Heritability and molecular-genetic basis of the P3 event-related brain potential: A genome-wide association study

Psychophysiology

Volumn 51, Issue 12, 2014, Pages 1246-1258

  Malone, Stephen M ^a   Vaidyanathan, Uma ^a   Basu, Saonli ^a   Miller, Michael B ^a   Mcgue, Matt ^a   Iacono, William G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

Endophenotype; GCTA; Gene based tests; Genome wide association study; Heritability; Molecular genetics; P300

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; BRAIN; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; ENDOPHENOTYPE; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL; FEMALE; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETICS; GENOTYPE; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PHYSIOLOGY; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; THEORETICAL MODEL; TWINS; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; BRAIN; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; ENDOPHENOTYPES; EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS, P300; FEMALE; GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY; GENOTYPE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MODELS, THEORETICAL; POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE; TWINS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84930328671     PISSN: 00485772     EISSN: 14698986     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12345     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. Anokhin, A. P., Vedeniapin, A. B., Sirevaag, E. J., Bauer, L. O., O'Connor, S. J., Kuperman, S., ... Rohrbaugh, J. W. (2000). The P300 brain potential is reduced in smokers. Psychopharmacology, 149, 409-413.
2. Attou, A., Figiel, C., & Timsit-Berthier, M. (2001). Opioid addiction: P300 assessment in treatment by methadone substitution. Neurophysiologie Clinique, 31, 171-180.
3. Baguley, I. J., Felmingham, K. L., Lahz, S., Gordan, E., Lazzaro, I., & Schotte, D. E. (1997). Alcohol abuse and traumatic brain injury: Effect on event-related potentials. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 78, 1248-1253.
4. Banaschewski, T., Brandeis, D., Heinrich, H., Albrecht, B., Brunner, E., & Rothenberger, A. (2003). Association of ADHD and conduct disorder-Brain electrical evidence for the existence of a distinct subtype. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 44, 356-376.
5. Barratt, E. S., Stanford, M. S., Kent, T. A., & Felthous, A. (1997). Neuropsychological and cognitive psychophysiological substrates of impulsive aggression. Biological Psychiatry, 41, 1045-1061.
6. Başar, E., Başar-Eroğlu, C., Karakaş, S., & Schürmann, M. (1999). Are cognitive processes manifested in event-related gamma, alpha, theta and delta oscillations in the EEG? Neuroscience Letters, 259, 165-168.
7. Bauer, D. J., & Hussong, A. M. (2009). Psychometric approaches for developing commensurate measures across independent studies: Traditional and new models. Psychological Methods, 14, 101-125. doi: 10.1037/a0015583
8. Bauer, L. O. (2001a). CNS recovery from cocaine, cocaine and alcohol, or opioid dependence: A P300 study. Clinical Neurophysiology, 112, 1508-1515.
9. Bauer, L. O. (2001b). Predicting relapse to alcohol and drug abuse via quantitative electroencephalography. Neuropsychopharmacology, 25, 332-340. doi: 10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00236-6
10. Bauer, L. O., & Hesselbrock, V. M. (1999). P300 decrements in teenagers with conduct problems: Implications for substance abuse risk and brain development. Biological Psychiatry, 46, 263-272.
11. Bauer, L. O., & Hesselbrock, V. M. (2001). CSD/BEM localization of P300 sources in adolescents "at-risk": Evidence of frontal cortex dysfunction in conduct disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 50, 600-608.
12. Bauer, L. O., O'Connor, S., & Hesselbrock, V. M. (1994). Frontal P300 decrements in antisocial personality disorder. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 18, 1300-1305.
13. Begleiter, H., Porjesz, B., Bihari, B., & Kissin, B. (1984). Event-related brain potentials in boys at risk for alcoholism. Science, 225, 1493-1496.
14. Begleiter, H., Porjesz, B., Reich, T., Edenberg, H. J., Goate, A., Blangero, J., ... Polich, J. (1998). Quantitative trait loci analysis of human event-related brain potentials: P3 voltage. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section, 108, 244-250.
15. Berman, S. M., Noble, E. P., Antolin, T., Sheen, C., Conner, B. T., & Ritchie, T. (2006). P300 development during adolescence: Effects of DRD2 genotype. Clinical Neurophysiology, 117, 649-659. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2005.11.012
16. Berman, S. M., Ozkaragoz, T., Noble, E. P., Antolin, T., Sheen, C., Siddarth, P., ... Ritchie, T. (2003). Differential associations of sex and D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) genotype with negative affect and other substance abuse risk markers in children of alcoholics. Alcohol, 30, 201-210. doi: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2003.06.002
17. Berman, S. M., Whipple, S. C., Fitch, R. J., & Noble, E. P. (1993). P3 in young boys as a predictor of adolescent substance use. Alcohol, 10, 69-76.
18. Biggins, C. A., MacKay, S., Clark, W., & Fein, G. (1997). Event-related potential evidence for frontal cortex effects of chronic cocaine dependence. Biological Psychiatry, 42, 472-485.
19. Blackwood, D. H., & Muir, W. J. (2004). Clinical phenotypes associated with DISC1, a candidate gene for schizophrenia. Neurotoxicity Research, 6, 35-41.
20. Boker, S., Neale, M., Maes, H., Wilde, M., Spiegel, M., Brick, T., ... Fox, J. (2011). OpenMx: An open source extended structural equation modeling framework. Psychometrika, 76, 306-317. doi: 10.1007/s11336-010-9200-6
21. Boomsma, D., Molenaar, P. C. M., Orlebeke, J. F., Rao, D. C., & Vogler, G. P. (1990). Estimation of individual genetic and environmental factor scores. Genetic Epidemiology, 7, 83-91.
22. Bramon, E., Dempster, E., Frangou, S., Shaikh, M., Walshe, M., Filbey, F. M., ... Murray, R. (2008). Neuregulin-1 and the P300 waveform-A preliminary association study using a psychosis endophenotype. Schizophrenia Research, 103, 178-185.
23. Branchey, M. H., Buydens-Branchey, L., & Horvath, T. B. (1993). Event-related potentials in substance-abusing individuals after long-term abstinence. American Journal of Addictions, 2, 141-148.
24. Carlson, S. R., & Iacono, W. G. (2006). Heritability of P300 amplitude development from adolescence to adulthood. Psychophysiology, 43, 470-480.
25. Carlson, S. R., & Iacono, W. G. (2008). Deviant P300 amplitude development in males is associated with paternal externalizing psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 910-923. doi: 10.1037/a0013443
26. Carlson, S. R., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2002). P300 amplitude in adolescent twins discordant and concordant for alcohol use disorders. Biological Psychology, 61, 203-227.
27. Carlson, S. R., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2004). P300 amplitude in non-alcoholic adolescent twin pairs who become discordant for alcoholism as adults. Psychophysiology, 41, 841-844.
28. Carlson, S. R., Katsanis, J., Iacono, W. G., & Mertz, A. K. (1999). Substance dependence and externalizing psychopathology in adolescent boys with small, average, or large P300 event-related potential amplitude. Psychophysiology, 36, 583-590.
29. Chen, A. C., Manz, N., Tang, Y., Rangaswamy, M., Almasy, L., Kuperman, S., ... Schuckit, M. A. (2010). Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 gene (CRHR1) are associated with quantitative trait of event-related potential and alcohol cependence. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 34, 988-996.
30. Chen, A. C., Porjesz, B., Rangaswamy, M., Kamarajan, C., Tang, Y., Jones, K. A., ... Begleiter, H. (2007). Reduced frontal lobe activity in subjects with high impulsivity and alcoholism. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 31, 156-165. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00277.x
31. Chen, A. C., Tang, Y., Rangaswamy, M., Wang, J. C., Almasy, L., Foroud, T., ... Porjesz, B. (2009). Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in a glutamate receptor gene (GRM8) with theta power of event-related oscillations and alcohol dependence. American Journal of Medical Genetics B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 150B, 359-368. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30818
32. Cohen, H. L., Wang, W., Porjesz, B., & Begleiter, H. (1995). Auditory P300 in young alcoholics: Regional response characteristics. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 19, 469-475.
33. Costa, L., Bauer, L., Kuperman, S., Porjesz, B., O'Connor, S., Hesselbrock, V., ... Begleiter, H. (2000). Frontal P300 decrements, alcohol dependence, and antisocial personality disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 47, 1064-1071.
34. de Geus, E. J. (2010). From genotype to EEG endophenotype: a route for post-genomic understanding of complex psychiatric disease? Genome Medicine, 2, 1-4.
35. Decoster, J., De Hert, M., Viechtbauer, W., Nagels, G., Myin-Germeys, I., Peuskens, J., ... van Winkel, R. (2012). Genetic association study of the P300 endophenotype in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 141, 54-59. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.07.018
36. Donchin, E. (1981). Presidential address, 1980. Surprise! ... Surprise? Psychophysiology, 18, 493-513.
37. Ehlers, C. L., & Somes, C. (2002). Long latency event-related potentials in mice: Effects of stimulus characteristics and strain. Brain Research, 957, 117-128.
38. Fabiani, M., Karis, D., & Donchin, E. (1986). P300 and recall in an incidental memory paradigm. Psychophysiology, 23, 298-308.
39. Fein, G., & Chang, M. (2006). Visual P300s in long-term abstinent chronic alcoholics. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 30, 2000-2007.
40. Ford, J. M. (1999). Schizophrenia: The broken P300 and beyond. Psychophysiology, 36, 667-682.
41. Frodl-Bauch, T., Bottlender, R., & Hegerl, U. (1999). Neurochemical substrates and neuroanatomical generators of the event-related P300. Neuropsychobiology, 40, 86-94. doi: 10.1159/000026603
42. Gabrielli, W. F., Jr., Mednick, S. A., Volavka, J., Pollock, V. E., Schulsinger, F., & Itil, T. M. (1982). Electroencephalograms in children of alcoholic fathers. Psychophysiology, 19, 404-407.
43. Gallinat, J., Bajbouj, M., Sander, T., Schlattmann, P., Xu, K., Ferro, E. F., ... Winterer, G. (2003). Association of the G1947A COMT (Val(108/158)Met) gene polymorphism with prefrontal P300 during information processing. Biological Psychiatry, 54, 40-48. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01973-X
44. Gallinat, J., Gotz, T., Kalus, P., Bajbouj, M., Sander, T., & Winterer, G. (2007). Genetic variations of the NR3A subunit of the NMDA receptor modulate prefrontal cerebral activity in humans. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19, 59-68. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2007.19.1.59
45. Gamma, A., Brandeis, D., Brandeis, R., & Vollenweider, F. X. (2005). The P3 in "ecstasy" polydrug users during response inhibition and execution. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 19, 504-512.
46. Gao, Y., Raine, A., Venables, P. H., & Mednick, S. A. (2013). The association between P3 amplitude at age 11 and criminal offending at age 23. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42, 120-130.
47. Garcia-Garcia, M., Barceló, F., Clemente, I. C., & Escera, C. (2011). COMT and ANKK1 gene-gene interaction modulates contextual updating of mental representations. NeuroImage, 56, 1641-1647.
48. Gauderman, W. J., & Morrison, J. M. (2006). QUANTO 1.1: A computer program for power and sample size calculations for genetic-epidemiology studies. Retrieved from http://hydra.usc.edu/gxe
49. George, M. R., Potts, G., Kothman, D., Martin, L., & Mukundan, C. R. (2004). Frontal deficits in alcoholism: An ERP study. Brain and Cognition, 54, 245-247.
50. Glenn, S. W., Parsons, O. A., & Smith, L. T. (1996). ERP responses to target and nontarget visual stimuli in alcoholics from VA and community treatment programs. Alcohol, 13, 85-92.
51. Gooding, D. S., & Aminoff, M. J. (1992). Evaluation of dementia by event-related potentials. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 9, 521-525.
52. Gottesman, I. I., & Gould, T. D. (2003). The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: Etymology and strategic intentions. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 636-645.
53. Habeych, M. E., Charles, P. J., Sclabassi, R. J., Kirisci, L., & Tarter, R. E. (2005). Direct and mediated associations between P300 amplitude in childhood and substance use disorders outcome in young adulthood. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 76-82.
54. Hall, M. H., Schulze, K., Rijsdijk, F., Kalidindi, S., McDonald, C., Bramon, E., ... Sham, P. (2009). Are auditory P300 and duration MMN heritable and putative endophenotypes of psychotic bipolar disorder? A Maudsley Bipolar Twin and Family Study. Psychological Medicine, 39, 1277-1287. doi: 10.1017/S0033291709005261
55. Hall, M. H., & Smoller, J. W. (2010). A new role for endophenotypes in the GWAS era: Functional characterization of risk variants. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 18, 67-74. doi: 10.3109/10673220903523532
56. Hamdi, N. R., & Iacono, W. G. (2014). Lifetime prevalence and co-morbidity of externalizing disorders and depression in prospective assessment. Psychological Medicine, 44, 315-324. doi: 10.1017/S0033291713000627
57. Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R., Friedman, J., Hastie, T., Friedman, J., & Tibshirani, R. (2009). The elements of statistical learning (Vol. 2). New York, NY: Springer.
58. Heitland, I., Kenemans, J. L., Oosting, R. S., Baas, J. M., & Bocker, K. B. (2013). Auditory event-related potentials (P3a, P3b) and genetic variants within the dopamine and serotonin system in healthy females. Behavioural Brain Research, 249, 55-64. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.04.013
59. Hesselbrock, V., Bauer, L., O'Connor, S., & Gillen, R. (1993). Reduced P300 amplitude in relation to family history of alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder among young men at risk for alcoholism. Alcohol and Alcoholism Supplement, 2, 95-100.
60. Hesselbrock, V., Begleiter, H., Porjesz, B., O'Connor, S., & Bauer, L. (2001). P300 event-related potential amplitude as an endophenotype of alcoholism-Evidence from the collaborative study on the genetics of alcoholism. Journal of Biomedical Science, 8, 77-82.
61. Hicks, B. M., Bernat, E., Malone, S. M., Iacono, W. G., Patrick, C. J., Krueger, R. F., & McGue, M. (2007). Genes mediate the association between P3 amplitude and externalizing disorders. Psychophysiology, 44, 98-105. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00471.x
62. Hicks, B. M., Schalet, B. D., Malone, S. M., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2011). Psychometric and genetic architecture of substance use disorder and behavioral disinhibition measures for gene association studies. Behavior Genetics, 41, 459-475. doi: 10.1007/s10519-010-9417-2
63. Hill, S. Y. (2000). Biological phenotypes associated with individuals at high risk for developing alcohol-related disorders: Part 1. Addiction Biology, 5, 5-22. doi: 10.1080/13556210071234
64. Hill, S. Y., Jones, B. L., Holmes, B., Steinhauer, S. R., Zezza, N., & Stiffler, S. (2013). Cholinergic receptor gene (CHRM2) variation and familial loading for alcohol dependence predict childhood developmental trajectories of P300. Psychiatry Research, 209, 504-511. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.04.027
65. Hill, S. Y., Locke, J., Zezza, N., Kaplan, B., Neiswanger, K., Steinhauer, S. R., ... Xu, J. (1998). Genetic association between reduced P300 amplitude and the DRD2 dopamine receptor A1 allele in children at high risk for alcoholism. Biological Psychiatry, 43, 40-41. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(97)00203-5
66. Hill, S. Y., Shen, S., Zezza, N., Hoffman, E. K., Perlin, M., & Allan, W. (2004). A genome wide search for alcoholism susceptibility genes. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 128, 102-113.
67. Hill, S. Y., Steinhauer, S., Lowers, L., & Locke, J. (1995). Eight-year longitudinal follow-up of P300 and clinical outcome in children from high-risk for alcoholism families. Biological Psychiatry, 37, 823-827.
68. Hill, S. Y., Steinhauer, S. R., Zubin, J., & Baughman, T. (1988). Event-related potentials as markers for alcoholism risk in high density families. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 12, 545-554.
69. Houston, R. J., Ceballos, N. A., Hesselbrock, V. M., & Bauer, L. O. (2005). Borderline personality disorder features in adolescent girls: P300 evidence of altered brain maturation. Clinical Neurophysiology, 116, 1424-1432. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2005.01.013
70. Iacono, W. G., Carlson, S. R., Malone, S. M., & McGue, M. (2002). P3 event-related potential amplitude and the risk for disinhibitory disorders in adolescent boys. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 750-757.
71. Iacono, W. G., Carlson, S. R., Taylor, J., Elkins, I. J., & McGue, M. (1999). Behavioral disinhibition and the development of substance use disorders: Findings from the Minnesota Twin Family Study. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 869-900.
72. Iacono, W. G., & Malone, S. M. (2011). Developmental endophenotypes: Indexing genetic risk for substance abuse with the P300 brain event-related potential. Child Development Perspectives, 5, 239-247. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00205.x
73. Iacono, W. G., Malone, S. M., & McGue, M. (2003). Substance use disorders, externalizing psychopathology, and P300 event-related potential amplitude. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 48, 147-178.
74. Iacono, W. G., Malone, S. M., Vaidyanathan, U., & Vrieze, S. I. (2014). Genome-wide scans of genetic variants for psychophysiological endophenotypes: A methodological overview. Psychophysiology, 51, 1207-1224.
75. Iacono, W. G., & Patrick, C. J. (2014). Employing polygraph assessment. In I. B. Weiner & R. K. Otto (Eds.), The handbook of forensic psychology (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
76. Jeon, Y.-W., & Polich, J. (2003). Meta-analysis of P300 and schizophrenia: Patients, paradigms, and practical implications. Psychophysiology, 40, 684-701.
77. Johnson, J. P., Muhleman, D., MacMurray, J., Gade, R., Verde, R., Ask, M., ... Comings, D. E. (1997). Association between the cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1) and the P300 event-related potential. Molecular Psychiatry, 2, 169-171.
78. Johnstone, S. J., & Barry, R. J. (1996). Auditory event-related potentials to a two-tone discrimination paradigm in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Research, 64, 179-192.
79. Jones, K. A., Porjesz, B., Almasy, L., Bierut, L., Dick, D., Goate, A., ... Begleiter, H. (2006). A cholinergic receptor gene (CHRM2) affects event-related oscillations. Behavior Genetics, 36, 627-639.
80. Justus, A. N., Finn, P. R., & Steinmetz, J. E. (2001). P300, disinhibited personality, and early-onset alcohol problems. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 25, 1457-1466.
81. Kang, S. J., Rangaswamy, M., Manz, N., Wang, J.-C., Wetherill, L., Hinrichs, T., ... Dick, D. (2012). Family-based genome-wide association study of frontal theta oscillations identifies potassium channel gene KCNJ6. Genes, Brain and Behavior, 11, 712-719.
82. Katsanis, J., Iacono, W. G., McGue, M. K., & Carlson, S. R. (1997). P300 event-related potential heritability in monozygotic and dizygotic twins [published erratum appears in Psychophysiology 1998 Jan;35(1):133]. Psychophysiology, 34, 47-58.
83. Kendler, K. S., Heath, A. C., Martin, N. G., & Eaves, L. J. (1987). Symptoms of anxiety and symptoms of depression: Same genes, different environments? Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 451-457.
84. Kenemans, J. L., & Kähkönen, S. (2010). How human electrophysiology informs psychopharmacology: From bottom-up driven processing to top-down control. Neuropsychopharmacology, 36, 26-51.
85. Keyes, M. A., Malone, S. M., Elkins, I. J., Legrand, L. N., McGue, M., & Iacono, W. G. (2009). The enrichment study of the Minnesota Twin Family Study: Increasing the yield of twin families at high risk for externalizing psychopathology. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 12, 489-501. doi: 10.1375/twin.12.5.489
86. Kim, M. S., Kim, J. J., & Kwon, J. S. (2001). Frontal P300 decrement and executive dysfunction in adolescents with conduct problems. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 32, 93-106.
87. Kolev, V., Demiralp, T., Yordanova, J., Ademoglu, A., & Isoglu -Alkaç, Ü. (1997). Time-frequency analysis reveals multiple functional components during oddball P300. NeuroReport, 8, 2061-2065.
88. Koskinen, S. M., Ahveninen, J., Kujala, T., Kaprio, J., O'Donnell, B. F., Osipova, D., ... Rose, R. J. (2011). A longitudinal twin study of effects of adolescent alcohol abuse on the neurophysiology of attention and orienting. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 35, 1339-1350.
89. Li, X., Basu, S., Miller, M. B., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2011). A rapid generalized least squares model for a genome-wide quantitative trait association analysis in families. Human Heredity, 71, 67-82. doi: 10.1159/000324839
90. Lin, C. H., Yu, Y. W., Chen, T. J., Tsa, S. J., & Hong, C. J. (2001). Association analysis for dopamine D2 receptor Taq1 polymorphism with P300 event-related potential for normal young females. Psychiatric Genetics, 11, 165-168.
91. Liu, J. Z., McRae, A. F., Nyholt, D. R., Medland, S. E., Wray, N. R., & Brown, K. M. (2010). A versatile gene-based test for genome-wide association studies. American Journal of Human Genetics, 87, 139-145.
92. Losada, R. A. (2004). Practical FIR filter design in MATLAB [White paper]. Retrieved from http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/19880-digital-filters-with-matlab
93. Malone, S. M., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2001). Event-related potentials and comorbidity in alcohol-dependent adult males. Psychophysiology, 38, 367-376.
94. Mathalon, D. H., Ford, J. M., & Pfefferbaum, A. (2000). Trait and state aspects of P300 amplitude reduction in schizophrenia: A retrospective longitudinal study. Biological Psychiatry, 47, 434-449.
95. McArdle, J. J., & Goldsmith, H. H. (1990). Alternative common factor models for multivariate biometric analyses. Behavior Genetics, 20, 569-608.
96. McGue, M., Zhang, Y., Miller, M. B., Basu, S., Vrieze, S., Hicks, B., ... Iacono, W. G. (2013). A genome-wide association study of behavioral disinhibition. Behavior Genetics, 43, 363-373.
97. Miller, G. A., & Rockstroh, B. (2013). Endophenotypes in psychopathology research: Where do we stand? Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 177-213. doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185540
98. Miller, M. B., Basu, S., Cunningham, J., Eskin, E., Malone, S. M., Oetting, W. S., ... McGue, M. (2012). The Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research genome-wide association study. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 15, 767-774.
99. Mulert, C., Juckel, G., Giegling, I., Pogarell, O., Leicht, G., Karch, S., ... Rujescu, D. (2006). A Ser9Gly polymorphism in the dopamine D3 receptor gene (DRD3) and event-related P300 potentials. Neuropsychopharmacology, 31, 1335-1344. doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300984
100. Mulert, C., Pogarell, O., Juckel, G., Rujescu, D., Giegling, I., Rupp, D., ... Möller, H. J. (2004). The neural basis of the P300 potential. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 254, 190-198.
101. Neale, M. C., Boker, S. M., Xie, G., & Maes, H. H. (2003). Mx: Statistical modeling (6th ed.). Richmond, VA: Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University.
102. Neuhaus, A. H., Goldberg, T. E., Hassoun, Y., Bates, J. A., Nassauer, K. W., Sevy, S., ... Malhotra, A. K. (2009). Acute dopamine depletion with branched chain amino acids decreases auditory top-down event-related potentials in healthy subjects. Schizophrenia Research, 111, 167-173. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.03.023
103. Nieuwenhuis, S., Aston-Jones, G., & Cohen, J. D. (2005). Decision making, the P3, and the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 510-532.
104. Patrick, C. J., Bernat, E. M., Malone, S. M., Iacono, W. G., Krueger, R. F., & McGue, M. (2006). P300 amplitude as an indicator of vulnerability to externalizing psychopathology in adolescent males. Psychophysiology, 43, 84-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00376.x
105. Perlman, G., Markin, A., & Iacono, W. G. (2013). P300 amplitude reduction is associated with early-onset and late-onset pathological substance use in a prospectively studied cohort of 14 year-old adolescents. Psychophysiology, 50, 974-982. doi: 10.1111/psyp.12081
106. Polich, J., & Corey-Bloom, J. (2005). Alzheimers disease and P300: Review and evaluation of task and modality. Current Alzheimer Research, 2, 515-525.
107. Polich, J., & Criado, J. R. (2006). Neuropsychology and neuropharmacology of P3a and P3b. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 60, 172-185.
108. Polich, J., Pollock, V. E., & Bloom, F. E. (1994). Meta-analysis of P300 amplitude from males at risk for alcoholism. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 55-73.
109. Porjesz, B., Rangaswamy, M., Kamarajan, C., Jones, K. A., Padmanabhapillai, A., & Begleiter, H. (2005). The utility of neurophysiological markers in the study of alcoholism. Clinical Neurophysiology, 116, 993-1018. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2004.12.016
110. Price, A. L., Patterson, N. J., Plenge, R. M., Weinblatt, M. E., Shadick, N. A., & Reich, D. (2006). Principal components analysis corrects for stratification in genome-wide association studies. Nature Genetics, 38, 904-909.
111. R Development Core Team. (2010). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R: Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Retrieved from http://www.R-project.org
112. Realmuto, G., Begleiter, H., Odencrantz, J., & Porjesz, B. (1993). Event-related potential evidence of dysfunction in automatic processing in abstinent alcoholics. Biological Psychiatry, 33, 594-601.
113. Rodriguez Holguin, S., Porjesz, B., Chorlian, D. B., Polich, J., & Begleiter, H. (1999). Visual P3a in male alcoholics and controls. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 23, 582-591.
114. Rousseeuw, P., Crous, C., Todorov, V., Ruckstuhl, A., Salibian-Barrera, M., Verbeke, T., ... Maechler, M. (2011). robustbase: Basic Robust Statistics (Version R package version 0.7-3). Retrieved from http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=robustbase
115. Shaikh, M., Hall, M. H., Schulze, K., Dutt, A., Li, K., Williams, I., ... Bramon, E. (2013). Effect of DISC1 on the P300 waveform in psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 39, 161-167. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbr101
116. Speed, D., Hemani, G., Johnson, M. R., & Balding, D. J. (2012). Improved heritability estimation from genome-wide SNPs. American Journal of Human Genetics, 91, 1011-1021. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.10.010
117. Steinhauer, S. R., Hill, S. Y., & Zubin, J. (1987). Event-related potentials in alcoholics and their first-degree relatives. Alcohol, 4, 307-314.
118. Strobel, A., Debener, S., Anacker, K., Muller, J., Lesch, K. P., & Brocke, B. (2004). Dopamine D4 receptor exon III genotype influence on the auditory evoked novelty P3. NeuroReport, 15, 2411-2415. doi: 10.1097/00001756-200410250-00022
119. Szuromi, B., Czobor, P., Komlosi, S., & Bitter, I. (2011). P300 deficits in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 41, 1529-1538. doi: 10.1017/S0033291710001996
120. Turetsky, B. I., Calkins, M. E., Light, G. A., Olincy, A., Radant, A. D., & Swerdlow, N. R. (2007). Neurophysiological endophenotypes of schizophrenia: The viability of selected candidate measures. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33, 69-94. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbl060
121. van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., & van Baal, G. C. M. (2002). Twin and family studies of the human electroencephalogram: A review and a meta-analysis. Biological Psychology, 61, 111-138.
122. van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., van Baal, G. C. M., Molenaar, P. C. M., Boomsma, D. I., & de Geus, E. J. C. (2001). Stability of genetic and environmental influences on P300 amplitude: A longitudinal study in adolescent twins. Behavior Genetics, 31, 533-543.
123. van der Stelt, O., Geesken, R., Gunning, W. B., Snel, J., & Kok, A. (1998). P3 scalp topography to target and novel visual stimuli in children of alcoholics. Alcohol, 15, 119-136.
124. Visscher, P. M., Brown, M. A., McCarthy, M. I., & Yang, J. (2012). Five years of GWAS discovery. American Journal of Human Genetics, 90, 7-24. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.029
125. Williams, J. T., Begleiter, H., Porjesz, B., Edenberg, H. J., Foroud, T., Reich, T., ... Blangero, J. (1999). Joint multipoint linkage analysis of multivariate qualitative and quantitative traits. II. Alcoholism and event-related potentials. American Journal of Human Genetics, 65, 1148-1160. doi: 10.1086/302571
126. Wright, M. J., Luciano, M., Hansell, N. K., Montgomery, G. W., Geffen, G. M., & Martin, N. G. (2008). QTLs identified for P3 amplitude in a non-clinical sample: Importance of neurodevelopmental and neurotransmitter genes. Biological Psychiatry, 63, 864-873. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.09.002
127. Yang, J., Lee, S. H., Goddard, M. E., & Visscher, P. M. (2011). GCTA: A tool for genome-wide complex trait analysis. American Journal of Human Genetics, 88, 76-82. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.11.011
128. Yang, J., Lee, S. H., Goddard, M. E., & Visscher, P. M. (2013). Genome-wide complex trait analysis (GCTA): Methods, data analyses, and interpretations. In C. Gondro, J. van der Werf, & B. Hayes (Eds.), Genome-wide association studies and genomic prediction, (2013/06/13 ed., Vol. 1019, pp. 215-236). New York, NY: Humana Press.
129. Yoon, H. H., Iacono, W. G., Malone, S. M., Bernat, E. M., & McGue, M. (2008). The effects of childhood disruptive disorder comorbidity on P3 event-related brain potentials in preadolescents with ADHD. Biological Psychology, 79, 329-336. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.08.001
130. Yoon, H. H., Iacono, W. G., Malone, S. M., & McGue, M. (2006). Using the brain P300 response to identify novel phenotypes reflecting genetic vulnerability for adolescent substance misuse. Addictive Behaviors, 31, 1067-1087. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.03.036
131. Zhang, H., Zhong, X., & Ye, Y. (2005). Multivariate linkage analysis using the electrophysiological phenotypes in the COGA alcoholism data [Supplement 1]. BMC Genetics, 6, S118. doi: 10.1186/1471-2156-6-S1-S118
132. Zhang, Y., Hauser, U., Conty, C., Emrich, H. M., & Dietrich, D. E. (2007). Familial risk for depression and P3b component as a possible neurocognitive vulnerability marker. Neuropsychobiology, 55, 14-20.
133. Zlojutro, M., Manz, N., Rangaswamy, M., Xuei, X., Flury-Wetherill, L., Koller, D., ... Kuperman, S. (2011). Genome-wide association study of theta band event-related oscillations identifies serotonin receptor gene HTR7 influencing risk of alcohol dependence. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 156, 44-58.