Decontamination of waterborne chemical pollutants by using atmospheric pressure nonthermal plasma: a review

Environmental Technology Reviews

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 71-91

  Hijosa Valsero, María ^a   Molina, Ricardo ^b   Montràs, Anna ^c   Müller, Michael ^d   Bayona, Josep M ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND WATER RESEARCH   (Spain)

^b INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED CHEMISTRY OF CATALONIA IQAC CSIC   (Spain)

^c Ateknea Solutions Catalonia SA   (Spain)

^d FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE FOR INTERFACIAL ENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY IGB   (Germany)

Author keywords

catalysis; plasma treatment; post treatment reactions; removal efficiency; water decontamination

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL ROBOTS; AQUIFERS; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE; CATALYSIS; CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND; DECONTAMINATION; ELECTRIC DISCHARGES; GROUNDWATER POLLUTION; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT; LAND RECLAMATION; NICKEL OXIDE; OXIDE MINERALS; PLASMA APPLICATIONS; RECHARGING (UNDERGROUND WATERS); STRIPPING (DYES); TITANIUM DIOXIDE; WASTEWATER RECLAMATION; WASTEWATER TREATMENT; WATER CONSERVATION; WATER QUALITY; WATER RECYCLING;

ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESSES; NON-THERMAL PLASMA TREATMENT; PHARMACEUTICALS AND PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS; PLASMA TREATMENT; POST TREATMENT; REMOVAL EFFICIENCIES; WASTEWATER RECLAMATION AND REUSE; WATER DECONTAMINATION;

CHEMICALS REMOVAL (WATER TREATMENT);

EID: 84930614320     PISSN: 21622515     EISSN: 21622523     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/21622515.2014.990935     Document Type: Review

References (165)

1. Schwarzenbach RP, Escher BI, Fenner K, Hofstetter TB, Johnson CA, von Gunten U, Wehrli B. The challenge of micropollutants in aquatic systems. Science. 2006;313:1072–1077. doi: 10.1126/science.1127291
2. Onesios KM, Yu JT, and Bouwer E-J. Biodegradation and removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in treatment systems: a review. Biodegradation. 2009;20:441–466. doi: 10.1007/s10532-008-9237-8
3. García J, Rousseau DPL, Morató J, Lesage E, Matamoros V, Bayona JM. Contaminant removal processes in subsurface-flow constructed wetlands: a review. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol. 2010;40:561–661. doi: 10.1080/10643380802471076
4. Richardson SD, Ternes TA. Water analysis: emerging contaminants and current issues. Anal Chem. 2011;83:4614–4648. doi: 10.1021/ac200915r
5. Mahamuni NN, Adewuyi YG. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) involving ultrasound for waste water treatment: a review with emphasis on cost estimation. Ultrason Sonochem. 2010;17:990–1003. doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2009.09.005
6. 2 in a biotreated municipal wastewater. Water Res. 2008;42:3719–3728. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.06.008
7. Bogaerts A, Neyts E, Gijbels R, van der Mullen J. Gas discharge plasmas and their applications. Spectrochim Acta B. 2002;57:609–658. doi: 10.1016/S0584-8547(01)00406-2
8. Chang J-S. Recent development of plasma pollution control technology: a critical review. Sci Technol Adv Mat. 2001;2:571–576. doi: 10.1016/S1468-6996(01)00139-5
9. Manolache S, Somers EB, Wong ACL, Shamamian V, Denes F. Dense medium plasma environments: a new approach for the disinfection of water. Environ Sci Technol. 2001;35:3780–3785. doi: 10.1021/es010704o
10. 2 catalytic method for high efficiency remediation of p-nitrophenol contaminated soil in pulsed discharge. Environ Sci Technol. 2011;45:9301–9307. doi: 10.1021/es2014314
11. Malik MA. Water purification by plasmas: which reactors are most efficient? Plasma Chem Plasma Process. 2010;30:21–31. doi: 10.1007/s11090-009-9202-2
12. Fridman A., Plasma chemistry. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2008
13. Yang Y, Cho YI, Fridman A., Plasma discharge in liquid: water treatment and applications. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2012
14. Locke BR, Lukes P, Brisset J-L. Elementary chemical and physical phenomena in electrical discharge plasma in gas–liquid environments and in liquids. In: Parvulescu VI, Magureanu M, Lukes P, editos. Plasma chemistry and catalysis in gases and liquids. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag; 2012. p. 185–241
15. Lukes P, Locke BR, Brisset J-L. Aqueous-phase chemistry of electrical discharge plasma in water and in gas–liquid environments. In: Parvulescu VI, Magureanu M, Lukes P, editors. Plasma chemistry and catalysis in gases and liquids. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag; 2012. p. 243–308
16. Brisset J-L, Moussa D, Doubla A, Hnatiuc E, Hnatiuc B, Youbi GK, Herry J-M, Naïtali M, Bellon-Fontaine M-N. Chemical reactivity of discharges and temporal post-discharges in plasma treatment of aqueous media: examples of gliding discharge treated solutions. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2008;47:5761–5781. doi: 10.1021/ie701759y
17. Bruggeman P, Leys C. Non-thermal plasmas in and in contact with liquids. J Phys D: Appl Phys. 2009;42:053001. doi:10.1088/0022-3727/42/5/053001
18. Locke BR, Thagard SM. Analysis and review of chemical reactions and transport processes in pulsed electrical discharge plasma formed directly in liquid water. Plasma Chem Plasma Process. 2012;32:875–917. doi: 10.1007/s11090-012-9403-y
19. Wang X, Zhou M, Jin X. Application of glow discharge plasma for wastewater treatment. Electrochim Acta. 2012;83:501–512. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.06.131
20. Reddy PMK, Subrahmanyam C. Green approach for wastewater treatment-degradation and mineralization of aqueous organic pollutants by discharge plasma. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2012;51:11097–11103. doi: 10.1021/ie301122p
21. Brisset J-L, Hnatiuc E. Peroxynitrite: a re-examination of the chemical properties of non-thermal discharges burning in air over aqueous solutions. Plasma Chem Plasma Process. 2012;32:655–674. doi: 10.1007/s11090-012-9384-x
22. Joshi RP, Thagard SM. Streamer-like electrical discharges in water: part I. Fundamental mechanisms. Plasma Chem Plasma Process. 2013;33:1–15. doi: 10.1007/s11090-012-9425-5
23. Jiang B, Zheng J, Qiu S, Wu M, Zhang Q, Yan Z, Xue Q. Review on electrical discharge plasma technology for wastewater remediation. Chem Eng J. 2014;236:348–368. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2013.09.090
24. Sengupta SK, Singh OM. Contact glow discharge electrolysis: a study of its chemical yields in aqueous inert-type electrolytes. J Electroanal Chem. 1994;369:113–120. doi: 10.1016/0022-0728(94)87089-6
25. Locke BR, Sato M, Sunka P, Hoffmann MR, Chang JS. Electrohydraulic discharge and nonthermal plasma for water treatment. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2006;45:882–905. doi: 10.1021/ie050981u
26. Yang B, Lei LC, Zhou MH. Effects of the liquid conductivity on pulsed high-voltage discharge modes in water. Chinese Chem Lett. 2004;15:1215–1218
27. Ceccato P., Filamentary plasma discharge inside water: initiation and propagation of a plasma in a dense medium [Ph.D. diss.]. Palaiseau: École Polytechnique; 2009
28. Joshi RP, Kolb F, Schoenbach KH. Aspects of plasma in waters: streamer physics and applications. Plasma Process Polym. 2009;6:763–777. doi: 10.1002/ppap.200900022
29. Parkansky N, Vegerhof A, Alterkop BA, Berkh O, Boxman RL. Submerged arc breakdown of methylene blue in aqueous solutions. Plasma Chem Plasma Process. 2012;32:933–947. doi: 10.1007/s11090-012-9385-9
30. Sun J, Lu H, Lin H, Du L, Huang W, Li H, Cui T. Electrochemical oxidation of aqueous phenol at low concentration using Ti/BDD electrode. Sep Purif Technol. 2012;88:116–120. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2011.12.022
31. Mededovic S, Locke BR. Side-chain degradation of atrazine by pulsed electrical discharge in water. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2007;46:2702–2709. doi: 10.1021/ie070020a
32. Benetoli LOB, Cadorin BM, Postiglione CS, de Souza IG, Debacher NA. Effect of temperature on methylene blue decolorization in aqueous medium in electrical discharge plasma reactor. Braz Chem Soc. 2011;22:1669–1678. doi: 10.1590/S0103-50532011000900008
33. Ikoma S, Satoh K, Itoh H. Decomposition of methylene blue in an aqueous solution using a pulsed-discharge plasma at atmospheric pressure. Electr Eng Jpn. 2012;179(3):1–9. doi: 10.1002/eej.21217
34. Shiota H, Itabashi H, Satoh K, Itoh H. Phenol decomposition by pulsed-discharge plasma above a water surface in oxygen and argon atmosphere. Electr Eng Jpn. 2013;184(1):1–9. doi: 10.1002/eej.22419
35. Ursache M, Stroici C, Burlica R, Hnatiuc E. The evolution of aqueous solutions properties exposed to a GlidArc discharge. Proceedings of the International Conference on Optimisation of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (OPTIM), art. no. 6231956, p. 1386–1391, Moieciu, Romania, 2012
36. Pascal S, Moussa D, Hnatiuc E, Brisset J-L. Plasma chemical degradation of phosphorous-containing warfare agents simulants. J Hazard Mater. 2010;175:1037–1041. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.10.114
37. Hijosa-Valsero M, Molina R, Schikora H, Müller M, Bayona JM. Removal of cyanide from water by means of plasma discharge technology. Water Res. 2013;47:1701–1707. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.01.001
38. Sano N, Kawashima T, Fujikawa J, Fujimoto T, Kitai T, Kanki T. Decomposition of organic compounds in water by direct contact of gas corona discharge: influence of discharge conditions. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2002;41:5906–5911. doi: 10.1021/ie0203328
39. Miyazaki Y, Satoh K, Itoh H. Pulsed discharge purification of water containing nondegradable hazardous substances. Electr Eng Jpn. 2011;174(2):1–8. doi: 10.1002/eej.20937
40. Wang H-J, Chen X-Y. Kinetic analysis and energy efficiency of phenol degradation in a plasma-photocatalysis system. J Hazard Mater. 2011;186:1888–1892. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.12.088
41. Yang H, Tezuka M. Mineralization of aqueous pentachlorophenolate by anodic contact glow discharge electrolysis. J Environ Sci. 2011;23:1044–1049. doi: 10.1016/S1001-0742(10)60512-8
42. Sharma AK, Josephson GB, Camaioni DM, Goheen SC. Destruction of pentachlorophenol using glow discharge plasma process. Environ Sci Technol. 2000;34:2267–2272. doi: 10.1021/es981001i
43. Burlica R, Kirkpatrick MJ, Finney WC, Clark RJ, Locke BR. Organic dye removal from aqueous solution by glid arc discharges. J Electrostat. 2004;62:309–321. doi: 10.1016/j.elstat.2004.05.007
44. Magureanu M, Piroi D, Mandache NB, Parvulescu V. Decomposition of methylene blue in water using a dielectric barrier discharge: optimization of the operating parameters. J Appl Phys. 2008;104:103306. doi:10.1063/1.3021452
45. Sun B, Aye NN, Gao Z, Lv D, Zhu X, Sato M. Characteristics of gas–liquid pulsed discharge plasma reactor and dye decoloration efficiency. J Environ Sci. 2012;24:840–845. doi: 10.1016/S1001-0742(11)60837-1
46. Panorel I, Preis S, Kornev I, Hatakka H, Louhi-Kultanen M. Oxidation of aqueous paracetamol by pulsed corona discharge. Ozone-Sci Eng. 2013;35:116–124. doi: 10.1080/01919512.2013.760415
47. Panorel I, Preis S, Kornev I, Hatakka H, Louhi-Kultanen M. Oxidation of aqueous pharmaceuticals by pulsed corona discharge. Environ Technol. 2013;34:923–930. doi: 10.1080/09593330.2012.722691
48. Kim K-S, Yang C-S, Mok YS. Degradation of veterinary antibiotics by dielectric barrier discharge plasma. Chem Eng J. 2013;219:19–27. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2012.12.079
49. Doubla A, Brisset J-L, Moussa D, Hnatiuc E, Burlica R. Destruction of alkaline cyanides by electric discharge. Res J Chem Environ. 2007;11:92–95
50. Ognier S, Iya-sou D, Fourmond C, Cavadias S. Analysis of mechanisms at the plasma–liquid interface in a gas–liquid discharge reactor used for treatment of polluted water. Plasma Chem Plasma Process. 2009;29:261–273. doi: 10.1007/s11090-009-9179-x
51. Sun B, Sato M, Clements JS. Oxidative processes occurring when pulsed high voltage discharges degrade phenol in aqueous solution. Environ Sci Technol. 2000;34:509–513. doi: 10.1021/es990024+
52. Li SP, Jiang YY, Cao XH, Dong YW, Dong M, Xu J. Degradation of nitenpyram pesticide in aqueous solution by low-temperature plasma. Environ Technol. 2013;34:1609–1616. doi: 10.1080/09593330.2013.765914
53. Willberg DM, Lang PS, Höchemer RH, Kratel A, Hoffmann MR. Degradation of 4-chlorophenol, 3,4-dichloroaniline, and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in an electrohydraulic discharge reactor. Environ Sci Technol. 1996;30:2526–2534. doi: 10.1021/es950850s
54. Lang PS, Ching W-K, Willberg DM, Hoffmann MR. Oxidative degradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by ozone in an electrohydraulic discharge reactor. Environ Sci Technol. 1998;32:3142–3148. doi: 10.1021/es980052c
55. Chen Y-S, Zhang X-S, Dai YC, Yuan W-K. Pulsed high-voltage discharge plasma for degradation of phenol in aqueous solution. Sep Purif Technol. 2004;34:5–12. doi: 10.1016/S1383-5866(03)00169-2
56. Grymonpré DR, Finney WC, Clark RJ, Locke BR. Hybrid gas–liquid electrical discharge reactors for organic compound degradation. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2004;43:1975–1989. doi: 10.1021/ie030620j
57. Zhang R, Zhang C, Cheng XX, Wang L, Wu Y, Guan Z. Kinetics of decolorization of azo dye by bipolar pulsed barrier discharge in a three-phase discharge plasma reactor. J Hazard Mater. 2007;142:105–110. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.07.071
58. Mok YS, Jo J-O, Whitehead JC. Degradation of an azo dye Orange II using a gas phase dielectric barrier discharge reactor submerged in water. Chem Eng J. 2008;142: 56–64. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2007.11.012
59. Abdelmalek F, Torres RA, Combet E, Petrier C, Pulgarin C, Addou A. Gliding arc discharge (GAD) assisted catalytic degradation of bisphenol a in solution with ferrous ions. Sep Purif Technol. 2008;63:30–37. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2008.03.036
60. Magureanu M, Piroi D, Mandache NB, David V, Medvedovici A, Bradu C, Parvulescu VI. Degradation of antibiotics in water by non-thermal plasma treatment. Water Res. 2011;45:3407–3416. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.03.057
61. Huang F, Chen L, Wang H, Yan Z. Analysis of the degradation mechanism of methylene blue by atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge plasma. Chem Eng J. 2010;162:250–256. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2010.05.041
62. Directive 2008/105/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council. Official Journal of the European Union L 348/84, 24 Dec 2008. Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:348:0084:0097:EN:PDF [revised Oct 2013]
63. Doubla A, Laminsi S, Nzali S, Njoyim E, Kamsu-Kom J, Brisset J-L. Organic pollutants abatement and biodecontamination of brewery effluents by a non-thermal quenched plasma at atmospheric pressure. Chemosphere. 2007;69:332–337. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.04.007
64. Mountapmbeme-Kouotou P, Laminsi S, Acayanka E, Brisset J-L. Degradation of palm oil refinery wastewaters by non-thermal gliding arc discharge at atmospheric pressure. Environ Monit Assess. 2013;185:5789–5800. doi: 10.1007/s10661-012-2984-3
65. Saksono N, Adiwidodo BP, Karamah EF, Kartohardjono S. Contact glow discharge electrolysis system for treatment of wastewater containing ammonia. J Environ Sci Technol. 2013;6:41–49. doi: 10.3923/jest.2013.41.49
66. Directive 2004/42/CE of the European Parliament and of the Council. Official Journal of the European Union L 143, 87–96, 30 April 2004. Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2004:143:0087:0087:EN:PDF [revised 2013 Oct]
67. Nikolaou AD, Golfinopoulos SK, Kostopoulou MN, Kolokythas GA, Lekkas TD. Determination of volatile organic compounds in surface waters and treated wastewater in Greece. Water Res. 2002;36:2883–2890. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00497-3
68. Grinevich VI, Plastinina NA, Rybkin VV, Bubnov AG. Oxidative degradation of formic acid in aqueous solution upon dielectric-barrier discharge treatment. High Energy Chem. 2009;43:138–142. doi: 10.1134/S001814390902012X
69. Ábalos M, Bayona JM. Application of gas chromatography coupled to chemical ionisation mass spectrometry following headspace solid-phase microextraction for the determination of free fatty acids in aqueous samples. J Chromatogr A. 2000;891:287–294. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00655-5
70. Sano N, Fujimoto T, Kawashima T, Yamamoto D, Kanki T, Toyoda A. Influence of dissolved inorganic additives on decomposition of phenol and acetic acid in water by direct contact of gas corona discharge. Sep Purif Technol. 2004;37:169–175. doi: 10.1016/S1383-5866(03)00166-7
71. Bobkova ES, Isakina AA, Grinevich VI, Rybkin VV. Decomposition of aqueous solution of acetic acid under the action of atmospheric-pressure dielectric barrier discharge in oxygen. Russ J Appl Chem. 2012;85:71–75. doi: 10.1134/S1070427212010144
72. Tezuka M, Iwasaki M. Plasma-induced degradation of aniline in aqueous solution. Thin Solid Films. 2001;386:204–207. doi: 10.1016/S0040-6090(01)00804-5
73. Johnson DC, Shamamian VA, Callahan JC, Denes FS, Manolache SO, Dandy DS. Treatment of methyl tert-butyl ether contaminated water using a dense medium plasma reactor: a mechanistic and kinetic investigation. Environ Sci Technol. 2003;37:4804–4810. doi: 10.1021/es0263487
74. Johnson DC, Dandy DS, Shamamian VA. Development of a tubular high-density plasma reactor for water treatment. Water Res. 2006;40:311–322. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2005.11.015
75. Even-Ezra I, Mizrahi A, Gerrity D, Snyder S, Salveson A, Lahav O. Application of a novel plasma-based advanced oxidation process for efficient and cost-effective destruction of refractory organics in tertiary effluents and contaminated groundwater. Desalin Water Treat. 2009;11:236–244. doi: 10.5004/dwt.2009.807
76. Gajewski JB, Mączka T, Nowak-Woźny D, Fleszyński J, Poźniak R. Some hydrocarbon derivative compounds decomposition using the HV impulse discharges. J Electrostat. 2004;62:269–275. doi: 10.1016/j.elstat.2004.05.002
77. Liu Y. Aqueous p-chloronitrobenzene decomposition induced by contact glow discharge electrolysis. J Hazard Mater. 2009;166:1495–1499. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.12.072
78. Lee C, Lee Y, Yoon J. Oxidative degradation of dimethylsulfoxide by locally concentrated hydroxyl radicals in streamer corona discharge process. Chemosphere. 2006;65:1163–1170. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.03.064
79. Shiozawa T, Tada A, Nukaya H, Watanabe T, Takahashi Y, Asanoma M, Ohe T, Sawanishi H, Katsuhara T, Sugimura T, Wakabayashi K, Terao Y. Isolation and identification of a new 2-phenylbenzotriazole-type mutagen (PBTA-3) in the Nikko River in Aichi, Japan. Chem Res Toxicol. 2000;13:535–540. doi: 10.1021/tx0000264
80. Abdelmalek F, Gharbi S, Benstaali B, Addou A, Brisset J-L. Plasmachemical degradation of azo dyes by humid air plasma: yellow Supranol 4 GL, Scarlet Red Nylosan F3 GL and industrial waste. Water Res. 2004;38:2339–2347. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2004.02.015
81. Yan JH, Liu YN, Bo Z, Li XD, Cen KF. Degradation of gas–liquid gliding arc discharge on acid Orange II. J Hazard Mater. 2008;157:441–447. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.01.007
82. Piroi D, Magureanu M, Mandache NB, Parvulescu VI. Decomposition of organic dyes in water using non-thermal plasma. 19th International Symposium on Plasma Chemistry, Bochum, Germany, 2009. Available from: http://www.ispc-conference.org/ispcproc/papers/164.pdf [revised Oct 2011]
83. Gao J, Yu J, Li Y, He X, Bo L, Pu L, Yang W, Lu Q, Yang Z. Decoloration of aqueous brilliant green by using glow discharge electrolysis. J Hazard Mater. 2006;137:431–436. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.02.022
84. Benetoli LOB, Cadorin BM, Baldissarelli VZ, Geremias R, de Souza IG, Debacher NA. Pyrite-enhanced methylene blue degradation in non-thermal plasma water treatment reactor. J Hazard Mater. 2012;237–238:55–62. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.07.067
85. 2 production and decomposition of organic compounds under action of DC underwater discharge in gas bubbles. IEEE Trans Plasma Sci. 2011;39:865–870. doi: 10.1109/TPS.2010.2098053
86. – ions: kinetics and AOX formation. Electrochim Acta. 2011;58:364–371. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.09.052
87. Foster JE, Adamovsky G, Gucker SN, Blankson IM. A comparative study of the time-resolved decomposition of methylene blue dye under the action of a nanosecond repetitively pulsed DBD plasma jet using liquid chromatography and spectrophotometry. IEEE Trans Plasma Sci. 2013;41:503–512. doi: 10.1109/TPS.2013.2245426
88. Abdelmalek F, Ghezzar MR, Belhadj M, Addou A, Brisset J-L. Bleaching and degradation of textile dyes by nonthermal plasma process at atmospheric pressure. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2006;45:23–29. doi: 10.1021/ie050058s
89. Reddy PMK, Raju BR, Karuppiah J, Reddy EL, Subrahmanyam C. Degradation and mineralization of methylene blue by dielectric barrier discharge non-thermal plasma reactor. Chem Eng J. 2013;217:41–47. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2012.11.116
90. 2. Process Polym. 2012;9:285–297. doi: 10.1002/ppap.201100116
91. Bruggeman P, Locke BR. Assessment of potential applications of plasma with liquid water. In: Chu P, Lu X, editors. Low temperature plasma technology: methods and applications. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2013. p. 367–400
92. Xiao M, Zhou J, Tan Y, Zhang A, Xia Y, Ji L. Treatment of highly-concentrated phenol wastewater with an extractive membrane reactor using silicone rubber. Desalination. 2006;195:281–293. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2005.12.006
93. Directive 2006/11/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council. Official Journal of the European Union L 64, 52–59, 4 March 2006. Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:064:0052:0059:EN:PDF [revised Oct 2013]
94. Bubnov AG, Grinevich VI, Kuvykin NA. Phenol degradation features in aqueous solutions upon dielectric-barrier discharge treatment. High Energy Chem. 2004;38:338–343. doi: 10.1023/B:HIEC.0000041346.16990.38
95. Cheng H-H, Chen S-S, Yoshizuka K, Chen Y-C. Degradation of phenolic compounds in water by non-thermal plasma treatment. J Water Chem Technol. 2012;34:179–189. doi: 10.3103/S1063455X12040030
96. Marotta E, Ceriani E, Schiorlin M, Ceretta C, Paradisi C. Comparison of the rates of phenol advanced oxidation in deionized and tap water within a dielectric barrier discharge reactor. Water Res. 2012;46:6239–6246. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.08.022
97. Bubnov AG, Burova EY, Grinevich VI, Rybkin VV, Kim J-K, Choi H-S. Plasma-catalytic decomposition of phenols in atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge. Plasma Chem Plasma Process. 2006;26:19–30. doi: 10.1007/s11090-005-8722-7
98. 2 catalysts on the destruction of phenol and its derivatives in a dielectric barrier discharge. Plasma Chem Plasma Process. 2007;27:177–187. doi: 10.1007/s11090-007-9052-8
99. Marotta E, Schiorlin M, Ren X, Rea M, Paradisi C. Advanced oxidation process for degradation of aqueous phenol in a dielectric barrier discharge reactor. Plasma Process Polym. 2011;8:867–875. doi: 10.1002/ppap.201100036
100. Li X, Chen J, Gao L. Enhanced degradation of phenol by carbonate ions with dielectric barrier discharge. IEEE Trans Plasma Sci. 2012;40:112–117. doi: 10.1109/TPS.2011.2173356
101. Lukes P, Locke, BR. Degradation of substituted phenols in a hybrid gas–liquid electrical discharge reactor. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2005;44:2921–2930. doi: 10.1021/ie0491342
102. Tezuka M, Iwasaki M. Plasma induced degradation of chlorophenols in an aqueous solution. Thin Solid Films. 1998;316:123–127. doi: 10.1016/S0040-6090(98)00401-5
103. Yee DC, Chauhan S, Yankelevich E, Bystritskii V, Wood TK. Degradation of perchloroethylene and dichlorophenol by pulsed-electric discharge and bioremediation. Biotechnol Bioeng. 1998;59:438–444. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19980820)59:4<438::AID-BIT6>3.0.CO;2-H
104. Dojčinović BP, Manojlović D, Roglić GM, Obradović BM, Kuraica MM, Purić, J. Degradation of aqueous phenol solutions by coaxial DBD reactor. Publ Astron Obs Belgrade. 2008;84:391–395
105. Dojčinović BP, Manojlović D, Roglić GM, Obradović BM, Kuraica MM, Purić J. Plasma assisted degradation of phenol solutions. Vacuum. 2009;83:234–237. doi: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2008.04.003
106. Wang TC, Lu N, An JT, Zhao Y, Li J, Wu Y. Multi-tube parallel surface discharge plasma reactor for wastewater treatment. Sep Purif Technol. 2012;100:9–14. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2012.08.014
107. Hao XL, Zhou MH, Lei LC. Non-thermal plasma-induced photocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol in water. J Hazard Mater. 2007;141:475–482. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.07.012
108. 4) non-thermal plasma process. Plasma Process Polym. 2007;4:455–462. doi: 10.1002/ppap.200600209
109. Zhang J, Zheng Z, Zhang Y, Feng J, Li J. Low-temperature plasma-induced degradation of aqueous 2,4-dinitrophenol. J Hazard Mater. 2008;154:506–512. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.10.053
110. Kolpin DW, Furlong ET, Meyer MT, Thurman EM, Zaugg SD, Barber LB, Buxton HT. Pharmaceuticals, hormones and other organic wastewater contaminants in US streams, 1999–2000: a national reconnaissance. Environ Sci Technol. 2002;36:1202–1211. doi: 10.1021/es011055j
111. Richardson SD. Water analysis: emerging contaminants and current issues. Anal Chem. 2007;79:4295–4324. doi: 10.1021/ac070719q
112. Calderón-Preciado D, Jiménez-Cartagena C, Matamoros V, Bayona, JM. Screening of 47 organic microcontaminants in agricultural irrigation waters and their soil loading. Water Res. 2011;45:221–231. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.07.050
113. Joss A, Zabczynski S, Göbel A, Hoffmann B, Löffler, D, McArdell CS, Ternes TA, Thomsen A, Siegrist H. Biological degradation of pharmaceuticals in municipal wastewater treatment: proposing a classification scheme. Water Res. 2006;40:1686–1696. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2006.02.014
114. Brain RA, Johnson DJ, Richards SM, Hanson ML, Sanderson H, Lam MW, Young C, Mabury SA, Sibley PK, Solomon KR. Microcosm evaluation of the effects of an eight pharmaceutical mixture to the aquatic macrophytes Lemna gibba and Myriophyllum sibiricum. Aquat Toxicol. 2004;70:23–40. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.06.011
115. Gagné F, Blaise C, André C. Occurrence of pharmaceutical products in a municipal effluent and toxicity to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes. Ecotox Environ Safety. 2006;64:329–336. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.04.004
116. Directive 2013/39/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 August 2013 amending Directives 2000/60/EC and 2008/105/EC as regards priority substances in the field of water policy. Official Journal of the European Union L 226/1–17, 24 August 2013. Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:226:0001:0017:EN:PDF [revised Jan 2014]
117. Krause H, Schweiger B, Schuhmacher J, Scholl S, Steinfeld U. Degradation of the endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) carbamazepine, clofibric acid, and iopromide by corona discharge over water. Chemosphere. 2009;75:163–168. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.12.020
118. Magureanu M, Piroi D, Mandache NB, David V, Medvedovici A, Parvulescu, VI. Degradation of pharmaceutical compound pentoxifylline in water by non-thermal plasma treatment. Water Res. 2010;44:3445–3453. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.03.020
119. Gerrity D, Stanford BD, Trenholm RA, Snyder SA. An evaluation of a pilot-scale nonthermal plasma advanced oxidation process for trace organic compound degradation. Water Res. 2010;44:493–504. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.09.029
120. Liu Y, Mei S, Iya-Sou D, Cavadias S, Ognier S. Carbamazepine removal from water by dielectric barrier discharge: comparison of ex situ and in situ discharge on water. Chem Eng Process. 2012;56:10–18. doi: 10.1016/j.cep.2012.03.003
121. Parkansky N, Alterkop BA, Boxman RL, Mamane H, Avisar D. Submerged arc breakdown of sulfadimethoxine (SDM) in aqueous solutions. Plasma Chem Plasma Process. 2008;28:583–592. doi: 10.1007/s11090-008-9145-z
122. Moussa D, Brisset J-L. Disposal of spent tributylphosphate by gliding arc plasma. J Hazard Mater B. 2003;102:189–200. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3894(03)00069-4
123. Kravchenko AV, Rudnitskii AG, Nesterenko AF, Kublanovskii VS. Purification of wastewater containing color developers and silver ions under conditions of low-temperature plasma electrolysis. Russ J Appl Chem. 2002;75:1265–1268. doi: 10.1023/A:1020952725724
124. Karpel Vel Leitner N, Syoen G, Romat H, Urashima K, Chang J-S. Generation of active entities by the pulsed arc electrohydraulic discharge system and application to removal of atrazine. Water Res. 2005;39:4705–4714. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2005.09.010
125. Li S, Hu S, Feng Q. Removal of cyanides in wastewater by pulsed high voltage discharge. Proceedings of the International Conference on E-Product E-Service and E-Entertainment (ICEEE), art. no. 5660367, Henan, China, 2010 (doi: 10.1109/ICEEE.2010.5660367)
126. Horikoshi S, Sato S, Abe M, Serpone N. A novel liquid plasma AOP device integrating microwaves and ultrasounds and its evaluation in defluorinating perfluorooctanoic acid in aqueous media. Ultrason Sonochem. 2011;18:938–942. doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.01.003
127. Zhang H, Huang Q, Ke Z, Yang L, Wang X, Yu Z. Degradation of microcystin-LR in water by glow discharge plasma oxidation at the gas-solution interface and its safety evaluation. Water Res. 2012;46:6554–6562. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.09.041
128. Tsagou-Sobze EB, Moussa D, Doubla A, Hnatiuc E, Brisset J-L. Gliding discharge-induced oxidation of a toxic alkaloid. J Hazard Mater. 2008;152:446–449. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.12.066
129. 2 catalyst. J Hazard Mater. 2009;164:1266–1274. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.09.060
130. Benstaali B, Haji S, Al-Bastaki N, Brisset J-L, Addou A. Atmospheric plasma-catalytic treatment of methyl orange. 19th International Symposium on Plasma Chemistry, Bochum, Germany, 2009. Available from: http://www.ispc-conference.org/index.php?option=com_chronoconnectivity&connectionname=ProceedingsListPapers, http://www.ispc-conference.org/ispcproc/papers/274.pdf [revised Oct 2011]
131. Zhang Y, Xiong X, Han Y, Yuan H, Deng S, Xiao H, Shen F, Wu X. Application of titanium dioxide-loaded activated carbon fiber in a pulsed discharge reactor for degradation of methyl orange. Chem Eng J. 2010;162:1045–1049. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2010.07.017
132. Grinevich VI, Kvitkova EY, Plastinina NA, Rybkin VV. Application of dielectric barrier discharge for waste water purification. Plasma Chem Plasma Process. 2011;31:573–583. doi: 10.1007/s11090-010-9256-1
133. 2-assisted degradation of a perfluorinated surfactant in aqueous solutions treated by gliding arc discharge. Chemosphere. 2008;70:1995–2001. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.09.030
134. Bobkova ES, Grinevich VI, Ivantsova NA, Rybkin VV. A study of sulfonol decomposition in water solutions under the action of dielectric barrier discharge in the presence of different heterogeneous catalysts. Plasma Chem Plasma Process. 2012;32:97–107. doi: 10.1007/s11090-011-9326-z
135. Zhu L, Wang Y, Zhao J. Removal of nitrobenzene in water by high voltage pulsed discharge. Third International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation, p. 1011–1014, Shangshai, China, 2011 (doi: 10.1109/ICMTMA.2011.534)
136. Chen M-G, Zhang F, Cui C, Liao X, Chen J, Rong J-F, Yu D-X. Treatment of wastewater from paracetamol factory by using non-thermal plasma and active carbon. Proceedings of the International Conference on Materials for Renewable Energy and Environment (ICMREE), Volume 2, art. no. 5930619, p. 1506–1510, Shanghai, China, 2011
137. Grymonpré DR, Finney WC, Locke BR. Aqueous-phase pulsed streamer corona reactor using suspended activated carbon particles for phenol oxidation: model-data comparison. Chem Eng Sci. 1999;54:3095–3105. doi: 10.1016/S0009-2509(98)00428-X
138. Chong MN, Jin B, Chow CWK, Saint C. Recent developments in photocatalytic water treatment technology: a review. Water Res. 2010;44:2997–3027. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.02.039
139. Gao J, Yu J, Lu Q, He X, Yang W, Li Y, Pu L, Yang Z. Decoloration of alizarin red S in aqueous solution by glow discharge electrolysis. Dyes Pigments. 2008;76:47–52. doi: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2006.08.033
140. Dojčinović B, Roglić G, Obradović BM, Kuraica MM, Purić J, Natić M, Tosti T, Manojlović D. Degradation of 4-chlorophenol using water falling film DBD reactor. Publ Astron Obs Belgrade. 2010;89:285–288
141. Njoyim-Tamungang E, Laminsi S, Ghogomu P, Njopwouo D, Brisset J-L. Pollution control of surface waters by coupling gliding discharge treatment with incorporated oyster shell powder. Chem Eng J. 2011;173:303–308. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2011.07.021
142. Magureanu M, Bradu C, Piroi D, Mandache NB, Parvulescu V. Pulsed corona discharge for degradation of methylene blue in water. Plasma Chem Plasma Process. 2013;33:51–64. doi: 10.1007/s11090-012-9422-8
143. Trifi B, Cavadias S, Bellakhal N. Decoloration of Methyl Red by gliding arc discharge. Desalin Water Treat. 2011;25:65–70. doi: 10.5004/dwt.2011.1442
144. Zhang Y-Z, Xiong X-Y, Han Y, Zhou W. Comparison of catalysis of different activated carbon in pulsed discharge reactor. Procedia Environ Sci. 2011;11:668–673. doi: 10.1016/j.proenv.2011.12.104
145. 2 catalysis. J Phys Conf Ser. 2013;418:012125 (doi:10.1088/1742-6596/418/1/012125). doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/418/1/012125
146. Miyahara T, Ochiai S, Sato T. Interaction mechanism between a post-discharge flow and water surface. Eur Phys Lett. 2009;86:45001 (doi: 10.1209/0295-5075/86/45001). doi: 10.1209/0295-5075/86/45001
147. Merouani DR, Abdelmalek F, Ghezzar MR, Semmoud A, Addou A, Brisset J-L. Influence of peroxynitrite in gliding arc discharge treatment of Alizarin Red S and postdischarge effects. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2013;52:1471–1480. doi: 10.1021/ie302964a
148. Maehara T, Miyamoto I, Kurokawa K, Hashimoto Y, Iwamae A, Kuramoto M, Yamashita H, Mukasa S, Toyota H, Nomura S, Kawashima A. Degradation of methylene blue by RF plasma in water. Plasma Chem Plasma Process. 2008;28:467–482. doi: 10.1007/s11090-008-9142-2
149. Maehara T, Nishiyama K, Onishi S, Mukasa S, Toyota H, Kuramoto M, Nomura S, Kawashima A. Degradation of methylene blue by radio frequency plasmas in water under ultraviolet irradiation. J Hazard Mater. 2010;174:473–476. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.076
150. Grymonpré DR, Sharma AK, Finney WC, Locke BR. The role of Fenton's reaction in aqueous phase pulsed streamer corona reactors. Chem Eng J. 2001;82:189–207. doi: 10.1016/S1385-8947(00)00345-4
151. Naïtali M, Kamgang-Youbi G, Herry J-M, Bellon-Fontaine M-N, Brisset J-L. Combined effects of long-living chemical species during microbial inactivation using atmospheric plasma-treated water. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010;76:7662–7664. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01615-10
152. Dojčinović BP, Roglić GM, Obradović BM, Kuraica MM, Tosti TB, Marković MD, Manojlović DD. Decolorization of reactive black 5 using a dielectric barrier discharge in the presence of inorganic salts. J Serb Chem Soc. 2012;77:535–548. doi: 10.2298/JSC110629179D
153. Iya-Sou D, Laminsi S, Cavadias S, Ognier S. Removal of model pollutants in aqueous solution by gliding arc discharge: determination of removal mechanisms. Part I: experimental study. Plasma Chem Plasma Process. 2013;33:97–113. doi: 10.1007/s11090-012-9423-7
154. Sengupta SK, Sfivastava AK, Singh R. Contact glow discharge electrolysis: a study on its origin in the fight of the theory of hydrodynamic instabilities in local solvent vaporisation by Joule heating during electrolysis. J Electroanal Chem. 1997;427:23–27. doi: 10.1016/S0022-0728(96)05044-9
155. Wang L. 4-Chlorophenol degradation and hydrogen peroxide formation induced by DC diaphragm glow discharge in an aqueous solution. Plasma Chem Plasma Process. 2009;29:241–250. doi: 10.1007/s11090-009-9172-4
156. Ishijima T, Sugiura H, Saito R, Toyoda H, Sugai H. Efficient production of microwave bubble plasma in water for plasma processing in liquid. Plasma Sources Sci Technol. 2010;19:015010. doi:10.1088/0963-0252/19/1/015010
157. 6. Plasma Process Polym. 2011;8:557–567. doi: 10.1002/ppap.201000179
158. Gao J. A novel technique for wastewater treatment by contact glow-discharge electrolysis. Pak J Biol Sci. 2006;9:323–329. doi: 10.3923/pjbs.2006.323.329
159. Laroussi M. Nonthermal decontamination of biological media by atmospheric-pressure plasmas: review, analysis, and prospects. IEEE Trans Plasma Sci. 2002;30:1409–1415. doi: 10.1109/TPS.2002.804220
160. Elsawah M, Ghafar HHA, Morgan NN, Hassaballa S, Samir A, Elakshar FF, Garamoon AA. Corona discharge with electrospraying system for phenol removal from water. IEEE Trans Plasma Sci. 2012;40:29–34. doi: 10.1109/TPS.2011.2171373
161. Baroch P, Saito N, Takai O. Special type of plasma dielectric barrier discharge reactor for direct ozonization of water and degradation of organic pollution. J Phys D: Appl Phys. 2008;41:085207. doi:10.1088/0022-3727/41/8/085207
162. Dojčinović BP, Roglić GM, Obradović BM, Kuraica MM, Kostić MM, Nešić J, Manojlović DD. Decolorization of reactive textile dyes using water falling film dielectric barrier discharge. J Hazard Mater. 2011;192:763–771. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.05.086
163. Liu YJ, Jiang XZ. Phenol degradation by a nonpulsed diaphragm glow discharge in an aqueous solution. Environ Sci Technol. 2005;39:8512–8517. doi: 10.1021/es050875j
164. Seguin D, Brisset J-L, Estel L. Non thermal plasma treatment for oxidation of halogenated organic molecules. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1999;891:199–206. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08766.x
165. Zhao J, Chen J-R, Gao J, Yuan W-J. Application of dielectric barrier discharge reactor to the decolorization of azo dye acid light yellow 2G in water. 19th International Symposium on Plasma Chemistry, Bochum, Germany, 2009. Available from: http://www.ispc-conference.org/ispcproc/papers/13.pdfhttp://www.ispc-conference.org/ispcproc/papers/13.pdf [revised Oct 2011]