Discrimination in the credential society: An audit study of race and college selectivity in the labor market

Social Forces

Volumn 93, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 1451-1459

  Michael Gaddis, S ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^b PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84930724328     PISSN: 00377732     EISSN: 15347605     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/sf/sou111     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Ahmed, Ali M., and Mats Hammarstedt. 2008. "Discrimination in the Rental Housing Market: A Field Experiment on the Internet." Journal of Urban Economics, 64(2):362-72.
2. Alon, Sigal, and Yitchak Haberfeld. 2007. "Labor Force Attachment and the Evolving Wage Gap Between White, Black, and Hispanic Young Women." Work and Occupations, 34(4):369-98.
3. Alon, Sigal, and Marta Tienda. 2005. "Assessing the 'Mismatch' Hypothesis: Differences in College Graduation Rates by Institutional Selectivity." Sociology of Education, 78(4):294-315.
4. Alon, Sigal, and Marta Tienda. 2007. "Diversity, Opportunity, and the Shifting Meritocracy in Higher Education." American Sociological Review, 72(4):487-511.
5. Altonji, Joseph G., Erica Blom, and Costas Meghir. 2012. "Heterogeneity in Human Capital Investments: High School Curriculum, College Major, and Careers." Annual Review of Economics 4:185-223.
6. Barron, John M., John Bishop, and William C. Dunkelberg. 1985. "Employer Search: The Interviewing and Hiring of New Employees." Review of Economics and Statistics, 67(1):43-52.
7. Baum, Sandy, Jennifer Ma, and Kathleen Payea. 2010. Education Pays 2010: The Benefits of Higher Education for Individuals and Society. College Board Advocacy & Policy Center. http://trends.collegeboard.org.
8. Behrman, Jere R., Mark R. Rosenzweig, and Paul Taubman. 1996. "College Choice and Wages: Estimates Using Data on Female Twins." Review of Economics and Statistics, 78(4):672-85.
9. Bendick, Marc, Charles W. Jackson, and Victor A. Reinoso. 1994. "Measuring Employment Discrimination Through Controlled Experiments." Review of Black Political Economics, 23(1):25-48.
10. Bertrand, Marianne, and Sendhil Mullainathan. 2004. "Are Emily and Greg More Employable Than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination." American Economic Review, 94(4):991-1013.
11. Black, Dan A., and Jeffrey A. Smith. 2004. "How Robust Is the Evidence on the Effects of College Quality? Evidence from Matching." Journal of Econometrics, 121(1):99-124.
12. Blank, R. M., M. Dabady, and C. F. Citro, eds. 2004. Measuring Racial Discrimination. Washington DC: National Academies Press.
13. Bobo, Lawrence. 2001. "Racial Attitudes and Relations at the Close of the Twentieth Century." In America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, edited by N. Smelser, W. J. Wilson, and F. Mitchell. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
14. Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo. 2010. Racism Without Racists, 3rd ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
15. Bowen, William G., and Derek Bok. 1998. The Shape of the River: Long-Term Consequences of Considering Race in College and University Admissions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
16. Bradbury, Katharine L. 2002. "Education and Wages in the 1980s and 1990s: Are All Groups Moving Up Together?" New England Economic Review (First Quarter):19-46.
17. Braddock, Jomills Henry, and James M. McPartland. 1987. "How Minorities Continue to Be Excluded from Equal Opportunities: Research on Labor Markets and Institutional Barriers." Journal of Social Issues, 43(1):5-39.
18. Brand, Jennie E., and Charles N. Halaby. 2006. "Regression and Matching Estimates of the Effects of Elite College Attendance on Educational and Career Achievement." Social Science Research, 35(3):749-70.
19. Brand, Jennie E., and Yu Xie. 2010. "Who Benefits Most from College? Evidence for Negative Selection in Heterogeneous Economic Returns to Higher Education." American Sociological Review, 75(2):273-302.
20. Brewer, Dominic J., and Ronald G. Ehrenberg. 1996. "Does It Pay to Attend an Elite Private College? Evidence from the Senior Class of 1980." In Research in Labor Economics, vol. 15, edited by S. Polachek, 239-71. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
21. Brewer, Dominic J., Eric R. Eide, and Ronald G. Ehrenberg. 1999. "Does It Pay to Attend an Elite College? Cross-Cohort Evidence on the Effects of College Type on Earnings." Journal of Human Resources, 34(1):104-23.
22. Brown, Lauren E. 2008. "Job Seekers on the Internet: An Empirical Analysis." Unpublished dissertation, Brandeis University.
23. Brown, Susan K., and Charles Hirschman. 2006. "The End of Affirmative Action in Washington State and Its Impact on the Transition from High School to College." Sociology of Education, 79(2):106-30.
24. Butler, Daniel M., and David E. Broockman. 2011. "Do Politicians Racially Discriminate Against Constituents? A Field Experiment on State Legislators." American Journal of Political Science, 55(3):463-77.
25. Cancio, A. Silvia, T. David Evans, and David J. Maume. 1996. "Reconsidering the Declining Significance of Race: Racial Differences in Early Career Wages." American Sociological Review, 61(4):541-56.
26. Card, David, and Alan Krueger. 2005. "Would the Elimination of Affirmative Action Affect Highly Qualified Minority Applicants? Evidence from California and Texas." Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 58(3):416-34.
27. Carnevale, Anthony P., and Stephen J. Rose. 2003. "Socioeconomic Status, Race/Ethnicity, and Selective College Admissions." In America's Untapped Resource: Low-Income Students in Higher Education, edited by Richard D. Kahlenberg. New York: Century Foundation.
28. Carnevale, Anthony P., Jeff Strohl, and Michelle Melton. 2011. What's It Worth? The Economic Value of College Majors. Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce. http://cew.georgetown.edu/whatsitworth/.
29. Collins, Randall. 1979. The Credential Society: An Historical Sociology of Education and Stratification. New York: Academic Press.
30. Cooper, Samuel T., and Elchanan Cohn. 1997. "Internal Rates of Return to College Education in the United States by Sex and Race." Journal of Education Finance, 23(1):101-33.
31. Crispin, Gerry, and Mark Mehler. 2011. "10th Annual CareerXroads Source of Hire Report: By the Numbers." http://www.careerxroads.com/news/SourcesOfHire11.pdf.
32. Dale, Stacy, and Alan B. Krueger. 2002. "Estimating the Payoff to Attending a More Selective College: An Application of Selection on Observables and Unobservables." Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(4):1491-527.
33. Dale, Stacy, and Alan B. Krueger. 2011. "Estimating the Return to College Selectivity over the Career Using Administrative Earning Data." Working Paper.
34. Espenshade, Thomas J., and Chang Y. Chung. 2005. "The Opportunity Cost of Admission Preferences at Elite Universities." Social Science Quarterly, 85(5):1422-46.
35. Farkas, George, and Kevin Vicknair. 1996. "Appropriate Tests of Racial Wage Discrimination Require Controls for Cognitive Skill: Comment on Cancio, Evans, and Maume." American Sociological Review, 61(4):557-60.
36. Fryer, Roland G., and Steven D. Levitt. 2004. "The Causes and Consequences of Distinctively Black Names." Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119(3):767-805.
37. Gaddis, S. Michael. 2013. A Matter of Degrees: Educational Credentials and Race and Gender Discrimination in the Labor Market. Unpublished dissertation, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill.
38. Gaddis, S. Michael. 2014. "By Any Other Name: Two Experiments to Examine Perceptions of Race and Social Class from Names." Working Paper.
39. Gerber, Theodore P., and Sin Yi Cheung. 2008. "Horizontal Stratification in Postsecondary Education: Forms, Explanations, and Implications." Annual Review of Sociology 34:299-318.
40. Gonzalez, Richard. 2009. Data Analysis for Experimental Design. New York: Guilford Press.
41. Heckman, James J. 1998. "Detecting Discrimination." Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12(2):101-16.
42. Heckman, James J., and Peter Siegelman. 1993. "The Urban Institute Audit Studies: Their Methods and Findings." In Clear and Convincing Evidence: Measurement of Discrimination in America edited by M. Fix and R. J. Stucyk. Lanham, MD: Urban Institute Press.
43. Hoekstra, Mark. 2009. "The Effect of Attending the Flagship State University on Earnings: A Discontinuity-Based Approach." Review of Economics and Statistics, 91(4):717-24.
44. Hogan, Bernie, and Brent Berry. 2011. "Racial and Ethnic Biases in Rental Housing: An Audit Study of Online Apartment Listings." City and Community, 10(4):351-72.
45. Hout, Michael. 2012. "Social and Economic Returns to College Education in the United States." Annual Review of Sociology 38:379-400.
46. Jones, F. L., and J. Kelley. 1984. "Decomposing Difference Between Groups: A Cautionary Note on Measuring Discrimination." Sociological Methods and Research, 12(3):323-43.
47. Kirschenman, Joleen, and Kathryn M. Neckerman. 1991. "'We'd Love to Hire Them But...': The Meaning of Race to Employers." In The Urban Underclass, edited by Christopher Jencks and Paul E. Peterson, 203-32. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
48. Kutner, Michael H., Christopher J. Nachtsheim, John Neter, and William Li. 2004. Applied Linear Statistics Models, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
49. Lauster, Nathanael, and Adam Easterbrook. 2011. "No Room for New Families? A Field Experiment Measuring Rental Discrimination against Same-Sex Couples and Single Parents." Social Problems, 58(3):389-409.
50. Long, Mark C. 2007. "Affirmative Action and Its Alternatives in Public Universities: What Do We Know?" Public Administration Review, 67(2):315-30.
51. Long, Mark C. 2008. "College Quality and Early Adult Outcomes." Economics of Education Review, 27(5):588-602.
52. Long, Mark C. 2010. "Changes in the Returns to Education and College Quality." Economics of Education Review, 29(3):338-47.
53. Loury, Linda D., and David Garman. 1995. "College Selectivity and Earnings." Journal of Labor Economics, 13(2):289-308.
54. Lucas, Samuel R. 2008. Theorizing Discrimination in an Era of Contested Prejudice: Discrimination in the United States. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
55. Massey, Douglas S. 2007. Categorically Unequal: The American Stratification System. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
56. Monks, James. 2000. "The Returns to Individual and College Characteristics: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Economics of Education Review, 19(3):279-89.
57. Moss, Philip, and Chris Tilly. 2001. Stories Employers Tell: Race, Skill and Hiring in America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
58. Mullen, Ann L. 2010. Degrees of Inequality: Culture, Class, and Gender in American Higher Education. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
59. Neal, Derek, and William Johnson. 1996. "The Role of Premarket Factors in Black-White Wage Differences." Journal of Political Economy, 104(5):869-95.
60. O'Neill, June. 1990. "The Role of Human Capital in Earnings Differences between Black and White Men." Journal of Economic Perspectives, 4(4):25-45.
61. Pager, Devah. 2003. "The Mark of a Criminal Record." American Journal of Sociology, 108(5):937-75.
62. Pager, Devah. 2007a. Marked: Race, Crime, and Finding Work in an Era of Mass Incarceration. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
63. Pager, Devah. 2007b. "The Use of Field Experiments for Studies of Employment Discrimination: Contributions, Critiques, and Directions for the Future." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 609:104-33.
64. Pager, Devah, and Lincoln Quillian. 2005. "Walking the Talk? What Employers Say versus What They Do." American Sociological Review, 70(3):355-80.
65. Pager, Devah, Bruce Western, and B. Bonikowski. 2009. "Discrimination in a Low-Wage Labor Market: A Field Experiment." American Sociological Review, 74(5):777-99.
66. Petersen, Trond, Ishak Saporta, and Marc-David L. Seidel. 2000. "Offering a Job: Meritocracy and Social Networks." American Journal of Sociology, 106(3):763-816.
67. Quillian, Lincoln. 2006. "New Approaches to Understanding Racial Prejudice and Discrimination." Annual Review of Sociology 32:299-328.
68. Rivera, Lauren A. 2011. "Ivies, Extracurriculars, and Exclusion: Credentialism in Elite Labor Markets." Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 29(1):71-90.
69. Rivera, Lauren A. 2012. "Hiring as Cultural Matching: The Case of Elite Professional Service Firms." American Sociological Review, 77(6):999-1022.
70. Schuman, H., C. Steeh, L. Bobo, and M. Krysan. 2001. Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations. Rev ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
71. Soares, Joseph A. 2007. The Power of Privilege: Yale and America's Elite Colleges. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
72. Tilcsik, Andras. 2011. "Pride and Prejudice: Employment Discrimination against Openly Gay Men in the United States." American Journal of Sociology, 117(2):586-626.
73. Tomaskovic-Devey, Donald, Melvin Thomas, and Kecia Johnson. 2005. "Race and the Accumulation of Human Capital across the Career: A Theoretical Model and Fixed-Effects Application." American Journal of Sociology, 111(1):58-89.
74. US Census Bureau. 2008. "Census Report Data File A: Top 1000 Names." http://www.census.gov/topics/population/genealogy/data/2000_surnames.html.
75. US News and World Report 2011. "National University Rankings." New York: US News and World Report. http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities.
76. Waldinger, Roger. 1997. "Black/Immigrant Competition Re-Assessed: New Evidence from Los Angeles." Sociological Perspectives, 40(3):365-86.
77. Wilson, Franklin D., Marta Tienda, and Lawrence Wu. 1995. "Race and Unemployment-Labor-Market Experiences of Black and White Men, 1968-1988." Work and Occupations, 22(3):245-70.
78. Yinger, J. 1995. Closed Doors, Opportunities Lost: The Continuing Costs of Housing Discrimination. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
79. Zhang, Liang. 2008. "Gender and Racial Gaps in Earnings among Recent College Graduates." Review of Higher Education, 32(1):51-72.