Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and circulating tumour cells

World Journal of Clinical Oncology

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 114-124

  Wikner, Johannes ^a   Gröbe, Alexander ^a   Pantel, Klaus ^a   Riethdorf, Sabine ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER HAMBURG EPPENDORF   (Germany)

Author keywords

Bone marrow; Circulating tumour cells; Disseminated tumour cells; Epithelial mesenchymal transition; Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; Micrometastasis; Minimal residual disease; Oral squamous cell carcinoma; Peripheral blood

Indexed keywords

EID: 84930659146     PISSN: None     EISSN: 22184333     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v5.i2.114     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. Estimating the world cancer burden: Globocan 2000. Int J Cancer 2001; 94: 153-156 [PMID: 11668491]
2. Haddad RI, Shin DM. Recent advances in head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 1143-1154 [PMID: 18784104 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra0707975]
3. Barnes L. World health organisation classification of tumours, pathology and genetics, head and neck tumours. Lyon: IARC Press, 2005
4. Kademani D, Bell RB, Bagheri S, Holmgren E, Dierks E, Potter B, Homer L. Prognostic factors in intraoral squamous cell carcinoma: the influence of histologic grade. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005; 63: 1599-1605 [PMID: 16243176]
5. Zbären P, Lehmann W. Frequency and sites of distant metastases in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. An analysis of 101 cases at autopsy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1987; 113: 762-764 [PMID: 3580159 DOI: 10.1001/archotol.1987.01860070076020]
6. Slootweg PJ, Bolle CW, Koole R, Hordijk GJ. Cause of death in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. An autopsy study on 31 patients. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 1992; 20: 225-227 [PMID: 1401093 DOI: 10.1016/S1010- 5182(05)80320-8]
7. Wheeler SE, Shi H, Lin F, Dasari S, Bednash J, Thorne S, Watkins S, Joshi R, Thomas SM. Enhancement of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma proliferation, invasion, and metastasis by tumor-associated fibroblasts in preclinical models. Head Neck 2014; 36: 385-392 [PMID: 23728942]
8. Shah JP. Patterns of cervical lymph node metastasis from squamous carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract. Am J Surg 1990; 160: 405-409 [PMID: 2221244 DOI: 10.1016/S0002- 9610(05)80554-9]
9. Forastiere A, Koch W, Trotti A, Sidransky D. Head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1890-1900 [PMID: 11756581 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra001375]
10. Yongkui L, Jian L, Wanghan L. 18FDG-PET/CT for the detection of regional nodal metastasis in patients with primary head and neck cancer before treatment: a meta-analysis. Surg Oncol 2013; 22: e11-e16 [PMID: 23538049 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2013.02.002]
11. Teymoortash A, Werner JA. Current advances in diagnosis and surgical treatment of lymph node metastasis in head and neck cancer. GMS Curr Top Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2012; 11: Doc04 [PMID: 23320056]
12. Cohen EE, Lingen MW, Vokes EE. The expanding role of systemic therapy in head and neck cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 1743-1752 [PMID: 15117998]
13. Cooper JS, Pajak TF, Forastiere AA, Jacobs J, Campbell BH, Saxman SB, Kish JA, Kim HE, Cmelak AJ, Rotman M, Machtay M, Ensley JF, Chao KS, Schultz CJ, Lee N, Fu KK. Postoperative concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy for high-risk squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 1937-1944 [PMID: 15128893]
14. Partridge M. Head and neck cancer and precancer: can we use molecular genetics to make better predictions? Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1999; 81: 1-11 [PMID: 10325677]
15. Psychogios G, Mantsopoulos K, Bohr C, Koch M, Zenk J, Iro H. Incidence of occult cervical metastasis in head and neck carcinomas: development over time. J Surg Oncol 2013; 107: 384-387 [PMID: 22833224 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23221]
16. Jin YT, Myers J, Tsai ST, Goepfert H, Batsakis JG, el-Naggar AK. Genetic alterations in oral squamous cell carcinoma of young adults. Oral Oncol 1999; 35: 251-256 [PMID: 10621844 DOI: 10.1016/S1368-8375(98)00112-2]
17. Jin C, Jin Y, Wennerberg J, Akervall J, Dictor M, Mertens F. Karyotypic heterogeneity and clonal evolution in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2002; 132: 85-96 [PMID: 11850067 DOI: 10.1016/S0165- 4608(0 1)00535-0]
18. Zhang Z, Shi Q, Wang LE, Sturgis EM, Spitz MR, El-Naggar AK, Hong WK, Wei Q. No Association between hOGG1 Ser- 326Cys polymorphism and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13: 1081-1083 [PMID: 15184269]
19. Li G, Sturgis EM, Wang LE, Chamberlain RM, Amos CI, Spitz MR, El-Naggar AK, Hong WK, Wei Q. Association of a p73 exon 2 G4C14-to-A4T14 polymorphism with risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Carcinogenesis 2004; 25: 1911-1916 [PMID: 15180941 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgh197]
20. Cristofanilli M, Budd GT, Ellis MJ, Stopeck A, Matera J, Miller MC, Reuben JM, Doyle GV, Allard WJ, Terstappen LW, Hayes DF. Circulating tumor cells, disease progression, and survival in metastatic breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 781-791 [PMID: 15317891 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa040766]
21. Cohen SJ, Punt CJ, Iannotti N, Saidman BH, Sabbath KD, Gabrail NY, Picus J, Morse M, Mitchell E, Miller MC, Doyle GV, Tissing H, Terstappen LW, Meropol NJ. Relationship of circulating tumor cells to tumor response, progressionfree survival, and overall survival in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 3213-3221 [PMID: 18591556 DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2007.15.8923]
22. de Bono JS, Attard G, Adjei A, Pollak MN, Fong PC, Haluska P, Roberts L, Melvin C, Repollet M, Chianese D, Connely M, Terstappen LW, Gualberto A. Potential applications for circulating tumor cells expressing the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13: 3611-3616 [PMID: 17575225]
23. Shaffer DR, Leversha MA, Danila DC, Lin O, Gonzalez- Espinoza R, Gu B, Anand A, Smith K, Maslak P, Doyle GV, Terstappen LW, Lilja H, Heller G, Fleisher M, Scher HI. Circulating tumor cell analysis in patients with progressive castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13: 2023-2029 [PMID: 17404082]
24. Danila DC, Heller G, Gignac GA, Gonzalez-Espinoza R, Anand A, Tanaka E, Lilja H, Schwartz L, Larson S, Fleisher M, Scher HI. Circulating tumor cell number and prognosis in progressive castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13: 7053-7058 [PMID: 18056182]
25. Effenberger KE, Schroeder C, Eulenburg C, Reeh M, Tachezy M, Riethdorf S, Vashist YK, Izbicki JR, Pantel K, Bockhorn M. Disseminated tumor cells in pancreatic canceran independent prognosticator of disease progression and survival. Int J Cancer 2012; 131: E475-E483 [PMID: 21932421 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26439]
26. Fehm T, Banys M, Rack B, Janni W, Marth C, Blassl C, Hartkopf A, Trope C, Kimmig R, Krawczyk N, Wallwiener D, Wimberger P, Kasimir-Bauer S. Pooled analysis of the prognostic relevance of disseminated tumor cells in the bone marrow of patients with ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 839-845 [PMID: 23694981 DOI: 10.1097/IGC.0b013e3182907109]
27. Wallwiener M, Hartkopf AD, Baccelli I, Riethdorf S, Schott S, Pantel K, Marmé F, Sohn C, Trumpp A, Rack B, Aktas B, Solomayer EF, Müller V, Janni W, Schneeweiss A, Fehm TN. The prognostic impact of circulating tumor cells in subtypes of metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 137: 503-510 [PMID: 23271327 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-012-2382-0]
28. Wang G, Wang S, Li Y, Yu Y, Song Z, Zhao Q, Tian Z. Clinical study of disseminated tumor cells in bone marrow of patients with gastric cancer. Hepatogastroenterology 2013; 60: 273-276 [PMID: 22951525]
29. Wollenberg B, Walz A, Kolbow K, Pauli C, Chaubal S, Andratschke M. Clinical relevance of circulating tumour cells in the bone marrow of patients with SCCHN. Onkologie 2004; 27: 358-362 [PMID: 15347890 DOI: 10.1159/000079088]
30. Jatana KR, Balasubramanian P, Lang JC, Yang L, Jatana CA, White E, Agrawal A, Ozer E, Schuller DE, Teknos TN, Chalmers JJ. Significance of circulating tumor cells in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: initial results. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010; 136: 1274-1279 [PMID: 21173379 DOI: 10.1001/archoto.2010.223]
31. Hristozova T, Konschak R, Stromberger C, Fusi A, Liu Z, Weichert W, Stenzinger A, Budach V, Keilholz U, Tinhofer I. The presence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) correlates with lymph node metastasis in nonresectable squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck region (SCCHN). Ann Oncol 2011; 22: 1878-1885 [PMID: 21525401]
32. Jatana KR, Lang JC, Chalmers JJ. Identification of circulating tumor cells: a prognostic marker in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck? Future Oncol 2011; 7: 481-484 [PMID: 21463135 DOI: 10.2217/fon.11.19]
33. Lim AM, Corry J, Collins M, Peters L, Hicks RJ, D'Costa I, Coleman A, Chua M, Solomon B, Rischin D. A phase II study of induction carboplatin and gemcitabine followed by chemoradiotherapy for the treatment of locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2013; 49: 468-474 [PMID: 23369852 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2012.12.012]
34. Ferlito A, Thompson LD, Cardesa A, Gnepp DR, Devaney KO, Rodrigo JP, Hunt JL, Rinaldo A, Takes RP. The importance of histological types for treatment and prognosis in laryngeal cancer. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 270: 401-403 [PMID: 23315201 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-012-2343-6]
35. Gröbe A, Blessmann M, Hanken H, Friedrich RE, Schön G, Wikner J, Effenberger KE, Kluwe L, Heiland M, Pantel K, Riethdorf S. Prognostic relevance of circulating tumor cells in blood and disseminated tumor cells in bone marrow of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20: 425-433 [PMID: 24218516]
36. Pantel K, Alix-Panabières C. Detection methods of circulating tumor cells. J Thorac Dis 2012; 4: 446-447 [PMID: 23050102]
37. Alix-Panabières C, Pantel K. Circulating tumor cells: liquid biopsy of cancer. Clin Chem 2013; 59: 110-118 [PMID: 23014601 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2012.194258]
38. Pantel K, Alix-Panabières C. Real-time liquid biopsy in cancer patients: fact or fiction? Cancer Res 2013; 73: 6384-6388 [PMID: 24145355 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-13-2030]
39. Borgen E, Naume B, Nesland JM, Kvalheim G, Beiske K, Fodstad O, Diel I, Solomayer EF, Theocharous P, Coombes RC, Smith BM, Wunder E, Marolleau JP, Garcia J, Pantel K. Standardization of the immunocytochemical detection of cancer cells in BM and blood: I. establishment of objective criteria for the evaluation of immunostained cells. Cytotherapy 1999; 1: 377-388 [PMID: 20426539 DOI: 10.1080/0032472031000141283]
40. Solá M, Margelí M, Castellá E, Cirauqui B, Mariscal A, Rull M, Julian JF, Luna M, Vallejo V, Fraile M. Detection of disseminated tumor cells in locally advanced breast cancer patients before primary systemic therapy. Breast 2013; 22: 908-913 [PMID: 23683695 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2013.04.014]
41. Braun S, Vogl FD, Naume B, Janni W, Osborne MP, Coombes RC, Schlimok G, Diel IJ, Gerber B, Gebauer G, Pierga JY, Marth C, Oruzio D, Wiedswang G, Solomayer EF, Kundt G, Strobl B, Fehm T, Wong GY, Bliss J, Vincent-Salomon A, Pantel K. A pooled analysis of bone marrow micrometastasis in breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 793-802 [PMID: 16120859 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa050434]
42. Fehm T, Braun S, Muller V, Janni W, Gebauer G, Marth C, Schindlbeck C, Wallwiener D, Borgen E, Naume B, Pantel K, Solomayer E. A concept for the standardized detection of disseminated tumor cells in bone marrow from patients with primary breast cancer and its clinical implementation. Cancer 2006; 107: 885-892 [PMID: 16874814 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.22076]
43. Hayes DF, Cristofanilli M, Budd GT, Ellis MJ, Stopeck A, Miller MC, Matera J, Allard WJ, Doyle GV, Terstappen LW. Circulating tumor cells at each follow-up time point during therapy of metastatic breast cancer patients predict progression-free and overall survival. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12: 4218-4224 [PMID: 16857794]
44. Riethdorf S, Fritsche H, Müller V, Rau T, Schindlbeck C, Rack B, Janni W, Coith C, Beck K, Jänicke F, Jackson S, Gornet T, Cristofanilli M, Pantel K. Detection of circulating tumor cells in peripheral blood of patients with metastatic breast cancer: a validation study of the CellSearch system. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13: 920-928 [PMID: 17289886]
45. Sastre J, Maestro ML, Puente J, Veganzones S, Alfonso R, Rafael S, García-Saenz JA, Vidaurreta M, Martín M, Arroyo M, Sanz-Casla MT, Díaz-Rubio E. Circulating tumor cells in colorectal cancer: correlation with clinical and pathological variables. Ann Oncol 2008; 19: 935-938 [PMID: 18212090]
46. Gorges TM, Pantel K. Circulating tumor cells as therapyrelated biomarkers in cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62: 931-939 [PMID: 23314304 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1387-1]
47. Nagrath S, Sequist LV, Maheswaran S, Bell DW, Irimia D, Ulkus L, Smith MR, Kwak EL, Digumarthy S, Muzikansky A, Ryan P, Balis UJ, Tompkins RG, Haber DA, Toner M. Isolation of rare circulating tumour cells in cancer patients by microchip technology. Nature 2007; 450: 1235-1239 [PMID: 18097410 DOI: 10.1038/nature06385]
48. Stott SL, Lee RJ, Nagrath S, Yu M, Miyamoto DT, Ulkus L, Inserra EJ, Ulman M, Springer S, Nakamura Z, Moore AL, Tsukrov DI, Kempner ME, Dahl DM, Wu CL, Iafrate AJ, Smith MR, Tompkins RG, Sequist LV, Toner M, Haber DA, Maheswaran S. Isolation and characterization of circulating tumor cells from patients with localized and metastatic prostate cancer. Sci Transl Med 2010; 2: 25ra23 [PMID: 20424012 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3000403]
49. Wang X, Qian X, Beitler JJ, Chen ZG, Khuri FR, Lewis MM, Shin HJ, Nie S, Shin DM. Detection of circulating tumor cells in human peripheral blood using surface-enhanced Raman scattering nanoparticles. Cancer Res 2011; 71: 1526-1532 [PMID: 21212408 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-3069]
50. Tinhofer I, Hristozova T, Stromberger C, Keilhoiz U, Budach V. Monitoring of circulating tumor cells and their expression of EGFR/phospho-EGFR during combined radiotherapy regimens in locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012; 83: e685-e690 [PMID: 22583603 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.02.009]
51. Hristozova T, Konschak R, Budach V, Tinhofer I. A simple multicolor flow cytometry protocol for detection and molecular characterization of circulating tumor cells in epithelial cancers. Cytometry A 2012; 81: 489-495 [PMID: 22438318 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22041]
52. Eifler RL, Lind J, Falkenhagen D, Weber V, Fischer MB, Zeillinger R. Enrichment of circulating tumor cells from a large blood volume using leukapheresis and elutriation: proof of concept. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 2011; 80: 100-111 [PMID: 20954267 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.20560]
53. Fischer JC, Niederacher D, Topp SA, Honisch E, Schumacher S, Schmitz N, Zacarias Föhrding L, Vay C, Hoffmann I, Kasprowicz NS, Hepp PG, Mohrmann S, Nitz U, Stresemann A, Krahn T, Henze T, Griebsch E, Raba K, Rox JM, Wenzel F, Sproll C, Janni W, Fehm T, Klein CA, Knoefel WT, Stoecklein NH. Diagnostic leukapheresis enables reliable detection of circulating tumor cells of nonmetastatic cancer patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2013; 110: 16580-16585 [PMID: 24065821 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1313594110]
54. Saucedo-Zeni N, Mewes S, Niestroj R, Gasiorowski L, Murawa D, Nowaczyk P, Tomasi T, Weber E, Dworacki G, Morgenthaler NG, Jansen H, Propping C, Sterzynska K, Dyszkiewicz W, Zabel M, Kiechle M, Reuning U, Schmitt M, Lücke K. A novel method for the in vivo isolation of circulating tumor cells from peripheral blood of cancer patients using a functionalized and structured medical wire. Int J Oncol 2012; 41: 1241-1250 [PMID: 22825490]
55. Alix-Panabières C, Vendrell JP, Pellé O, Rebillard X, Riethdorf S, Müller V, Fabbro M, Pantel K. Detection and characterization of putative metastatic precursor cells in cancer patients. Clin Chem 2007; 53: 537-539 [PMID: 17327507 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2006.079509]
56. Pantel K, Brakenhoff RH, Brandt B. Detection, clinical relevance and specific biological properties of disseminating tumour cells. Nat Rev Cancer 2008; 8: 329-340 [PMID: 18404148 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2375]
57. Sieuwerts AM, Kraan J, Bolt-de Vries J, van der Spoel P, Mostert B, Martens JW, Gratama JW, Sleijfer S, Foekens JA. Molecular characterization of circulating tumor cells in large quantities of contaminating leukocytes by a multiplex realtime PCR. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 118: 455-468 [PMID: 19115104 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-0290-0]
58. Wicha MS, Hayes DF. Circulating tumor cells: not all detected cells are bad and not all bad cells are detected. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29: 1508-1511 [PMID: 21422428 DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2010.34.0026]
59. Mostert B, Kraan J, Sieuwerts AM, van der Spoel P, Bolt-de Vries J, Prager-van der Smissen WJ, Smid M, Timmermans AM, Martens JW, Gratama JW, Foekens JA, Sleijfer S. CD49f-based selection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) improves detection across breast cancer subtypes. Cancer Lett 2012; 319: 49-55 [PMID: 22202642 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.12.031]
60. Heitzer E, Auer M, Gasch C, Pichler M, Ulz P, Hoffmann EM, Lax S, Waldispuehl-Geigl J, Mauermann O, Lackner C, Höfler G, Eisner F, Sill H, Samonigg H, Pantel K, Riethdorf S, Bauernhofer T, Geigl JB, Speicher MR. Complex tumor genomes inferred from single circulating tumor cells by array-CGH and next-generation sequencing. Cancer Res 2013; 73: 2965-2975 [PMID: 23471846 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472. CAN-12-4140]
61. Gasch C, Bauernhofer T, Pichler M, Langer-Freitag S, Reeh M, Seifert AM, Mauermann O, Izbicki JR, Pantel K, Riethdorf S. Heterogeneity of epidermal growth factor receptor status and mutations of KRAS/PIK3CA in circulating tumor cells of patients with colorectal cancer. Clin Chem 2013; 59: 252-260 [PMID: 23136247 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2012.188557]
62. Gröbe A, Hanken H, Kluwe L, Schöllchen M, Tribius S, Pohlenz P, Clauditz T, Grob T, Simon R, Sauter G, Heiland M, Blessmann M. Immunohistochemical analysis of p16 expression, HPV infection and its prognostic utility in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2013; 42: 676-681 [PMID: 23721566]
63. Turksma AW, Braakhuis BJ, Bloemena E, Meijer CJ, Leemans CR, Hooijberg E. Immunotherapy for head and neck cancer patients: shifting the balance. Immunotherapy 2013; 5: 49-61 [PMID: 23256798 DOI: 10.2217/imt.12.135]
64. Slaughter DP, Southwick HW, Smejkal W. Field cancerization in oral stratified squamous epithelium; clinical implications of multicentric origin. Cancer 1953; 6: 963-968 [PMID: 13094644 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(195309)6:5〈963::AIDCNCR2820060515〉 3.0.CO;2-Q]
65. Dragovic AF, Caudell JJ, Spencer SA, Carroll WR, Nabell LA, Bonner JA. Locoregional failure and the risk of distant metastasis after modern radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Head Neck 2013; 35: 381-387 [PMID: 22407986 DOI: 10.1002/hed.22977]
66. Braakhuis BJ, Tabor MP, Kummer JA, Leemans CR, Brakenhoff RH. A genetic explanation of Slaughter's concept of field cancerization: evidence and clinical implications. Cancer Res 2003; 63: 1727-1730 [PMID: 12702551]
67. Angadi PV, Savitha JK, Rao SS, Sivaranjini Y. Oral field cancerization: current evidence and future perspectives. Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012; 16: 171-180 [PMID: 22354325 DOI: 10.1007/s10006-012-0317-x]
68. Graveland AP, Braakhuis BJ, Eerenstein SE, de Bree R, Bloe- mena E, de Maaker M, van den Brekel MW, Dijk F, Mesker WE, Tanke HJ, Leemans CR, Brakenhoff RH. Molecular diagnosis of minimal residual disease in head and neck cancer patients. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2012; 35: 367-375 [PMID: 22945509 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-012-0097-1]
69. Brennan JA, Mao L, Hruban RH, Boyle JO, Eby YJ, Koch WM, Goodman SN, Sidransky D. Molecular assessment of histopathological staging in squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 429-435 [PMID: 7619114 DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199502163320704]
70. van Houten VM, Tabor MP, van den Brekel MW, Denkers F, Wishaupt RG, Kummer JA, Snow GB, Brakenhoff RH. Molecular assays for the diagnosis of minimal residual headand- neck cancer: methods, reliability, pitfalls, and solutions. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6: 3803-3816 [PMID: 11051222]
71. Gath HJ, Brakenhoff RH. Minimal residual disease in head and neck cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1999; 18: 109-126 [PMID: 10505550 DOI: 10.1023/A:1006268621730]
72. Seoane Lestón J, Diz Dios P. Diagnostic clinical aids in oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2010; 46: 418-422 [PMID: 20371204 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.03.006]
73. Blessmann M, Kaifi JT, Schurr PG, Cihan A, Kalinin V, Trump F, Atac A, Heiland M, Pohlenz P, Blake F, Schmelzle R, Izbicki JR. Short tandem repeat polymorphism in exon 4 of esophageal cancer related gene 2 predicts relapse of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2008; 44: 143-147 [PMID: 17418617 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2007.01.013]
74. Stephan K H, Sandro J S. SPECT/CT for Lymphatic Mapping of Sentinel Nodes in Early Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity and Oropharynx. Int J Mol Imaging 2011; 2011: 106068 [PMID: 21490726 DOI: 10.1155/2011/106068]
75. Michikawa C, Uzawa N, Kayamori K, Sonoda I, Ohyama Y, Okada N, Yamaguchi A, Amagasa T. Clinical significance of lymphatic and blood vessel invasion in oral tongue squamous cell carcinomas. Oral Oncol 2012; 48: 320-324 [PMID: 22178206 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2011.11.014]
76. Watanabe S, Kato M, Kotani I, Ryoke K, Hayashi K. Lymphatic Vessel Density and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression in Squamous Cell Carcinomas of Lip and Oral Cavity: A Clinicopathological Analysis with Immunohistochemistry Using Antibodies to D2-40, VEGF-C and VEGF-D. Yonago Acta Med 2013; 56: 29-37 [PMID: 24031149]
77. Moll R, Divo M, Langbein L. The human keratins: biology and pathology. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 129: 705-733 [PMID: 18461349 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0435-6]
78. Schulze K, Gasch C, Staufer K, Nashan B, Lohse AW, Pantel K, Riethdorf S, Wege H. Presence of EpCAM-positive circulating tumor cells as biomarker for systemic disease strongly correlates to survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2013; 133: 2165-2171 [PMID: 23616258 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28230]
79. Pajonk F, Schlessmann S, Guttenberger R, Henke M. Epithelial cells in the peripheral blood of patients with cancer of the head and neck: incidence, detection and possible clinical significance. Radiother Oncol 2001; 59: 213-217 [PMID: 11325451 DOI: 10.1016/S0167-8140(00)00315-7]
80. Colnot DR, Nieuwenhuis EJ, Kuik DJ, Leemans CR, Dijkstra J, Snow GB, van Dongen GA, Brakenhoff RH. Clinical significance of micrometastatic cells detected by E48 (Ly-6D) reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in bone marrow of head and neck cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10: 7827-7833 [PMID: 15585614]
81. Partridge M, Brakenhoff R, Phillips E, Ali K, Francis R, Hooper R, Lavery K, Brown A, Langdon J. Detection of rare disseminated tumor cells identifies head and neck cancer patients at risk of treatment failure. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9: 5287-5294 [PMID: 14614011]
82. Buglione M, Grisanti S, Almici C, Mangoni M, Polli C, Consoli F, Verardi R, Costa L, Paiar F, Pasinetti N, Bolzoni A, Marini M, Simoncini E, Nicolai P, Biti G, Magrini SM. Circulating tumour cells in locally advanced head and neck cancer: preliminary report about their possible role in predicting response to non-surgical treatment and survival. Eur J Cancer 2012; 48: 3019-3026 [PMID: 22682019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.05.007]
83. Guney K, Yoldas B, Ozbilim G, Derin AT, Sarihan S, Balkan E. Detection of micrometastatic tumor cells in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. A possible predictor of recurrences? Saudi Med J 2007; 28: 216-220 [PMID: 17268699]
84. Nichols AC, Lowes LE, Szeto CC, Basmaji J, Dhaliwal S, Chapeskie C, Todorovic B, Read N, Venkatesan V, Hammond A, Palma DA, Winquist E, Ernst S, Fung K, Franklin JH, Yoo J, Koropatnick J, Mymryk JS, Barrett JW, Allan AL. Detection of circulating tumor cells in advanced head and neck cancer using the CellSearch system. Head Neck 2012; 34: 1440-1444 [PMID: 22076949 DOI: 10.1002/hed.21941]
85. Kusukawa J, Suefuji Y, Ryu F, Noguchi R, Iwamoto O, Kameyama T. Dissemination of cancer cells into circulation occurs by incisional biopsy of oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2000; 29: 303-307 [PMID: 10947245 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0714.2000.290703.x]
86. Pantel K, Izbicki J, Passlick B, Angstwurm M, Haussinger K, Thetter O, Riethmuller G. Frequency and prognostic significance of isolated tumour cells in bone marrow of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer without overt metastases. Lancet 1996; 347: 649-653 [PMID: 8596379 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)91203-9]
87. Kraan J, Sleijfer S, Strijbos MH, Ignatiadis M, Peeters D, Pierga JY, Farace F, Riethdorf S, Fehm T, Zorzino L, Tibbe AG, Maestro M, Gisbert-Criado R, Denton G, de Bono JS, Dive C, Foekens JA, Gratama JW. External quality assurance of circulating tumor cell enumeration using the CellSearch(®) system: a feasibility study. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 2011; 80: 112-118 [PMID: 21337491 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.20573]
88. Sieuwerts AM, Kraan J, Bolt J, van der Spoel P, Elstrodt F, Schutte M, Martens JW, Gratama JW, Sleijfer S, Foekens JA. Anti-epithelial cell adhesion molecule antibodies and the detection of circulating normal-like breast tumor cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101: 61-66 [PMID: 19116383 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djn419]
89. Balasubramanian P, Lang JC, Jatana KR, Miller B, Ozer E, Old M, Schuller DE, Agrawal A, Teknos TN, Summers TA, Lustberg MB, Zborowski M, Chalmers JJ. Multiparameter analysis, including EMT markers, on negatively enriched blood samples from patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. PLoS One 2012; 7: e42048 [PMID: 22844540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042048]
90. Mani SA, Guo W, Liao MJ, Eaton EN, Ayyanan A, Zhou AY, Brooks M, Reinhard F, Zhang CC, Shipitsin M, Campbell LL, Polyak K, Brisken C, Yang J, Weinberg RA. The epithelialmesenchymal transition generates cells with properties of stem cells. Cell 2008; 133: 704-715 [PMID: 18485877 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.03.027]
91. Yu M, Bardia A, Wittner BS, Stott SL, Smas ME, Ting DT, Isakoff SJ, Ciciliano JC, Wells MN, Shah AM, Concannon KF, Donaldson MC, Sequist LV, Brachtel E, Sgroi D, Baselga J, Ramaswamy S, Toner M, Haber DA, Maheswaran S. Circulating breast tumor cells exhibit dynamic changes in epithelial and mesenchymal composition. Science 2013; 339: 580-584 [PMID: 23372014 DOI: 10.1126/science.1228522]
92. Gorges TM, Tinhofer I, Drosch M, Röse L, Zollner TM, Krahn T, von Ahsen O. Circulating tumour cells escape from EpCAM-based detection due to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. BMC Cancer 2012; 12: 178 [PMID: 22591372 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-178]
93. Mikolajczyk SD, Millar LS, Tsinberg P, Coutts SM, Zomorrodi M, Pham T, Bischoff FZ, Pircher TJ. Detection of EpCAM-Negative and Cytokeratin-Negative Circulating Tumor Cells in Peripheral Blood. J Oncol 2011; 2011: 252361 [PMID: 21577258 DOI: 10.1155/2011/252361]
94. Yao X, Labelle M, Lamb CR, Dugan JM, Williamson CA, Spencer DR, Christ KR, Keating RO, Lee WD, Paradis GA, Begum S, Hynes RO, Wittrup KD. Determination of 35 cell surface antigen levels in malignant pleural effusions identifies CD24 as a marker of disseminated tumor cells. Int J Cancer 2013; 133: 2925-2933 [PMID: 23775727 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28312]
95. Yokobori T, Iinuma H, Shimamura T, Imoto S, Sugimachi K, Ishii H, Iwatsuki M, Ota D, Ohkuma M, Iwaya T, Nishida N, Kogo R, Sudo T, Tanaka F, Shibata K, Toh H, Sato T, Barnard GF, Fukagawa T, Yamamoto S, Nakanishi H, Sasaki S, Miyano S, Watanabe T, Kuwano H, Mimori K, Pantel K, Mori M. Plastin3 is a novel marker for circulating tumor cells undergoing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and is associated with colorectal cancer prognosis. Cancer Res 2013; 73: 2059-2069 [PMID: 23378342 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-0326]
96. Gröbe A, Eichhorn W, Fraederich M, Kluwe L, Vashist Y, Wikner J, Smeets R, Simon R, Sauter G, Heiland M, Blessmann M. Immunohistochemical and FISH analysis of EGFR and its prognostic value in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 43: 205-210 [PMID: 24020871]
97. Stoecklein NH, Hosch SB, Bezler M, Stern F, Hartmann CH, Vay C, Siegmund A, Scheunemann P, Schurr P, Knoefel WT, Verde PE, Reichelt U, Erbersdobler A, Grau R, Ullrich A, Izbicki JR, Klein CA. Direct genetic analysis of single disseminated cancer cells for prediction of outcome and therapy selection in esophageal cancer. Cancer Cell 2008; 13: 441-453 [PMID: 18455127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2008.04.005]
98. Wikman H, Vessella R, Pantel K. Cancer micrometastasis and tumour dormancy. APMIS 2008; 116: 754-770 [PMID: 18834417 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2008.01033.x]
99. Nagata M, Noman AA, Suzuki K, Kurita H, Ohnishi M, Ohyama T, Kitamura N, Kobayashi T, Uematsu K, Takahashi K, Kodama N, Kawase T, Hoshina H, Ikeda N, Shingaki S, Takagi R. ITGA3 and ITGB4 expression biomarkers estimate the risks of locoregional and hematogenous dissemination of oral squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2013; 13: 410 [PMID: 24006899 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-410]
100. Wang D, Müller S, Amin AR, Huang D, Su L, Hu Z, Rahman MA, Nannapaneni S, Koenig L, Chen Z, Tighiouart M, Shin DM, Chen ZG. The pivotal role of integrin β1 in metastasis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18: 4589-4599 [PMID: 22829201]
101. van de Schootbrugge C, Bussink J, Span PN, Sweep FC, Grénman R, Stegeman H, Pruijn GJ, Kaanders JH, Boelens WC. αB-crystallin stimulates VEGF secretion and tumor cell migration and correlates with enhanced distant metastasis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2013; 13: 128 [PMID: 23506259 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-128]
102. Schwarzenbach H, Hoon DS, Pantel K. Cell-free nucleic acids as biomarkers in cancer patients. Nat Rev Cancer 2011; 11: 426-437 [PMID: 21562580 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3066]
103. Diaz LA, Williams RT, Wu J, Kinde I, Hecht JR, Berlin J, Allen B, Bozic I, Reiter JG, Nowak MA, Kinzler KW, Oliner KS, Vogelstein B. The molecular evolution of acquired resistance to targeted EGFR blockade in colorectal cancers. Nature 2012; 486: 537-540 [PMID: 22722843 DOI: 10.1038/nature11219]
104. Pantel K, Alix-Panabières C, Riethdorf S. Cancer micrometastases. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2009; 6: 339-351 [PMID: 19399023 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2009.44]
105. Uhr JW, Pantel K. Controversies in clinical cancer dormancy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108: 12396-12400 [PMID: 21746894 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1106613108]
106. Joosse SA, Pantel K. Biologic challenges in the detection of circulating tumor cells. Cancer Res 2013; 73: 8-11 [PMID: 23271724 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-3422]
107. Kim MY, Oskarsson T, Acharyya S, Nguyen DX, Zhang XH, Norton L, Massagué J. Tumor self-seeding by circulating cancer cells. Cell 2009; 139: 1315-1326 [PMID: 20064377 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.11.025]
108. Dyavanagoudar S, Kale A, Bhat K, Hallikerimath S. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction study to evaluate dissemination of cancer cells into circulation after incision biopsy in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Indian J Dent Res 2008; 19: 315-319 [PMID: 19075434 DOI: 10.4103/0970-9290.44534]
109. Pantel K, Denève E, Nocca D, Coffy A, Vendrell JP, Maudelonde T, Riethdorf S, Alix-Panabières C. Circulating epithelial cells in patients with benign colon diseases. Clin Chem 2012; 58: 936-940 [PMID: 22205690 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem. 20 11.175570]
110. Méhes G, Witt A, Kubista E, Ambros PF. Circulating breast cancer cells are frequently apoptotic. Am J Pathol 2001; 159: 17-20 [PMID: 11438448 DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)61667-7]
111. Meng S, Tripathy D, Frenkel EP, Shete S, Naftalis EZ, Huth JF, Beitsch PD, Leitch M, Hoover S, Euhus D, Haley B, Morrison L, Fleming TP, Herlyn D, Terstappen LW, Fehm T, Tucker TF, Lane N, Wang J, Uhr JW. Circulating tumor cells in patients with breast cancer dormancy. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10: 8152-8162 [PMID: 15623589 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432. CCR-04-1110]
112. Stott SL, Hsu CH, Tsukrov DI, Yu M, Miyamoto DT, Waltman BA, Rothenberg SM, Shah AM, Smas ME, Korir GK, Floyd FP, Gilman AJ, Lord JB, Winokur D, Springer S, Irimia D, Nagrath S, Sequist LV, Lee RJ, Isselbacher KJ, Maheswaran S, Haber DA, Toner M. Isolation of circulating tumor cells using a microvortex-generating herringbonechip. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010; 107: 18392-18397 [PMID: 20930119]
113. Riethdorf S, Müller V, Zhang L, Rau T, Loibl S, Komor M, Roller M, Huober J, Fehm T, Schrader I, Hilfrich J, Holms F, Tesch H, Eidtmann H, Untch M, von Minckwitz G, Pantel K. Detection and HER2 expression of circulating tumor cells: prospective monitoring in breast cancer patients treated in the neoadjuvant GeparQuattro trial. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16: 2634-2645 [PMID: 20406831 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-2042]
114. Pierga JY, Bidard FC, Cropet C, Tresca P, Dalenc F, Romieu G, Campone M, Mahier Aït-Oukhatar C, Le Rhun E, Gonçalves A, Leheurteur M, Dômont J, Gutierrez M, Curé H, Ferrero JM, Labbe-Devilliers C, Bachelot T. Circulating tumor cells and brain metastasis outcome in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer: the LANDSCAPE trial. Ann Oncol 2013; 24: 2999-3004 [PMID: 24013510 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt348]