958, 80, 5394
50. Xu, J.; Han, J.; Zhang, Y.; Sun, Y.; Xie, B. Studies on alcohol sensing mechanism of ZnO based gas sensors Sensors Actuators B 2008, 132, 334
51. Roest, A. L.; Kelly, J. J.; Vanmaekelbergh, D. Coulomb blockade of electron transport in a ZnO quantum-dot solid Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 83, 5530
52. Roest, A. L.; Houtepen, A. J.; Kelly, J. J.; Vanmaekelbergh, D. Electron-conducting quantum-dot solids with ionic charge compensation Faraday Discuss. 2004, 125, 55
53. Klimov, V. I.; Mikhailovsky, A. A.; McBranch, D. W.; Leatherdale, C. A.; Bawendi, M. G. Quantization of Multiparticle Auger Rates in Semiconductor Quantum Dots Science 2000, 287, 1011
54. Yamamoto, S. Photoluminescence quenching in cobalt doped ZnO nanocrystals J. Appl. Phys. 2012, 111, 094310
55. Koch, U.; Fojtik, A.; Weller, H.; Henglein, A. Photochemistry of Semiconductor Colloids. Preparation of Extremely Small ZnO Particles, Fluorescence Phenomena and Size Quantization Effects Chem. Phys. Lett. 1985, 122, 507
56. Yamamoto, S.; Mishina, T. Enhanced Band-Edge Photoluminescence from MgO Passivated ZnO Nanocrystals J. Lumin. 2011, 131, 620
57. 2+ Photoluminescence in Doped Semiconductor Nanocrystals ACS Nano 2011, 5, 4158
58. 2+-Doped Semiconductor Nanocrystals J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 11223
59. Wood, A.; Giersig, M.; Hilgendorff, M.; Vilas-Campos, A.; Liz-Marzán, L. M.; Mulvaney, P. Size effects in ZnO: The cluster to quantum dot transition Aust. J. Chem. 2003, 56, 1051
60. Climente, J. I.; Bertoni, A.; Goldoni, G. Photoluminescence Spectroscopy of Trions in Quantum Dots: A Theoretical Description Phys. Rev. B 2008, 78, 155316