메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 609, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 104-133

The use of field experiments for studies of employment discrimination: Contributions, critiques, and directions for the future

Author keywords

Audit study; Discrimination; Employment; Field experiment; Race

Indexed keywords


EID: 33845670442     PISSN: 00027162     EISSN: 15523349     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0002716206294796     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (361)

References (72)
  • 4
    • 0009609110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What has economics to say about racial discrimination?
    • Arrow, Kenneth J. 1998. What has economics to say about racial discrimination? Journal of Economic Perspectives 12 (2). 91-100.
    • (1998) Journal of Economic Perspectives , vol.12 , Issue.2 , pp. 91-100
    • Arrow Kenneth, J.1
  • 5
    • 0000359873 scopus 로고
    • Race and gender discrimination in bargaining for a new car
    • Ayres, Ian, and Peter Siegelman. 1995. Race and gender discrimination in bargaining for a new car. American Economic Review 85 (3). 304-321.
    • (1995) American Economic Review , vol.85 , Issue.3 , pp. 304-321
    • Ian, A.1    Siegelman, P.2
  • 7
    • 12944288241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No foot in the door: An experimental study of employment discrimination
    • Bendick, Marc Jr., Lauren Brown, and Kennington Wall. 1999. No foot in the door: An experimental study of employment discrimination. Journal of Aging and Social Policy 10 (4). 5-23.
    • (1999) Journal of Aging and Social Policy , vol.10 , Issue.4 , pp. 5-23
    • Marc Jr., B.1    Brown, L.2    Wall, K.3
  • 8
    • 43349116506 scopus 로고
    • Measuring employment discrimination through controlled experiments
    • Bendick, Marc, Jr., Charles Jackson, and Victor Reinoso. 1994. Measuring employment discrimination through controlled experiments. Review of Black Political Economy 23: 25-48.
    • (1994) Review of Black Political Economy , vol.23 , pp. 25-48
    • Marc Jr., B.1    Jackson, C.2    Reinoso, V.3
  • 9
    • 23944517335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are Emily and Greg more employable than Lakisha and Jamal? a field experiment on labor market discrimination
    • Bertrand, Marianne, and Sendhil Mullainathan. 2004. Are Emily and Greg more employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A field experiment on labor market discrimination. American Economic Review 94 (4). 991-1013.
    • (2004) American Economic Review , vol.94 , Issue.4 , pp. 991-1013
    • Marianne, B.1    Mullainathan, S.2
  • 10
    • 0024114756 scopus 로고
    • Stereotypic biases in social decision making and memory: Testing process models of stereotype use
    • Bodenhausen, Galen. 1988. Stereotypic biases in social decision making and memory: Testing process models of stereotype use. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 55 (5). 726-737.
    • (1988) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.55 , Issue.5 , pp. 726-737
    • Galen, B.1
  • 11
    • 0003245238 scopus 로고
    • The government's impact on the labor market status of black Americans: A critical review
    • Farrell Bloch, Madison, WI: Industrial Relations Research Association.
    • Butler, Richard, and James Heckman. 1977. The government's impact on the labor market status of black Americans: A critical review. In Equal rights and industrial relations, ed. Farrell Bloch, 235-281. Madison, WI: Industrial Relations Research Association.
    • (1977) Equal Rights and Industrial Relations , pp. 235-281
    • Richard, B.1    Heckman, J.2
  • 12
    • 0030424943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconsidering the declining significance of race: Racial differences in early career wages
    • Cancio, A. Silvia, T. David Evans, and David J. Maume. 1996. Reconsidering the declining significance of race: Racial differences in early career wages. American Sociological Review 61: 541-556.
    • (1996) American Sociological Review , vol.61 , pp. 541-556
    • Silvia, C.A.1    David Evans, T.2    Maume, D.J.3
  • 14
    • 33845683294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender, race, and meritocracy in organizational careers
    • Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
    • Castilla, Emilio 2005. Gender, race, and meritocracy in organizational careers. In Culture and inequality workshop. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
    • (2005) Culture and Inequality Workshop
    • Emilio, C.1
  • 15
    • 0004036613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Labor-market dropouts and the racial wage gap: 1940-1990
    • Chandra, Amitabh. 2000. Labor-market dropouts and the racial wage gap: 1940-1990. American Economic Review 90 (2). 333-338.
    • (2000) American Economic Review , vol.90 , Issue.2 , pp. 333-338
    • Amitabh, C.1
  • 16
    • 84935413646 scopus 로고
    • The marginalization of black executives
    • Collins, Sharon. 1989. The marginalization of black executives. Social Problems 36: 317-331.
    • (1989) Social Problems , vol.36 , pp. 317-331
    • Sharon, C.1
  • 17
    • 21144483051 scopus 로고
    • Blacks on the bubble: The vulnerability of black executives in white corporations
    • Collins, Sharon. 1993. Blacks on the bubble: The vulnerability of black executives in white corporations. Sociological Quarterly 34: 429-448.
    • (1993) Sociological Quarterly , vol.34 , pp. 429-448
    • Sharon, C.1
  • 20
    • 25144451557 scopus 로고
    • Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components
    • Devine, Patricia. 1989. Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 56: 5-18.
    • (1989) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.56 , pp. 5-18
    • Patricia, D.1
  • 21
    • 21344461648 scopus 로고
    • Are racial stereotypes really fading? the Princeton trilogy revisited
    • Devine, P. G., and A. J. Elliot. 1995. Are racial stereotypes really fading? The Princeton trilogy revisited. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 21 (11). 1139-1150.
    • (1995) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.21 , Issue.11 , pp. 1139-1150
    • Devine, P.G.1    Elliot, A.J.2
  • 22
    • 33845659419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of employment discrimination law in the 1990s: A preliminary empirical investigation
    • L. B. Nielsen and R. L. Nelson, Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer.
    • Donohue, John J., III, and Peter Siegelman. 2005. The evolution of employment discrimination law in the 1990s: A preliminary empirical investigation. In Handbook of employment discrimination research, ed. L. B. Nielsen and R. L. Nelson, 261-285. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer.
    • (2005) Handbook of Employment Discrimination Research , pp. 261-285
    • Donohue III, J.J.1    Siegelman, P.2
  • 23
    • 0034231484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aversive racism and selection decisions
    • Dovidio, John F., and Samuel L. Gaertner. 2000. Aversive racism and selection decisions. Psychological Science 11 (4). 315-319.
    • (2000) Psychological Science , vol.11 , Issue.4 , pp. 315-319
    • Dovidio John, F.1    Gaertner, S.L.2
  • 24
    • 0007190392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The racial unemployment gap in long-run perspective
    • Fairlie, Robert W., and William A. Sundstrom. 1997. The racial unemployment gap in long-run perspective. American Economic Review 87 (2). 306-310.
    • (1997) American Economic Review , vol.87 , Issue.2 , pp. 306-310
    • Fairlie Robert, W.1    Sundstrom, W.A.2
  • 25
    • 0041628342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive skills and noncognitive traits and behaviors in stratification processes
    • Farkas, George. 2003. Cognitive skills and noncognitive traits and behaviors in stratification processes. Annual Review of Sociology 29: 541-562.
    • (2003) Annual Review of Sociology , vol.29 , pp. 541-562
    • George, F.1
  • 26
    • 0000403643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Appropriate tests of racial wage discrimination require controls for cognitive skill: Comment on Cancio, Evans, and Maume
    • Farkas, George, and K. Vicknair. 1996. Appropriate tests of racial wage discrimination require controls for cognitive skill: Comment on Cancio, Evans, and Maume. American Sociological Review 61: 557-560.
    • (1996) American Sociological Review , vol.61 , pp. 557-560
    • George, F.1    Vicknair, K.2
  • 27
    • 0001329295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial trends and differences in the United States 30 years after the civil rights decade
    • Farley, Reynolds. 1997. Racial trends and differences in the United States 30 years after the civil rights decade. Social Science Research 26: 235-262.
    • (1997) Social Science Research , vol.26 , pp. 235-262
    • Reynolds, F.1
  • 29
    • 0000138325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination
    • 4th ed., ed. Daniel Gilbert, Susan Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey, Boston: McGraw-Hill.
    • Fiske, Susan. 1998. Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. In The handbook of social psychology, 4th ed., ed. Daniel Gilbert, Susan Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey, 357-411. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
    • (1998) The Handbook of Social Psychology , pp. 357-411
    • Susan, F.1
  • 31
    • 0037962615 scopus 로고
    • Chicago: University of Chicago Press, for National Bureau of Economic Research.
    • Freeman, Richard B., and Harry J. Holzer, eds. 1986. The black youth employment crisis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, for National Bureau of Economic Research.
    • (1986) The Black Youth Employment Crisis
    • Freeman Richard, B.1    Holzer, H.J.2
  • 32
    • 4043181925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The causes and consequences of distinctively black names
    • Fryer, Roland G., Jr., and Steven D. Levitt. 2004. The causes and consequences of distinctively black names. Quarterly Journal of Economics 119 (3). 767-805.
    • (2004) Quarterly Journal of Economics , vol.119 , Issue.3 , pp. 767-805
    • F.roland, J.G.1    Levitt, S.D.2
  • 33
  • 34
    • 0034864732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The structure of disadvantage: Individual and occupational determinants of the black-white wage gap
    • Grodsky, Eric, and Devah Pager. 2001. The structure of disadvantage: Individual and occupational determinants of the black-white wage gap. American Sociological Review 66 (August). 542-567.
    • (2001) American Sociological Review , vol.66 , Issue.AUGUST , pp. 542-567
    • Eric, G.1    Pager, D.2
  • 38
    • 0002624552 scopus 로고
    • The Urban Institute audit studies: Their methods and findings
    • Michael Fix and Raymond J. Struyk, Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.
    • Heckman, James, and Peter Siegelman. 1993. The Urban Institute audit studies: Their methods and findings. In Clear and convincing evidence: Measurement of discrimination in America, ed. Michael Fix and Raymond J. Struyk, 187-258. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.
    • (1993) Clear and Convincing Evidence: Measurement of Discrimination in America , pp. 187-258
    • James, H.1    Siegelman, P.2
  • 39
    • 0000095687 scopus 로고
    • Informal job search and black youth unemployment
    • Holzer, Harry. 1987. Informal job search and black youth unemployment. American Economic Review 77 (3). 446-452.
    • (1987) American Economic Review , vol.77 , Issue.3 , pp. 446-452
    • Harry, H.1
  • 40
    • 0002789659 scopus 로고
    • Search methods used by unemployed youth
    • Holzer, Harry. 1988. Search methods used by unemployed youth. Journal of Labor Economics 6 (1). 1-20.
    • (1988) Journal of Labor Economics , vol.6 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-20
    • Harry, H.1
  • 41
    • 14844288365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What explains the continuing decline in labor force activity among young black men?
    • Holzer, Harry, Paul Offner, and Elain Sorensen. 2005. What explains the continuing decline in labor force activity among young black men? Labor History 46 (1). 37-55.
    • (2005) Labor History , vol.46 , Issue.1 , pp. 37-55
    • Harry, H.1    Offner, P.2    Sorensen, E.3
  • 43
    • 84860056216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
    • Lahey, Joanna. 2005. Age, women, and hiring: An experimental study. NBER Working Paper #11435, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA. http://www.nber.org/papers/w11435.
    • (2005) Age, Women, and Hiring: An Experimental Study
    • Joanna, L.1
  • 44
    • 0001157664 scopus 로고
    • Changes in educational attainment and school enrollment
    • R. Farley, New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
    • Mare, Robert D. 1995. Changes in educational attainment and school enrollment. In State of the union: America in the 1990s, vol. 1, Economic Trends, ed. R. Farley, 155 - 213. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
    • (1995) State of the Union: America in the 1990s, Vol. 1, Economic Trends , pp. 155-213
    • Mare Robert, D.1
  • 45
    • 84935854348 scopus 로고
    • The paradox of lessening racial inequality and joblessness among black youth: Enrollment, enlistment and employment, 1964-1981
    • Mare, Rob, and Christopher Winship. 1984. The paradox of lessening racial inequality and joblessness among black youth: Enrollment, enlistment and employment, 1964-1981. American Sociological Review 49: 39-55.
    • (1984) American Sociological Review , vol.49 , pp. 39-55
    • Rob, M.1    Winship, C.2
  • 46
    • 0035096514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of black English and racial discrimination in urban housing markets: New methods and findings
    • Massey, Douglas, and Garvey Lundy. 2001. Use of black English and racial discrimination in urban housing markets: New methods and findings. Urban Affairs Review 36: 452-469.
    • (2001) Urban Affairs Review , vol.36 , pp. 452-469
    • Douglas, M.1    Lundy, G.2
  • 48
    • 21844512469 scopus 로고
    • The growing importance of cognitive skills in wage determination
    • Murnane, Richard, John Willett, and Frank Levy. 1995. The growing importance of cognitive skills in wage determination. Review of Economics and Statistics 77: 251-266.
    • (1995) Review of Economics and Statistics , vol.77 , pp. 251-266
    • Richard, M.1    Willett, J.2    Levy, F.3
  • 49
    • 0030430296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of premarket factors in black-white wage differences
    • Neal, Derek, and William Johnson. 1996. The role of premarket factors in black-white wage differences. Journal of Political Economy 104 (5). 869-895.
    • (1996) Journal of Political Economy , vol.104 , Issue.5 , pp. 869-895
    • Derek, N.1    Johnson, W.2
  • 50
    • 0012500807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex discrimination in restaurant hiring: An audit study
    • Neumark, David. 1996. Sex discrimination in restaurant hiring: An audit study. Quarterly Journal of Economics 111 (3). 915-941.
    • (1996) Quarterly Journal of Economics , vol.111 , Issue.3 , pp. 915-941
    • David, N.1
  • 51
    • 0032872378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wage differentials by race and sex: The roles of taste discrimination and labor market information
    • Neumark, David. 1999. Wage differentials by race and sex: The roles of taste discrimination and labor market information. Industrial Relations 38 (3). 414-445.
    • (1999) Industrial Relations , vol.38 , Issue.3 , pp. 414-445
    • David, N.1
  • 52
    • 0002827312 scopus 로고
    • The role of human capital in earnings differences between white and black men
    • O'Neill, June. 1990. The role of human capital in earnings differences between white and black men. Journal of Economic Perspectives 4: 25-45.
    • (1990) Journal of Economic Perspectives , vol.4 , pp. 25-45
    • June, O.1
  • 53
    • 0242424960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mark of a criminal record
    • Pager, Devah. 2003. The mark of a criminal record. American Journal of Sociology 108: 937-975.
    • (2003) American Journal of Sociology , vol.108 , pp. 937-975
    • Devah, P.1
  • 57
    • 0036863130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Field experiments of discrimination in the market place
    • Riach, P. A., and J. Rich. 2002. Field experiments of discrimination in the market place. Economic Journal 112 (November). F480 - F518.
    • (2002) Economic Journal , vol.112 , Issue.NOVEMBER
    • Riach, P.A.1    Rich, J.2
  • 60
    • 0346575889 scopus 로고
    • The law and economics of racial discrimination in employment: The case for numerical standards
    • Strauss, David A. 1991. The law and economics of racial discrimination in employment: The case for numerical standards. Georgetown Law Review 79: 1619-1619.
    • (1991) Georgetown Law Review , vol.79 , pp. 1619-1619
    • Strauss David, A.1
  • 61
    • 0033216574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An establishment-level test of the statistical discrimination hypothesis
    • Tomaskovic-Devey, Donald, and Sheryl Skaggs. 1999. An establishment-level test of the statistical discrimination hypothesis. Work and Occupations 26 (4). 420-443.
    • (1999) Work and Occupations , vol.26 , Issue.4 , pp. 420-443
    • Donald, T.1    Skaggs, S.2
  • 62
    • 27744550328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race and the accumulation of human capital across the career: A theoretical model and fixed-effects application
    • Tomaskovic-Devey, Donald, Melvin Thomas, and Kecia Johnson. 2005. Race and the accumulation of human capital across the career: A theoretical model and fixed-effects application. American Journal of Sociology 111 (1). 58-89.
    • (2005) American Journal of Sociology , vol.111 , Issue.1 , pp. 58-89
    • Donald, T.1    Thomas, M.2    Johnson, K.3
  • 63
    • 0031201132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Looking for truth in all the wrong places? Asymmetric search of individuating information about stereotyped group members
    • Trope, Yaacov, and Erik P. Thomson. 1997. Looking for truth in all the wrong places? Asymmetric search of individuating information about stereotyped group members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 73 (2). 229-241.
    • (1997) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.73 , Issue.2 , pp. 229-241
    • Yaacov, T.1    Thomson, E.P.2
  • 68
    • 29144480309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black-white wage inequality, employment rates, and incarceration
    • Western, Bruce, and Becky Pettit. 2005. Black-white wage inequality, employment rates, and incarceration. American Journal of Sociology 111: 553-578.
    • (2005) American Journal of Sociology , vol.111 , pp. 553-578
    • Bruce, W.1    Pettit, B.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.