Oral field cancerization: Current evidence and future perspectives

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Volumn 16, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 171-180

  Angadi, Punnya V ^a   Savitha, J K ^b   Rao, Sanjay S ^a   Sivaranjini, Rao Y ^c  

^a KLE VK INSTITUTE OF DENTAL SCIENCES   (India)

^b Rajarajeshwari Dental College   (India)

^c Mamata Dental College   (India)

Author keywords

Field cancerization; Oral cancer; Premalignant lesions; Tobacco

Indexed keywords

TUMOR MARKER;

ARTICLE; CELL CLONE; CELL TRANSFORMATION; DRINKING BEHAVIOR; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETICS; HUMAN; LEUKOPLAKIA; LIP TUMOR; MOUTH MUCOSA; MOUTH TUMOR; MULTIPLE CANCER; PATHOLOGY; PRECANCER; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTOR; SMOKING; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; TUMOR RECURRENCE; VERRUCOUS CARCINOMA;

ALCOHOL DRINKING; CARCINOMA, SQUAMOUS CELL; CARCINOMA, VERRUCOUS; CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC; CLONE CELLS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, NEOPLASTIC; HUMANS; LEUKOPLAKIA, ORAL; LIP NEOPLASMS; MOUTH MUCOSA; MOUTH NEOPLASMS; NEOPLASM RECURRENCE, LOCAL; NEOPLASMS, MULTIPLE PRIMARY; PRECANCEROUS CONDITIONS; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTORS; SMOKING; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 84861688656     PISSN: 18651550     EISSN: 18651569     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10006-012-0317-x     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Slaughter DP, Southwick HW, Smejkal W (1953) Field cancerization in oral stratified squamous epithelium: clinical implication of multicentric origin. Cancer 6: 963-968.
2. Slaughter DP (1944) The multiplicity of origin of malignant tumors: collective review. Internat Abstr Surg 79: 89-98.
3. Slaughter DP (1946) Multicentric origin of intraoral carcinoma. Surgery 20: 133-135.
4. Boudewijn JM, Braakhuis T, Tabor MT, Kumar JA, Leemans R, Barkenhoff RH et al (2003) A genetic explanation of slaughter's concept of field cancerization: evidence and clinical implications. Cancer Res 63: 1727-1730.
5. Ogden GR, Cowpe JG, Green MW (1990) Evidence of field change in oral cancer. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 28: 390-392.
6. Gabriel DD, Jakupciak PJ, Machin M, Parr R (2007) Clinical implications and utility of field cancerization. Cancer Cell Int 7: 2.
7. Monique G, Oijen V, Slootweg PJ (2000) Oral field cancerization: carcinogen-induced independent events or micrometastic deposits? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 9: 249-256.
8. van Houten VM, Leemans CR, Kummer JA, Dijkstra J, Kuik DJ, van den Brekel MW, Snow GB, Brakenhoff RH (2004) Molecular diagnosis of surgical margins and local recurrence in head and cancer patients: a prospective study. Clin Cancer Res 10: 3614-3620.
9. Califano J, van der Riet P, Westra W, Nawroz H, Clayman G, Piantadosi S et al (1996) Genetic progression model for head and neck cancer: implications for field cancerization. Cancer Res 56: 2488-2492.
10. Bedi GC, Westra WH, Gabrielson E, Koch W, Sidransky D (1996) Multiple head and neck tumors: evidence for common clonal origin. Cancer Res 56: 2484-2487.
11. Partridge M, Emilion G, Pateromichelakis S, Philips E, Langdon (1997) Field cancerization of oral cavity: comparison of the spectrum of molecular alterations in cases presenting with both dysplastic and malignant lesions. Oral Oncol 33: 332-337.
12. Day G, Blot WJ, Shore RE, McLaughlin JK, Austin DF, Greenberg RS (1994) Second cancers following oral and pharyngeal cancers: role of tobacco and alcohol. J Natl Cancer Inst 86: 131-137.
13. Cianfriglia F, Di Gregorio DA, Manieri A (1999) Multiple primary tumors in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 35: 157-163.
14. Prevo LJ, Sanchez CA, Galipeau PC, Reid BJ (1999) p53-mutant clones and field effects in Barrett's esophagus. Cancer Res 59: 4784-4787.
15. Jang SJ, Chiba I, Hirai A, Hong WK, Mao L (2001) Multiple oral squamous epithelial lesions: are they genetically related? Oncogene 20: 2235-2242.
16. Tabor MP, Brakenhoff RH, Rujiter-Schippers HJ, van der Wal JE, Snow GB, Leemans CR, Braakhuis BJ (2002) Multiple head and neck tumors frequently originate from a single preneoplastic lesion. Am J Pathol 161: 1051-1060.
17. Simon R, Eltze E, Schäfer KL, Bürger H, Semjonow A, Hertle L, Dockhorn-Dworniczak B, Terpe HJ, Böcker W (2001) Cytogenetic analysis of multifocal bladder cancer supports a monoclonal origin and intraepithelial spread of tumor cells. Cancer Res 61: 355-362.
18. Braakhuis BJ, Tabor MP, Leemans CR (2002) Second primary tumors and field cancerization in oral and or pharyngeal cancer: molecular techniques provide new insights and definitions. Head Neck 24: 198-206.
19. Boudewijin JM, Braakhuis BJ, Leemans CR, Brakenhoff RH (2004) A genetic progression model of oral cancer: current evidence and clinical implications. J Oral Pathol Med 33: 317-322.
20. Wright A, Shear M (1985) Epithelial dysplasia immediately adjacent to oral squamous cell carcinomas. J Oral Pathol 14: 559-564.
21. Kannan S, Kartha P, Balaram G, Jagadeesh C, Radhakrishna P, Pillai R (1996) Ultrastructural analysis of the adjacent epithelium of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 34: 51-57.
22. Thomson PJ (2002) Field change and oral cancer: new evidence for widespread carcinogenesis? Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 31: 262-266.
23. Incze J, Vaughan CW, Lui P, Strong MS, Kulapaditharom B (1982) Premalignant changes in normal appearing epithelium in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the upper areodigestive tract. Am J Surg 144: 401-402.
24. Nieburgs HE, Herman BE, Reisman H (1962) Buccal cell changes in patients with malignant tumors. Lab Invest 11: 80-88.
25. Cowpe JG, Longmore RB, Green MW (1988) Quantitative exfoliative cytology of normal oral mucosal smears. J Royal Society Med 81: 509-511.
26. Castigliano SC (1968) Influence of continuous smoking on the incidence of second primary cancers involving mouth, pharynx and larynx. JADA 77: 580.
27. Wynder EI, Dodo H, Block DA, Grant RC, Moore OS (1969) Epidemiology investigation of multiple cancers in the upper alimentary and respiratory tracts. Cancer 24: 730-739.
28. Copper MP, Braakhuis BJ, de Vries N, van Dongen GA, Nauta JJ, Snow GB (1993) A panel of biomarkers of carcinogenesis of the upper aerodigestive tract as a potential immediate endpoints in chemoprevention trials. Cancer 71: 825-830.
29. Ogden GR, Lane EB, Hopwood DV, Chisholm DM (1993) Evidence of field change in oral cancer based on cytokeratin expression. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 67: 1324-1330.
30. Bongers V, Snow GB, de Vries N, Braakhuis BJ (1996) Potential early markers of carcinogenesis in the mucosa of the head and neck using exfoliative cytology. J Pathol 178: 284-289.
31. Bosch FX, Ouhayoun JP, Bader BL, Collin C, Grund C, Lee I, Franke WW (1989) Extensive changes in cytokeratin expression patterns in pathologically affected human gingiva. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol 58: 59-77.
32. Bartkova J, Lukas J, Muller H, Strauss M, Gusterson B, Bartek J (1995) Abnormal patterns of D-type cyclin expression and G1 regulation in human head and neck cancer. Cancer Res 55: 949-956.
33. Bloching M, Soulsby H, Naumann A, Aust W, Merkel D, Braun T, Naim R (2008) Tumor risk assessment by means of immunocytochemical detection of premalignant chages in buccal smears. Oncol Rep 19: 1373-1379.
34. Eisbruch A, Blick M, Lee JS, Sacks PG, Gutterman J (1987) Analysis of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene in fresh human head and neck tumors. Cancer Res 47: 3603-3605.
35. Grandis JR, Tweardy DJ (1993) Elevated levels of transforming growth factor alpha and epidermal growth factor receptor messenger RNA are early markers of carcinogenesis in head and neck cancer. Cancer Res 53: 3579-3584.
36. Christensen ME, Engbaek F, Therkildsen MH, Bretlau P, Nexo A (1995) A sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay used for quantitation of epidermal growth factor receptor protein in head and neck carcinomas: evaluation, interpretations and limitations. Br J Cancer 72: 1487-1493.
37. Shin DM, Ro JY, Hong WK, Hittelman WN (1994) Dysregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor expression in premalignant lesions during head and neck tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 54: 3153-3159.
38. van Oijen MGCT, Rijksen G, Tenbroek FW, Slootweg PJ (1998) Increased expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in normal epithelium adjacent to head and neck carcinomas independent of tobacco and alcohol abuse. Oral Dis 4: 4-8.
39. Bergle W, Bier H, Ganzer U (1989) The expression of epidermal growth factor receptors in the oral mucosa of patients with oral cancer. Arch Oto rhino laryngol 246: 121-125.
40. Werkmeister R, Brandt B, Joos U (1996) The erbB oncogenes as prognostic markers on oral squamous cell carcinomas. Am J Surg 172: 681-683.
41. Szymańska K, Levi JE, Menezes A, Wünsch-Filho V, Eluf-Neto J, Koifman S et al (2010) TP53 and EGFR mutations in combination with lifestyle risk factors in tumours of the upper aerodigestive tract from South America. Carcinogenesis 31: 1054-1059.
42. Shin DM, Ro JY, Hong WK, Hittelman WN (1993) Sequential increase in proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in head and neck tumorigenesis: a potential biomarker. J Natl Cancer Inst 12: 971-978.
43. Schwindt AE, Savino TM, Lanfranchi HE, Marschoff E, Cabrini RL, Itoiz ME (1994) Nuclear organizer regions in lining epithelium adjacent to squamous cell carcinoma of human oral mucosa. Cancer 73: 2674-2679.
44. van Oijen MG, Gilsing MM, Rijksen G, Hordijk GJ, Slootweg PJ (1998) Increased number of proliferating cells in oral epithelium from smokers and ex-smokers. Oral Oncol 16: 3158-3168.
45. Lopez-Blanc SA, Collet AM, Gandolfo MS, Femopase F, Hernandez SL, Tomasi VH, Paparella ML, Itoiz ME (2009) Nucleolar organizer regions (AgNOR) and subepithelial vascularization as field cancerization markers in oral mucosa biopsies of alcoholic and smoking patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 108: 747-753.
46. Bloching M, Hoffman A, Lauteschalager C, Berghaus A, Grummt T (2000) Exfoliative cytology of normal buccal mucosa to predict the relative risk of cancer in the upper aerodigestive tract using the MN-assay. Oral Oncol 36: 550-555.
47. Bloching M, Hoffman A, Berghaus A, Lauteschalager C, Grummt T (2000) Micronuclei as biological markers for the detection of local cancer transformation in the upper aerodigestive tract. HNO 48: 444-450.
48. Birchall MA, Schock E, Harmon BV, Gobé G (1997) Apoptosis, mitosis, PCNA and bcl-2 in normal, leukoplakia and malignant epithelia of the human oral cavity: prospective, in vivo study. Oral Oncol 33: 419-425.
49. Bongers V, Snow GB, de Vries N, Cattan AR, Hall AG, van der Waal I, Braakhuis BJ (1995) Second primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma predicted by the glutathione S-transferase expression in healthy tissue in the direct vicinity of the first tumor. Lab Invest 73: 503-510.
50. El-Gazzar R, Macluskey M, Ogden GR (2005) Evidence for a field change effect based on angiogenesis in the oral mucosa? A brief report. Oral Oncol 41: 25-30.
51. el-Naggar AK, Lai S, Luna MA, Zhou XD, Weber RS, Goepfert H, Batsakis JG (1995) Sequential p53 mutation analysis of the preinvasive and invasive head and squamous carcinoma. Int J Cancer 64: 196-20.
52. Shin DM, Kim J, Ro JY, Hittelman J, Roth JA, Hong WK, Hittelman WN (1994) Activation of p53 expression in premalignant lesions during head and neck tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 54: 321-326.
53. van Oijen MGCT, van de Craats JG, Slootweg PJ (1999) p53 overexpression in oral mucosa in relation to smoking. J Pathol 187: 469-474.
54. Ness M, Homann N, Discher H, Andl T, Enders C, Herold-Mende C, Schuhmann A, Bosch FX (1993) Expression of p53 occurs in tumor-distant epithelia of head and neck cancer patients: a possible molecular basis for the development of multiple tumors. Cancer Res 53: 4189-4196.
55. Laveille JP, Brambilla E, Lavieille R (1995) Immunohistochemical detection of p53 protein in preneoplastic lesions and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Acta Otolaryngol 115: 334-339.
56. Cruz IB, Snijders PJ, Meijer CJ, Braakhuis BJ, Snow GB, Walboomers JM, van der Waal I (1998) p53 expression above the basal cell layer in oral mucosa is an early event of malignant transformation and has predictive value for developing oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Pathol 184: 360-368.
57. Waridel F, Estreicher A, Bron L, Flaman JM, Fontolliet C, Monnier P, Frebourg T, Iggo R (1997) Field cancerisation and polyclonal p53 mutation in the upper aero-digestive tract. Oncogene 14: 163-169.
58. Nakanishi Y, Noguchi M, Matsuno Y, Saikawa M, Mukai K, Shimosato Y, Hirohashi S (1995) p53 expression in multicentric squamous cell carcinoma and surrounding squamous epithelium of the aerodigestive tract. Cancer 75: 1657-1662.
59. Ogden GR, Chisholm DM, Morris AM, Stevenson JH (1997) Overexpression of p53 in normal mucosa of oral cancer patients does not necessarily predict further malignant disease. J Pathol 182: 180-184.
60. Ha PK, Califano JA (2003) The molecular biology of mucosal field cancerization of the head and neck. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 14(5): 363-369.
61. Weinberg WC, Howard JC, Iannaconne PM (1985) Histological demonstration of mosaicism in a series of chimeric rats produced between congenic strains. Science 227: 524-527.
62. Wengler GS, Allen RC, Parolini O, Smith H, Conley ME (1993) Nonrandom X chromosome inactivation in natural killer cells from obligate carriers of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. J Immunol 150: 700-704.
63. Worsham MJ, Wolman SR, Carey TE, Zarbo RJ, Benninger MS, van Dyke DL (1995) Common clonal origin of synchronous primary head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: analysis by tumor karyotypes and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Human Pathol 26: 251-261.
64. van Oijen MG, Leppers VD, Straat FG, Tilanus MG, Slootweg PJ (2000) The origin of multiple squamous cell carcinomas in the aerodigestive tract. Cancer 88: 884-893.
65. Partridge M, Pateromichelakis S, Phillips E, Emilion GG, A'Hern RP, Langdon JD (2000) A case control study confirms that microsatellite assay can identify patients at risk of developing oral squamous cell carcinoma within a field of cancerization. Cancer Res 60: 3893-3898.
66. Tabor MP, Brakenhoff RH, van Houten VM, Kummer JA, Snel MH, Snijders PJ et al (2001) Persistence of genetically altered fields in head and neck cancer patients: biological and clinical implications. Clin Cancer Res 7: 1523-1532.
67. Ha PK, Tong BC, Westra WH, Sanchez-Cespedes M, Parrella P, Zahurak M, Sidransky D, Califano JA (2002) Mitochondrial C-tract alteration in premalignant lesions of the head and neck: a marker for progression and clonal proliferation. Clin Cancer Res 8: 2260-2265.
68. Hittelman WN, Kim HJ, Lee JS, Shin DM, Lippman SM, Kim J, Ro JY, Hong WK (1996) Detection of instability of tissue fields at risk: in situ hybridization. J Cell Biochem Suppl 25: 57-62.
69. Ai H, Barrera J, Pan Z, Meyers AD, Varella-Garcia M (1999) Identification of individuals at high risk for head and neck carcinogenesis using chromosome aneuploidy detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Mutat Res 439: 223-232.
70. Voravud N, Shin DM, Ro JY, Lee JS, Hong WK, Hittelman WN (1993) Increased polysomies of chromosomes 7 and 17 during head and neck multistage tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 53: 2874-2883.
71. Lee N, Ye Y, Li X, Schweitzer C, Nisen P (1994) Allelic loss on chromosome 13 can precede histological changes in head and neck cancer. Int J Oncol 5: 205-210.
72. Leeman CR (2007) Status of primary tumor surgical margins in squamous head and neck cancer: prognostic implications. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 15: 74-81.
73. Thomson PJ, Hamadah O (2007) Cancerisation within the oral cavity: the use of 'field mapping biopsies' in clinical management. Oral Oncol 43: 20-26.
74. Papadimitrakopoulou VA, Shin DM, Hong WK (1996) Molecular and cellular biomarkers for field cancerization and multistep process in head and neck tumorigenesis 15: 53-76.
75. Lee JS, Lippman SM, Hong WK, Ro JY, Kim SY, Lotan R, Hittelman WN (1992) Determination of biomarkers for intermediate end points in chemoprevention trials. Cancer Res 52: 2707s-2710s.
76. Benner SE, Hong WK, Lippman SM, Lee JS, Hittelman WM (1992) Intermediate biomarkers in upper aerodigestive tract and lung chemoprevention trials. J Cell Biochem Suppl 16G: 33-38.
77. Smith W, Saba N (2005) Retinoids as chemoprevention for head and neck cancer: where do we go from here? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 55: 143-152.
78. Lippman SM, Hawk ET (2009) Cancer prevention: from 1727 to milestones of the past 100 years. Cancer Res 69: 5269-5284.
79. Voravud N (1996) Chemoprevention of head and neck cancer. J Med Assoc Thai 79: 185-193.
80. Höckel M, Dornhöfer N (2005) The hydra phenomenon of cancer: why tumors recur locally after microscopically complete resection. Cancer Res 65: 2997-3002.
81. Ge L, Meng W, Zhou H, Bhowmick N (2010) Could stroma contribute to field cancerization? Med Hypotheses 75(1): 26-31.