Vitamin D and tuberculosis: A review on a hot topic

Journal of Chemotherapy

Volumn 27, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 128-138

  Facchini, Ludovica ^a   Venturini, Elisabetta ^a   Galli, Luisa ^a   de Martino, Maurizio ^a   Chiappini, Elena ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORENCE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Children; Hypovitaminosis D; Immunity; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Tuberculosis; Vitamin D

Indexed keywords

25 HYDROXYVITAMIN D; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN D BINDING PROTEIN; VITAMIN D RECEPTOR;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HUMAN; IMMUNOMODULATION; INNATE IMMUNITY; MACROPHAGE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; TUBERCULOSIS; VITAMIN DEFICIENCY; VITAMIN METABOLISM; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION; BLOOD; COMPLICATION; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; PATHOGENICITY; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY;

HUMANS; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; TUBERCULOSIS; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY;

EID: 84931042321     PISSN: 1120009X     EISSN: 19739478     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1179/1973947815Y.0000000043     Document Type: Review

References (165)

1. Selvaraj P, Prabhu Anand S, Harishankar M, Alagarasu K. Plasma 1,25 dihydroxy-vitamin D3 level and expression of vitamin d receptor and cathelicidin in pulmonary tuberculosis. J Clin Immunol. 2009;29:470–8.
2. Adorini L. Intervention in autoimmunity: the potential of vitamin D receptor agonists. Cell Immunol. 2005;233:115–24.
3. Harishankar M, Afsal K, Banurekha VV, Meenakshi N, Selvaraj P. 1,25-Dihydroxy vitamin D3 downregulates proinflammatory cytokine response in pulmonary tuberculosis. Int Immunopharmacol. 2014;23:148–52.
4. Hewison M, Burke F, Evans KN, Lammas DA, Sansom DM, Liu P, et al. Extra-renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1alphahydroxylase in human health and disease. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2007;103:316–21.
5. Marchant A, Amedei A, Azzurri A, Vekemans J, Benagiano M, Tamburini C, et al. Polarization of PPDSpecific T-cell response of patients with tuberculosis from Th0 to Th1 profile after successful antimycobacterial therapy or in vitro conditioning with Interferon-a or Interleukin-12. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2001;24:187–94.
6. Chen S, Sims GP, Chen XX, Gu YY, Chen S, Lipsky PE. Modulatory effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on human B cell differentiation. J Immunol. 2007;179:1634–47.
7. Lalor MK, Floyd S, Gorak-Stolinska P, Weir RE, Blitz R, Branson K, et al. BCG vaccination: a role for vitamin D? PLoS One. 2011;6(1):e16709.
8. Chiappini E, Della Bella C, Bonsignori F, Sollai S, Amedei A, Galli L, et al. Potential role of M. tuberculosis in discriminating children with active or latent tuberculosis. PLoS One. 2012;7:1–4.
9. Davies PD, Brown RC, Woodhead JS. Serum concentrations of vitamin D metabolites in untreated tuberculosis. Thorax. 1985;40:187–90.
10. Grange JM, Davies PD, Brown RC, Woodhead JS, Kardjito T. A study of vitamin D levels in Indonesian patients with untreated pulmonary tuberculosis. Tubercle. 1985;66:187–91.
11. Davies PD, Church HA, Brown RC, Woodhead JS. Raised serum calcium in tuberculosis patients in Africa. Eur J Respir Dis. 1987;71:341–4.
12. Davies PD, Church HA, Bovornkitti S. Altered vitamin D homeostasis in tuberculosis. Intern Med Thailand. 1988;4:45–7.
13. Chan TY. Osteomalacia during rifampicin and isoniazid therapy is rare in Hong Kong. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1996;34:533–4.
14. Wilkinson RJ, Llewelyn M, Toossi Z, Patel P, Pasvol G, Lalvani A, et al. Influence of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor polymorphisms on tuberculosis among Gujarati Asians in west London: a case-control study. Lancet. 2000;355:618–21.
15. Sasidharan PK, Rajeev E, Vijayakumari V. Tuberculosis and vitamin D deficiency. J Assoc Physicians India. 2002;50:554–8.
16. Wejse C, Olesen R, Rabna P, Kaestel P, Gustafson P, Aaby P, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in a West African population of tuberculosis patients and unmatched healthy controls. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:1376–83.
17. Sita-Lumsden A, Lapthorn G, Swaminathan R, Milburn HJ. Reactivation of tuberculosis and vitamin D deficiency: the contribution of diet and exposure to sunlight. Thorax. 2007;62:1003–7.
18. Gibney KB, MacGregor L, Leder K, Torresi J, Marshall C, Ebeling PR, et al. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection in immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:443–6.
19. Friis H, Range N, Pedersen ML, Mølgaard C, Changalucha J, Krarup H, et al. Hypovitaminosis D is common among pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Tanzania but is not explained by the acute phase response. J Nutr. 2008;138:2474–80.
20. Tostmann A, Wielders JP, Kibiki GS, Verhoef H, Boeree MJ, van der Ven AJ. Serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 concentrations increase during tuberculosis treatment in Tanzania. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2010;14:1147–52.
21. Nielsen NO, Skifte T, Andersson M, Wohlfahrt J, Søborg B, Koch A, et al. Both high and low serum vitamin D concentrations are associated with tuberculosis: a case-control study in Greenland. Br J Nutr. 2010;104:1487–91.
22. Banda R, Mhemedi B, Allain TJ. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in adult tuberculosis patients at a central hospital in Malawi. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2011;15:408–10.
23. Nansera D, Graziano FM, Friedman DJ, Bobbs MK, Jones AN, Hansen KE. Vitamin D and calcium levels in Ugandan adults with human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2011;15:1522–7.
24. Talat N, Perry S, Parsonnet J, Dawood G, Hussain R. Vitamin d deficiency and tuberculosis progression. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16:853–5.
25. Martineau AR, Timms PM, Bothamley GH, Hanifa Y, Islam K, Claxton AP, et al. High-dose vitamin D(3) during intensive-phase antimicrobial treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: a double-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377:242–50.
26. Martineau AR, Nhamoyebonde S, Oni T, Rangaka MX, Marais S, Bangani N, et al. Reciprocal seasonal variation in vitamin D status and tuberculosis notifications in Cape Town. South Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108:19013–7.
27. Gray K, Wood N, Gunasekera H, Sheikh M, Hazelton B, Barzi F, et al. Vitamin d and tuberculosis status in refugee children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012;31:521–3.
28. Williams B, Williams AJ, Anderson ST. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in children with tuberculosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27:941–2.
29. Kibirige D, Mutebi E, Ssekitoleko R, Worodria W, Mayanja-Kizza H. Vitamin D deficiency among adult patients with tuberculosis: a cross sectional study from a national referral hospital in Uganda. BMC Res Notes. 2013;6:293.
30. Iftikhar R, Kamran SM, Qadir A, Haider E. Bin Usman H. Vitamin D deficiency in patients with tuberculosis. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2013;23:780–3.
31. Joshi L, Ponnana M, Penmetsa SR, Nallari P, Valluri V, Gaddam S. Serum VitaminD levels and VDR polymorphisms (BsmI and FokI) in patients and their household contacts susceptible to tuberculosis. Scand J Immunol. 2014;79:113–9.
32. Friis H, Range N, Changalucha J, Praygod G, Jeremiah K, Faurholt-Jepsen D, et al. Vitamin D status among pulmonary TB patients and non-TB controls: a cross-sectional Study from Mwanza. Tanzania. PLoS One. 2013;8:81142.
33. Huaman MA, Sterling TR, Shepherd BE, Fiske CT. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels after recovery from tuberculosis: insights into pathogenesis. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2014;94:51–4.
34. Mehta S, Mugusi FM, Bosch RJ, Aboud S, Urassa W, Villamor E, et al. Vitamin D status and TB treatment outcomes in adult patients in Tanzania: a cohort study. BMJ Open. 2013;3:003703.
35. Esteve Palau E, Sánchez Martínez F, Knobel Freud H, López Colomés JL, Diez Pérez A. Tuberculosis: plasma levels of vitamin D and its relation with infection and disease. Med Clin (Barc). 2015;144(3):111–4.
36. Kim JH, Park JS, Cho YJ, Yoon HI, Song JH, Lee CT, et al. Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level: an independent risk factor for tuberculosis? Clin Nutr. 2014;33(6):1081–6.
37. Sudfeld CR, Giovannucci EL, Isanaka S, Aboud S, Mugusi FM, Wang M, et al. Vitamin D status and incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis, opportunistic infections, and wasting among HIV-infected Tanzanian adults initiating antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis. 2013;207:378–85.
38. Koo HK, Lee JS, Jeong YJ, Choi SM, Kang HJ, Lim HJ, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and changes in serum vitamin D levels with treatment among tuberculosis patients in South Korea. Respirology. 2012;17:808–13.
39. Desai NS, Tukvadze N, Frediani JK, Kipiani M, Sanikidze E, Nichols MM, et al. Effects of sunlight and diet on vitamin D status of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Tbilisi. Georgia. Nutrition. 2012;28:362–6.
40. Steenhoff AP, Redwood A, Pettifor JM, Hove J, Bisson GP, Mosepele M, et al. Vitamin D status in HIV-infected patients with and without tuberculosis: a pilot study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012;61:21–3.
41. Arnedo-Pena A, Juan-Cerdán JV, Romeu-Garcia A, Garcia-Ferrer D, Holguín-Gómez R, Iborra-Millet J, et al. Latent tuberculosis infection, tuberculin skin test and vitamin D status in contacts of tuberculosis patients: a crosssectional and case-control study. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;11:349.
42. Ho-Pham LT, Nguyen ND, Nguyen TT, Nguyen DH, Bui PK, Nguyen VN, et al. Association between vitamin D insufficiency and tuberculosis in a Vietnamese population. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10:306.
43. Yamshchikov AV, Kurbatova EV, Kumari M, Blumberg HM, Ziegler TR, Ray SM, et al. Vitamin D status and antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin (LL-37) concentrations in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;92:603–11.
44. Ustianowski A, Shaffer R, Collin S, Wilkinson RJ, Davidson RN. Prevalence and associations of vitamin D deficiency in foreign-born persons with tuberculosis in London. J Infect. 2005;50:432–7.
45. Srinivasan A, Syal K, Banerjee D, Hota D, Gupta D, Kaul D, et al. Low plasma levels of cholecalciferol and 13cisretinoic acid in tuberculosis: implications in host-based chemotherapy. Nutrition. 2013;29:1245–51.
46. Arnedo-Pena A, Juan-Cerdán JV, Romeu-García MA, García-Ferrer D, Holguín-Gómez R, Iborra-Millet J, et al. Vitamin D status and incidence of tuberculosis infection conversion in contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients: a prospective cohort study. Epidemiol Infect. 2015;143:1731–41.
47. Jubulis J, Kinikar A, Ithape M, Khandave M, Dixit S, S, et al. Modifiable risk factors associated with tuberculosis disease in children in Pune. India. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014;18:198–204.
48. Hong JY, Kim SY, Chung KS, Kim EY, Jung JY, Park MS, et al. Association between vitamin D deficiency and tuberculosis in a Korean population. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014;18:73–8.
49. Areeshi MY, Mandal RK, Akhter N, Panda AK, Haque S. Evaluating the association between TaqI variant of vitamin D receptor gene and susceptibility to tuberculosis: a meta-analysis. Toxicol Int. 2014;21:140–7.
50. Salamon H, Bruiners N, Lakehal K, Shi L, Ravi J, Yamaguchi KD, et al. Cutting edge: vitamin D regulates lipid metabolism in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Immunol. 2014;193:30–4.
51. Ganmaa D, Giovannucci E, Bloom BR, Fawzi W, Burr W, Batbaatar D, et al. Vitamin D, tuberculin skin test conversion, and latent tuberculosis in Mongolian school-age children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled feasibility trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96:391–6.
52. Gwinup G, Randazzo G, Elias A. The influence of vitamin D intake on serum calcium in tuberculosis. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1981;97:114–7.
53. Narang NK, Gupta RC, Jain MK. Role of vitamin D in pulmonary tuberculosis. J Assoc Physicians India. 1984;32:185–8.
54. Nursyam EW, Amin Z, Rumende CM. The effect of vitamin D as supplementary treatment in patients with moderately advanced pulmonary tuberculous lesion. Acta Med Indones. 2006;38:3–5.
55. Martineau AR, Nanzer AM, Satkunam KR, Packe GE, Rainbow SJ, Maunsell ZJ, et al. Influence of a single oral dose of vitamin D(2) on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in tuberculosis patients. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2009;13:119–25.
56. Wejse C, Gomes VF, Rabna P, Gustafson P, Aaby P, Lisse IM, et al. Vitamin D as supplementary treatment for tuberculosis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;179:843–50.
57. Morcos MM, Gabr AA, Samuel S, Kamel M, el baz M, el Beshry M, et al. Vitamin D administration to tuberculous children and its value. Boll Chim Farm. 1998;137:157–64.
58. Salahuddin N, Ali F, Hasan Z, Rao N, Aqeel M, Mahmood F. Vitamin D accelerates clinical recovery from tuberculosis: results of the SUCCINCT Study [Supplementary Cholecalciferol in recovery from tuberculosis]. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of vitamin D supplementation in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis’. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:22.
59. Ralph AP, Waramori G, Pontororing GJ, Kenangalem E, Wiguna A, Tjitra E, et al. L-arginine and vitamin D adjunctive therapies in pulmonary tuberculosis: a randomised, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. PLoS One. 2013;8:70032.
60. Coussens AK, Wilkinson RJ, Hanifa Y, Nikolayevskyy V, Elkington PT, Islam K, et al. Vitamin D accelerates resolution of inflammatory responses during tuberculosis treatment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109:15449–54.
61. Kota SK, Jammula S, Kota SK, Tripathy PR, Panda S, Modi KD. Effect of vitamin D supplementation in type 2 diabetes patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2011;5:85–9.
62. Sato S, Tanino Y, Saito J, Nikaido T, Inokoshi Y, Fukuhara A, et al. The relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and treatment course of pulmonary tuberculosis. Respir Investig. 2012;50:40–5.
63. Venturini E, Facchini L, Martinez-Alier N, Novelli V, Galli L, de Martino M, Chiappini E. Vitamin D and tuberculosis: a multicenter study in children. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:652.
64. Maclachlan JH, Cowie BC. Epidemiology of tuberculosis and levels of vitamin D in Australia: person, place and time. Med J Aust. 2013;199:655–6.
65. Ralph AP, Lucas RM. Vitamin D and tuberculosis: hope or hype? Med J Aust. 2013;199:648–9.
66. Truswell AS. Vitamin D and tuberculosis. Med J Aust. 2013;199:641.
67. Karczmarewicz E, Czekuc-Kryskiewicz E, Płudowski P. Effect of vitamin D status on pharmacological treatment efficiency: impact on cost-effective management in medicine. Dermatoendocrinol. 2013;5:299–304.
68. Mukherjee A, Saini S, Kabra SK, Gupta N, Singh V, Singh S, et al. Effect of micronutrient deficiency on QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test and tuberculin skin test in diagnosis of childhood intrathoracic tuberculosis. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014;68(1):38–42.
69. Wu F, Zhang W, Zhang L, Wu J, Li C, Meng X, et al. NRAMP1, VDR, HLA-DRB1, and HLA-DQB1 gene polymorphisms in susceptibility to tuberculosis among the Chinese Kazakh population: a case-control study. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:484535.
70. Andersen S, Jakobsen A, Rex HL, Lyngaard F, Kleist IL, Kern P, et al. Vitamin D status in Greenland - dermal and dietary donations. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2013;72.
71. Tung YC, Ou TT, Tsai WC. Defective Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen presentation by monocytes from tuberculosis patients. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2013;17:1229–34.
72. Coussens AK, Wilkinson RJ, Nikolayevskyy V, Elkington PT, Hanifa Y, Islam K, et al. Ethnic variation in inflammatory profile in tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog. 2013;9:1003468.
73. Verway M, Bouttier M, Wang TT, Carrier M, Calderon M, An BS, et al. Vitamin D induces interleukin-1 expression: paracrine macrophage epithelial signaling controls M. tuberculosis infection. PLoS Pathog. 2013;9:1003407.
74. Pakpoor J, Pakpoor J. The role of vitamin D in the association between tuberculosis and end-stage renal disease. Epidemiol Infect. 2014;142:886–7.
75. Mily A, Rekha RS, Kamal SM, Akhtar E, Sarker P, Rahim Z, et al. Oral intake of phenylbutyrate with or without vitamin D3 upregulates the cathelicidin LL-37 in human macrophages: a dose finding study for treatment of tuberculosis. BMC Pulm Med. 2013;13:23.
76. Singh AK, Yadav AB, Sharma S, Garg R, Bose M, et al. HLA-DRB1*1501 and VDR polymorphisms and survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in human macrophages exposed to inhalable microparticles. Pharmacogenomics. 2013;14:531–40.
77. Mastala Y, Nyangulu P, Banda RV, Mhemedi B, White SA, Allain TJ. Vitamin D deficiency in medical patients at a central hospital in Malawi: a comparison with TB patients from a previous study. PLoS One. 2013;8:59017.
78. Koh GC, Hawthorne G, Turner AM, Kunst H, Dedicoat M. Tuberculosis incidence correlates with sunshine: an ecological 28-year time series study. PLoS One. 2013;8:57752.
79. Wang Q, Ma A, Bygbjerg IC, Han X, Liu Y, Zhao S, et al. Rationale and design of a randomized controlled trial of the effect of retinol and vitamin D supplementation on treatment in active pulmonary tuberculosis patients with diabetes. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:104.
80. Klug-Micu GM, Stenger S, Sommer A, Liu PT, Krutzik SR, Modlin RL, et al. CD40 ligand and interferon- induce an antimicrobial response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in human monocytes. Immunology. 2013;139:121–8.
81. Lalvani A, Connell DW. Dissecting the immunological, antimicrobial and clinical effects of vitamin D therapy in tuberculosis. Pathog Glob Health. 2012;106:378–9.
82. Bhaumik S. Vitamin D supplementation for tuberculosis. Indian Pediatr. 2012;49:931.
83. Maclachlan JH, Lavender CJ, Cowie BC. Effect of latitude on seasonality of tuberculosis. Australia, 2002-2011.Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18:1879–81.
84. Anandaiah A, Sinha S, Bole M, Sharma SK, Kumar N, Luthra K, et al. Vitamin D rescues impaired Mycobacterium tuberculosis-mediated tumor necrosis factor release in macrophages of HIV-seropositive individuals through an enhanced Toll-like receptor signaling pathway in vitro. Infect Immun. 2013;81:2–10.
85. Conesa-Botella A, Goovaerts O, Massinga-Loembé M, Worodria W, Mazakpwe D, Luzinda K, et al. Low prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Ugandan HIV-infected patients with and without tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012;16:1517–21.
86. Rathored J, Sharma SK, Singh B, Banavaliker JN, Sreenivas V, Srivastava AK, et al. Risk and outcome of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and serum 25(OH)D. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012;16:1522–8.
87. Campbell GR, Spector SA. Autophagy induction by vitamin D inhibits both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Autophagy. 2012;8:1523–5.
88. Yang HF, Zhang ZH, Chang ZQ, Tang KL, Lin DZ, Xu JZ. Vitamin D deficiency affects the immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice. Clin Exp Med. 2013;13:265–70.
89. Larcombe L, Orr P, Turner-Brannen E, Slivinski CR, Nickerson PW, Mookherjee N. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced innate immune responses in a Canadian Dené First Nations cohort. PLoS One. 2012;7:40692.
90. Selvaraj P, Harishankar M, Singh B, Banurekha VV, Jawahar MS. Effect of vitamin D3 on chemokine expression in pulmonary tuberculosis. Cytokine. 2012;60:212–9.
91. Conesa-Botella A, Meintjes G, Coussens AK, van der Plas H, Goliath R, Schutz C, et al. Corticosteroid therapy, vitamin D status, and inflammatory cytokine profile in the HIV-tuberculosis immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55:1004–11.
92. Banfield S, Pascoe E, Thambiran A, Siafarikas A, Burgner D. Factors associated with the performance of a blood-based interferon- release assay in diagnosing tuberculosis. PLoS One. 2012;7:38556.
93. Visser DH, Schoeman JF, VAN Furth AM. Seasonal variation in the incidence rate of tuberculous meningitis is associated with sunshine hours. Epidemiol Infect. 2013;141:459–62.
94. Campbell GR, Spector SA. Vitamin D inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in macrophages through the induction of autophagy. PLoS Pathog. 2012;8:1002689.
95. Buonsenso D, Focarelli B, Scalzone M, Chiaretti A, Gioè C, Ceccarelli M, et al. Chest wall TB and low 25hydroxy-vitamin D levels in a 15-month-old girl. Ital J Pediatr. 2012;38:12.
96. Cao S, Luo PF, Li W, Tang WQ, Cong XN, Wei PM. Vitamin D receptor genetic polymorphisms and tuberculosis among Chinese Han ethnic group. Chin Med J (Engl). 2012;125:920–5.
97. Li W, Zhang R, Zhang K, Song L, Hong PH, Zhang Y, et al. Reduced vitamin D levels are associated with autoimmune response in tuberculosis patients. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71:790.
98. Korthals Altes H, Kremer K, Erkens C, van Soolingen D, Wallinga J. Tuberculosis seasonality in the Netherlands differs between natives and non-natives: a role for vitamin D deficiency? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012;16:639–44.
99. Price P, Haddow LJ, Affandi J, Agarwal U, Easterbrook PJ, Elliott J, et al. Short Communication: plasma levels of vitamin D in HIV patients initiating antiretroviral therapy do not predict immune restoration disease associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2012;28:1216–9.
100. Lavender TW, Martineau AR, Quinton R, Schwab U. Severe hypercalcaemia following vitamin D replacement for tuberculosis-associated hypovitaminosis D. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012;16:140.
101. Parrinello CM, Crossa A, Harris TG. Seasonality of tuberculosis in New York City, 1990-2007. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012;16:32–7.
102. Kang TJ, Jin SH, Yeum CE, Lee SB, Kim CH, Lee SH, et al. Vitamin D receptor gene TaqI. BsmI and FokI polymorphisms in Korean patients with tuberculosis. Immune Netw. 2011;11:253–7.
103. Realegeno S, Modlin RL. Shedding light on the vitamin D-tuberculosis-HIV connection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108:18861–2.
104. Singh A, Gaughan JP, Kashyap VK. SLC11A1 and VDR gene variants and susceptibility to tuberculosis and disease progression in East India. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2011;15:1468–74.
105. Fabri M, Stenger S, Shin DM, Yuk JM, Liu PT, Realegeno S, et al. Vitamin D is required for IFN-gammamediated antimicrobial activity of human macrophages. Sci Transl Med. 2011;3:104.
106. Estrella JL, Kan-Sutton C, Gong X, Rajagopalan M, Lewis DE, Hunter RL, et al. A Novel in vitro human macrophage model to study the persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using vitamin D(3) and retinoic acid activated THP-1 macrophages. Front Microbiol. 2011;2:67.
107. Arya SC, Agarwal N. Vitamin D deficiency in adult tuberculosis patients. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2011;15:1133–4.
108. Elias A., Dunn J, Huntington MK. Tuberculosis and profound hypovitaminosis D in an infant. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011;30:1008–10.
109. Sharma PR, Singh S, Jena M, Mishra G, Prakash R, Das PK, et al. Coding and non-coding polymorphisms in VDR gene and susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis in tribes, castes and Muslims of Central India. Infect Genet Evol. 2011;11:1456–61.
110. Cahill KC, Conroy FJ, Brown A, Dunlop RL, Eadie P, Keane J. Tuberculous dactylitis in the setting of low serum vitamin D: a case report. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2011;64:321–4.
111. Khoo AL, Chai LY, Koenen HJ, Oosting M, Steinmeyer A, Zuegel U, et al. Vitamin D(3) down-regulates proinflammatory cytokine response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis through pattern recognition receptors while inducing protective cathelicidin production. Cytokine. 2011;55:294–300.
112. Hassan TM, Keane J, McLaughlin AM. Paradoxical reaction causing tuberculous arthritis and soft-tissue abscess in a non HIV infected, lymphopenic, vitamin D deficient patient with disseminated tuberculosis. A coincidence or an immunological conundrum? Joint Bone Spine. 2011;78:322–3.
113. Andraos C, Koorsen G, Knight JC, Bornman L. Vitamin D receptor gene methylation is associated with ethnicity, tuberculosis, and TaqI polymorphism. Hum Immunol. 2011;72:262–8.
114. Ates O, Dolek B, Dalyan L, Musellim B, Ongen G, Topal-Sarikaya A. The association between BsmI variant of vitamin D receptor gene and susceptibility to tuberculosis. Mol Biol Rep. 2011;38:2633–6.
115. Marashian SM, Farnia P, Seyf S, Anoosheh S, Velayati AA. Evaluating the role of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms on susceptibility to tuberculosis among iranian patients: a case-control study. Tuberk Toraks. 2010;58:147–53.
116. Handel AE, Ramagopalan SV. Tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus: is vitamin D the missing link? Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10:596.
117. Zhang HQ, Deng A, Guo CF, Wang YX, Chen LQ, Wang YF, et al. Association between FokI polymorphism in vitamin D receptor gene and susceptibility to spinal tuberculosis in Chinese Han population. Arch Med Res. 2010;41:46–9.
118. Merza M, Farnia P, Anoosheh S, Varahram M, Kazampour M, Pajand O, et al. The NRAMPI, VDR and TNF-alpha gene polymorphisms in Iranian tuberculosis patients: the study on host susceptibility. Braz J Infect Dis. 2009;13:252–6.
119. Motsinger-Reif AA, Antas PR, Oki NO, Levy S, Holland SM, Sterling TR. Polymorphisms in IL-1beta, vitamin D receptor Fok1, and Toll-like receptor 2 are associated with extrapulmonary tuberculosis. BMC Med Genet. 2010;11:37.
120. Christopoulos AI, Diamantopoulos AA, Dimopoulos PA, Goumenos DS, Barbalias GA. Risk factors for tuberculosis in dialysis patients: a prospective multi-center clinical trial. BMC Nephrol. 2009;10:36.
121. Martineau AR, Leandro AC, Anderson ST, Newton SM, Wilkinson KA, Nicol MP, et al. Association between Gc genotype and susceptibility to TB is dependent on vitamin D status. Eur Respir J. 2010;35:1106–12.
122. Yuk JM, Shin DM, Lee HM, Yang CS, Jin HS, Kim KK, et al. Vitamin D3 induces autophagy in human monocytes/ macrophages via cathelicidin. Cell Host Microbe. 2009;6:231–43.
123. Anand SP, Selvaraj P. Effect of 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D(3) on matrix metalloproteinases MMP-7, MMP-9 and the inhibitor TIMP-1 in pulmonary tuberculosis. Clin Immunol. 2009;133:126–31.
124. Banoei MM, Mirsaeidi MS, Houshmand M, Tabarsi P, Ebrahimi G, Zargari L, et al. Vitamin D receptor homozygote mutant tt and bb are associated with susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis in the Iranian population. Int J Infect Dis. 2010;14:84–5.
125. Yamshchikov AV, Oladele A, Leonard MK Jr, Blumberg HM, Ziegler TR, Tangpricha V. Vitamin D as adjunctive therapy in refractory pulmonary tuberculosis: a case report. South Med J. 2009;102:649–52.
126. Yang CS, Shin DM, Kim KH, Lee ZW, Lee CH, Park SG, et al. NADPH oxidase 2 interaction with TLR2 is required for efficient innate immune responses to mycobacteria via cathelicidin expression. J Immunol. 2009;182:3696–705.
127. Coussens A, Timms PM, Boucher BJ, Venton TR, Ashcroft AT, Skolimowska KH, et al. 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits matrix metalloproteinases induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Immunology. 2009;127:539–48.
128. Waller M, Murphy S, Krishnaraj N, Antunes G. Respiratory failure and symptomatic hypercalcaemia complicating pulmonary tuberculosis. BMJ Case Rep. 2009;2009.
129. Prabhu Anand S, Selvaraj P, Narayanan PR. Effect of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 on intracellular IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha positive T cell subsets in pulmonary tuberculosis. Cytokine. 2009;45:105–10.
130. Vidyarani M, Selvaraj P, Raghavan S, Narayanan PR. Regulatory role of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and vitamin D receptor gene variants on intracellular granzyme A expression in pulmonary tuberculosis. Exp Mol Pathol. 2009;86:69–73.
131. Larcombe LA, Orr PH, Lodge AM, Brown JS, Dembinski IJ, Milligan LC, et al. Functional gene polymorphisms in canadian aboriginal populations with high rates of tuberculosis. J Infect Dis. 2008;198:1175–9.
132. Alagarasu K, Selvaraj P, Swaminathan S, Narendran G, Narayanan PR. 59 regulatory and 39 untranslated region polymorphisms of vitamin D receptor gene in south Indian HIV and HIV-TB patients. J Clin Immunol. 2009;29:196–204.
133. Selvaraj P, Alagarasu K, Harishankar M, Vidyarani M, Narayanan PR. Regulatory region polymorphisms of vitamin D receptor gene in pulmonary tuberculosis patients and normal healthy subjects of south India. Int J Immunogenet. 2008;35:251–4.
134. Yesudian PD, Berry JL, Wiles S, Hoyle S, Young DB, Haylett AK, et al. The effect of ultraviolet B-induced vitamin D levels on host resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a pilot study in immigrant Asian adults living in the United Kingdom. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2008;24:97–8.
135. Anand PK, Kaul D, Sharma M. Synergistic action of vitamin D and retinoic acid restricts invasion of macrophages by pathogenic mycobacteria. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2008;41:17–25.
136. Selvaraj P, Vidyarani M, Alagarasu K, Prabhu Anand S, Narayanan PR. Regulatory role of promoter and 3’ UTR variants of vitamin D receptor gene on cytokine response in pulmonary tuberculosis. J Clin Immunol. 2008;28:306–13.
137. Vidyarani M, Selvaraj P, Jawahar MS, Narayanan PR. 1, 25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulated cytokine response in pulmonary tuberculosis. Cytokine. 2007;40:128–34.
138. Liu PT, Stenger S, Tang DH, Modlin RL. Cutting edge: vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is dependent on the induction of cathelicidin. J Immunol. 2007;179:2060–3.
139. Olesen R, Wejse C, Velez DR, Bisseye C, Sodemann M, Aaby P, et al. DC-SIGN (CD209), pentraxin 3 and vitamin D receptor gene variants associate with pulmonary tuberculosis risk in West Africans. Genes Immun. 2007;8:456–67.
140. Martineau AR, Wilkinson KA, Newton SM, Floto RA, Norman AW, Skolimowska K, et al. IFN-gamma- and TNF-independent vitamin D-inducible human suppression of mycobacteria: the role of cathelicidin LL-37. J Immunol. 2007;178:7190–8.
141. Martineau AR, Wilkinson RJ, Wilkinson KA, Newton SM, Kampmann B, Hall BM, et al. A single dose of vitamin D enhances immunity to mycobacteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176:208–13.
142. Babb C, van der Merwe L, Beyers N, Pheiffer C, Walzl G, Duncan K, et al. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and sputum conversion time in pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2007;87:295–302.
143. Wilbur AK, Kubatko LS, Hurtado AM, Hill KR, Stone AC. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and susceptibility M. tuberculosis in native Paraguayans. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2007;87:329–37.
144. Søborg C, Andersen AB, Range N, Malenganisho W, Friis H, Magnussen P, et al. Influence of candidate susceptibility genes on tuberculosis in a high endemic region. Mol Immunol. 2007;44:2213–20.
145. Ludvigsson JF, Wahlstrom J, Grunewald J, Ekbom A, Montgomery SM. Coeliac disease and risk of tuberculosis: a population based cohort study. Thorax. 2007;62:23–8.
146. Lombard Z, Dalton DL, Venter PA, Williams RC, Bornman L. Association of HLA-DR, -DQ, and vitamin D receptor alleles and haplotypes with tuberculosis in the Venda of South Africa. Hum Immunol. 2006;67:643–54.
147. Amin Z, Rumende CM. The effect of vitamin D as adjuvant therapy in pulmonary tuberculosis with moderate-advance lesion. Acta Med Indones. 2006;38:1–2.
148. Range N, Changalucha J, Krarup H, Magnussen P, Andersen AB, Friis H. The effect of multi-vitamin/mineral supplementation on mortality during treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: a randomised two-by-two factorial trial in Mwanza. Tanzania. Br J Nutr. 2006;95:762–70.
149. Liu PT, Stenger S, Li H, Wenzel L, Tan BH, Krutzik SR, et al. Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response. Science. 2006;311:1770–3.
150. Kang ES, Do MY, Park SY, Hur KY, Ahn CW, Cha BS, et al. Hypercalcemia in hepatic tuberculosis: a case report in Korea. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005;72:368–9.
151. Wiart A, Jepson A, Banya W, Bennett S, Whittle H, Martin NG, et al. Quantitative association tests of immune responses to antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a study of twins in West Africa. Twin Res. 2004;7:578–88.
152. Yonemura K, Ohtake T, Matsushima H, Fujigaki Y, Hishida A. High ratio of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to parathyroid hormone in serum of tuberculous patients with endstage renal disease. Clin Nephrol. 2004;62:202–7.
153. Bornman L, Campbell SJ, Fielding K, Bah B, Sillah J, Gustafson P, et al. Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and susceptibility to tuberculosis in West Africa: a case-control and family study. J Infect Dis. 2004;190:1631–41.
154. Fitness J, Floyd S, Warndorff DK, Sichali L, Malema S, Crampin AC, et al. Large-scale candidate gene study of tuberculosis susceptibility in the Karonga district of northern Malawi. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004;71:341–9.
155. Selvaraj P, Chandra G, Jawahar MS, Rani MV, Rajeshwari DN, Narayanan PR. Regulatory role of vitamin D receptor gene variants of Bsm I, Apa I, Taq I, and Fok I polymorphisms on macrophage phagocytosis and lymphoproliferative response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen in pulmonary tuberculosis. J Clin Immunol. 2004;24:523–32.
156. Roth DE, Soto G, Arenas F, Bautista CT, Ortiz J, Rodriguez R, et al. Association between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and response to treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. J Infect Dis. 2004;190:920–7.
157. Burgner D, Schölvinck E, Coren M, Walters S. Chalk and cheese: symptomatic hypocalcaemia during paediatric anti-tuberculous therapy. J Infect. 2004;49:169–71.
158. Uitterlinden AG, Fang Y, van Meurs JB, van Leeuwen H, Pols HA. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in relation to Vitamin D related disease states. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2004;8(9–90):187–93.
159. Liu W, Cao WC, Zhang CY, Tian L, Wu XM, Habbema JD, et al. VDR and NRAMP1 gene polymorphisms in susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis among the Chinese Han population: a case-control study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004;8:428–34.
160. Chandra G, Selvaraj P, Jawahar MS, Banurekha VV, Narayanan PR. Effect of vitamin D3 on phagocytic potential of macrophages with live Mycobacterium tuberculosis and lymphoproliferative response in pulmonary tuberculosis. J Clin Immunol. 2004;24:249–57.
161. Selvaraj P, Kurian SM, Chandra G, Reetha AM, Charles N, Narayanan PR. Vitamin D receptor gene variants of BsmI, ApaI, TaqI, and FokI polymorphisms in spinal tuberculosis. Clin Genet. 2004;65:73–6.
162. Delgado JC, Baena A, Thim S, Goldfeld AE. Ethnic-specific genetic associations with pulmonary tuberculosis. J Infect Dis. 2002;186:1463–8.
163. Vidal M, Ramana CV, Dusso AS. Stat1-vitamin D receptor interactions antagonize 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D transcriptional activity and enhance stat1-mediated transcription. Mol Cell Biol. 2002;22:2777–87.
164. Selvaraj P, Kurian SM, Uma H, Reetha AM, Narayanan PR. Influence of non-MHC genes on lymphocyte response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens & tuberculin reactive status in pulmonary tuberculosis. Indian J Med Res. 2000;112:86–92.
165. Selvaraj P, Narayanan PR, Reetha AM. Association of vitamin D receptor genotypes with the susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis in female patients & resistance in female contacts. Indian J Med Res. 2000;111:172–9.