Emerging drugs for functional dyspepsia

Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 221-233

  Zala, Alkesh V ^a,b   Walker, Marjorie M ^b,c   Talley, Nicholas J ^a,b,c  

^a JOHN HUNTER HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Acotiamide; Functional dyspepsia; Prokinetic agent; Proton pump inhibitor

Indexed keywords

ACOTIAMIDE; ALEMCINAL; ANALGESIC AGENT; ANTACID AGENT; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; CAMICINAL; CINITAPRIDE; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; FEDOTOZINE; GASTROINTESTINAL AGENT; GHRELIN RECEPTOR AGONIST; HORMONE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; ITOPRIDE; KAPPA OPIATE RECEPTOR AGONIST; LEUKOTRIENE; MACROLIDE; MOTILIN RECEPTOR AGONIST; MUSCARINIC M1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; MUSCARINIC M2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; PROKINETIC AGENT; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; SEROTONIN 1A AGONIST; SEROTONIN 4 AGONIST; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; BENZAMIDE DERIVATIVE; THIAZOLE DERIVATIVE;

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; BACTERIAL CLEARANCE; DIET; DISEASE ERADICATION; DYSPEPSIA; EOSINOPHIL; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HUMAN; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; MAST CELL; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PSYCHOTHERAPY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REASSURANCE; REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (TOPIC); TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; DRUG DESIGN; HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MICROBIOLOGY; POSTPRANDIAL STATE;

BENZAMIDES; DRUG DESIGN; DYSPEPSIA; GASTROINTESTINAL AGENTS; HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HUMANS; POSTPRANDIAL PERIOD; PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS; THIAZOLES;

EID: 84930020779     PISSN: 14728214     EISSN: 17447623     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/14728214.2015.1009827     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Camilleri M, Dubois D, Coulie B, et al. Prevalence and socioeconomic impact of upper gastrointestinal disorDers in the United States: results of the US Upper Gastrointestinal Study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;3(6):543-52
2. Ford AC, Marwaha A, Sood R, et al. Global prevalence of, and risk factors for, uninvestigated dyspepsia: A meta-Analysis. Gut 2014; Epub ahead of print
3. Tack J, Talley NJ, Camilleri M, et al. Functional gastroduoDenal disorDers. Gastroenterology 2006;130(5):1466-79
4. Bytzer P, Talley NJ. Dyspepsia. Ann Intern Med 2001;134(9 Pt 2):815-22
5. Tack J, Talley NJ, Camilleri M, et al. Functional gastroduoDenal disorDers. Gastroenterology 2006;130(5):1466-79
6. Tack J, Masaoka T, Janssen P. Functional dyspepsia. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2011;27(6):549-76
7. Thumshirn M. Pathophysiology of functional dyspepsia. Gut 2002;51(Suppl 1):i63-6
8. El-Serag HB, Talley NJ. Health-related quality of life in functional dyspepsia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003;18(4):387-93
9. Moayyedi P, Mason J. Clinical and economic consequences of dyspepsia in the community. Gut 2002;50(Suppl IV):10-12
10. Haycox A, Einarson T, Eggleston A the health economic impact of upper gastrointestinal symptoms in the general population: results from the Domestic/International Gastroenterology Surveillance Study (DIGEST). Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1999;231:38-47
11. Lacy BE, Talley NJ, Locke GR, et al. Review article: current treatment options and management of functional dyspepsia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2012, 36, 1, 3-15
12. Tack J, Bisschops R, Sarnelli G. Pathophysiology and treatment of functional dyspepsia. Gastroenterology 2004;127(4):1239-55
13. Owens DM, Nelson DK, Talley NJ the irritable bowel syndrome: long-term prognosis and the physician-patient interaction. Ann Intern Med 1995;122(2):107-12
14. Quadri A, Vakil N. Health-related anxiety and the effect of open-Access endoscopy in US patients with dyspepsia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003;17(6):835-40
15. Van Kerkhoven LA, Van Rossum LG, Van Oijen MG, et al. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy does not reassure patients with functional dyspepsia. Endoscopy 2006;38(9):879-85
16. Carvalho RV, Lorena SL, Almeida JR, et al. Food intolerance, diet composition, and eating patterns in functional dyspepsia patients. Dig Dis Sci 2010;55(1):60-5
17. Filipovic BF, Randjelovic T, Kovacevic N, et al. Laboratory parameters and nutritional status in patients with functional dyspepsia. Eur J Intern Med 2011;22(3):300-4
18. Feinle-Bisset C, Azpiroz F. Dietary and lifestyle factors in functional dyspepsia. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;10(3):150-7
19. Chua AS, Bekkering M, Rovati LC, et al. Clinical efficacy and prokinetic effect of the CCK-A antagonist loxiglumiDe in nonulcer dyspepsia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994;713:451-3
20. Feinle C, RaDes T, Otto B, et al. Fat digestion modulates gastrointestinal sensations induced by gastric distention and duoDenal lipid in humans. Gastroenterology 2001;120(5):1100-7
21. Elta GH, Behler EM, Colturi TJ.comparison of coffee intake and coffeeinduced symptoms in patients with duoDenal ulcer, nonulcer dyspepsia and normal controls. Am J Gastroenterol 1990;85(10):1339-42
22. MahaDeva S, Yadav H, Rampal S, et al. Risk factors associated with dyspepsia in a rural Asian population and its impact on quality of life. Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105(4):904-12
23. Hu ML, Rayner CK, Wu KL, et al. Effect of ginger on gastric motility and symptoms of functional dyspepsia. World J Gastroenterol 2011;17(1):105-10
24. Talley NJ, Weaver AL, Zinsmeister AR. Smoking, alcohol, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in outpatients with functional dyspepsia and among dyspepsia subgroups. Am J Gastroenterol 1994;89(4):524-8
25. Aro P, Talley NJ, Ronkainen J, et al. Anxiety is associated with uninvestigated and functional dyspepsia (Rome criteria) in a Swedish population-based study. Gastroenterology 2009;137(1):94-100
26. Moayyedi P, Delaney BC, Vakil N, et al the efficacy of proton pump inhibitors in non-ulcer dyspepsia: A systematic review and economic analysis. Gastroenterology 2004;127(5):1329-37
27. Wang WH, Huang JQ, Zheng GF, et al. Effects of proton-pump inhibitors on functional dyspepsia: A meta-Analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;5(2):178-85
28. Moayyedi P, Soo S, Deeks J, et al. Pharmacological interventions for nonulcer dyspepsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006(4):CD001960
29. Moayyedi P, Soo S, Deeks J, et al. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori for non-ulcer dyspepsia. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev 2006(2):CD002096
30. Gwee KA, Teng L, Wong RK, et al the response of Asian patients with functional dyspepsia to eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;21(4):417-24
31. Jin X, Li YM. Systematic review and meta-Analysis from Chinese literature: the association between Helicobacter pylori eradication and improvement of functional dyspepsia. Helicobacter 2007;12(5):541-6
32. Zhao B, Zhao J, Cheng WF, et al. Efficacy of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy on functional dyspepsia: A meta-Analysis of randomized controlled studies with 12-month follow-up. J Clin Gastroenterol 2014;48(3):241-7
33. Lan L, Yu J, Chen YL, et al. Symptom-based tenDencies of Helicobacter pylori eradication in patients with functional dyspepsia. World J Gastroenterol 2011;17(27):3242-7
34. Suzuki H, Moayyedi P. Helicobacter pylori infection in functional dyspepsia. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;10(3):168-74
35. Tack J, Talley NJ. GastroduoDenal disorDers. Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105(4):757-63
36. Karamanolis G, Tack J. Promotility medications-now and in the future. Dig Dis 2006;24(3-4):297-307
37. Hiyama T, Yoshihara M, Matsuo K, et al. Meta-Analysis of the effects of prokinetic agents in patients with functional dyspepsia. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;22(3):304-10
38. Veldhuyzen Van Zanten SJ, Jones MJ, VerlinDen M, et al. Efficacy of cisapriDe and domperidone in functional (nonulcer) dyspepsia: A meta-Analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96(3):689-96
39. Avorn J, Gurwitz JH, Bohn RL, et al. Increased inciDence of levodopa therapy following metoclopramiDe use. JAMA 1995;274(22):1780-2
40. Soykan I, Sarosiek I, Shifflett J, et al. Effect of chronic oral domperidone therapy on gastrointestinal symptoms and gastric emptying in patients with Parkinsons disease. Mov Disord 1997;12(6):952-7
41. Moayyedi P, Shelly S, Deeks JJ, et al. Pharmacological interventions for nonulcer dyspepsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011(2):CD001960
42. Tack J, Piessevaux H, Coulie B, et al. Role of impaired gastric accommodation to a meal in functional dyspepsia. Gastroenterology 1998;115(6):1346-52
43. Mawe GM, Hoffman JM. Serotonin signalling in the gut-functions, dysfunctions and therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;10(8):473-86
44. Hoffman JM, Tyler K, MacEachern SJ, et al. Activation of colonic mucosal 5-HT(4) receptors accelerates propulsive motility and inhibits visceral hypersensitivity. Gastroenterology 2012;142(4):844-54
45. CorinalDesi R, Stanghellini V, Raiti C, et al. Effect of chronic administration of cisapriDe on gastric emptying of a solid meal and on dyspeptic symptoms in patients with idiopathic gastroparesis. Gut 1987;28(3):300-5
46. Vakil N, Laine L, Talley NJ, et al. Tegaserod treatment for dysmotility-like functional dyspepsia: results of two randomized, controlled trials. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103(8):1906-19
47. CisapriDe withdrawn because of cardiac siDe effects. Pharm J 2000;265:152. Available from: http://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/cisapriDewithdrawn-because-of-cardiac-siDe-effects/20002355.article
48. Pasricha PJ. Desperately seeking serotonin. A commentary on the withdrawal of tegaserod and the state of drug Development for functional and motility disorDers. Gastroenterology 2007;132(7):2287-90
49. Tack J, Camilleri M, Chang L, et al. Systematic review: cardiovascular safety profile of 5-HT4 agonists Developed for gastrointestinal disorDers. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012;35(7):745-67
50. Bang CS, Kim JH, Baik GH, et al. MosapriDe treatment for functional dyspepsia: A meta-Analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015;30(1):28-42
51. Briejer MR, Meulemans AL, Bosmans JP, et al. In vitro pharmacology of the novel enterokinetic R093877. Gastroenterology 1997;112(4):A705
52. Bouras EP, Camilleri M, Burton DD, et al. PrucalopriDe accelerates gastrointestinal and colonic transit in patients with constipation without a rectal evacuation disorDer. Gastroenterology 2001;120(2):354-60
53. Kessing BF, Smout AJ, Bennink RJ, et al. PrucalopriDe Decreases esophageal acid exposure and accelerates gastric emptying in healthy subjects. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014;26(8):1079-86
54. Shin A, Camilleri M, Kolar G, et al. Systematic review with meta-Analysis: highly selective 5-HT4 agonists (prucalopriDe, velusetrag or naronapriDe) in chronic constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014;39(3):239-53
55. Du Y, Su T, Song X, et al. Efficacy and safety of cinitapriDe in the treatment of mild to moDerate postprandial distress syndrome-predominant functional dyspepsia. J Clin Gastroenterol 2014;48(4):328-35
56. Talley NJ, Tack J, Ptak T, et al. ItopriDe in functional dyspepsia: results of two phase multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Gut 2008;57(6):740-6
57. Huang X, Lv B, Zhang S, et al. ItopriDe therapy for functional dyspepsia: A meta-Analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2012;18(48):7371-7
58. Feighnner SD, Tan CP, McKee KK, et al. Receptor for motilin iDentified in the human gastrointestinal system. Science 1999;284(5423):2184-8
59. Peeters TL. Erythromycin and other macroliDes as prokinetic agents. Gastroenterology 1993;105(6):1886-99
60. Moshiree B, McDonald R, Hou W, et al.comparison of the effect of azithromycin versus erythromycin on antroduoDenal pressure profiles of patients with chronic functional gastrointestinal pain and gastroparesis. Dig Dis Sci 2010;55(3):675-83
61. Arts J, Caenepeel P, Verbeke K, et al. Influence of erythromycin on gastric emptying and meal related symptoms in functional dyspepsia with Delayed gastric emptying. Gut 2005;54(4):455-60
62. Richards RD, Davenport K, McCallum RW the treatment of idiopathic and diabetic gastroparesis with acute intravenous and chronic oral erythromycin. Am J Gastroenterol 1993;88(2):203-7
63. Milberg P, Eckardt L, Bruns HJ, et al. Divergent proarrhythmic potential of macroliDe antibiotics Despite similar QT prolongation: fast phase 3 repolarization prevents early afterDepolarizations and torsaDe De pointes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002;303(1):218-25
64. Talley NJ, VerlinDen M, Snape W, et al. Failure of a motilin receptor agonist (ABT-229) to relieve the symptoms of functional dyspepsia in patients with and without Delayed gastric emptying: A randomized double-blind placebocontrolled trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000;14(12):1653-61
65. Dukes G, Barton M, Dewit O, et al. Pharmacokinetics, safety/tolerability, and effect on gastric emptying of the oral motilin receptor agonist, GSK962040, in healthy male and female volunteers. Neurogastroenterolol Motil 2009;21:84
66. Takahashi N, Koba N, Yamamoto T, et al. Characterisation of a novel, potent and selective small molecule motilin receptor agonist, RQ-00201894. Gastroenterology 2010;138(5):S-713
67. Gale JD, Colman PJ, Constantino K, et al. 235 PF-04548043, a novel motilin receptor agonist, increases gastric emptying in healthy volunteers and does not unDergo tachyphylaxis. Gastroenterology 2009;136(5):A45
68. Barshop K, Kuo B the investigational drug camicinal for the treatment of gastroparesis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014;1-8
69. Broad J, Goralczyk A, Mannur K, et al. Drugs acting at 5-HT4, D2, motilin, and ghrelin receptors differ markedly in how they affect neuromuscular functions in human isolated stomach. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014;26(6):851-61
70. Hellstrom PM, Tack JF, Stephens KE, et al. A double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled phase study of the pharmacokinetics of single doses of the motilin agonist GSK962040, in patients with type I diabetes mellitus (TIDM) and gastroparesis. Gastroenterology 2011;140(5):S-813
71. Barton ME, Otiker T, Johnson LV, et al. A Randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled Phase study (MOT114479) to evaluate the safety and efficacy and dose response of 28 days of orally administered camicinal, a motilin receptor agonist, in diabetics with gastroparesis. Gastroenterology 2014;146(5):S-20
72. Murray CD, Martin NM, Patterson M, et al. Ghrelin enhances gastric emptying in diabetic gastroparesis: A double blind, placebo controlled, crossover study. Gut 2005;54(12):1693-8
73. Shindo T, Futagami S, Hiratsuka T, et al.comparison of gastric emptying and plasma ghrelin levels in patients with functional dyspepsia and non-erosive reflux disease. Digestion 2009;79(2):65-72
74. Lee KJ, Cha DY, Cheon SJ, et al. Plasma ghrelin levels and their relationship with gastric emptying in patients with dysmotility-like functional dyspepsia. Digestion 2009;80(1):58-63
75. Shinomiya T, Fukunaga M, Akamizu T, et al. Plasma acylated ghrelin levels correlate with subjective symptoms of functional dyspepsia in female patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 2005;40:648-53
76. Wo JM, Ejskjaer N, Hellstrom PM, et al. Randomised clinical trial: ghrelin agonist TZP-101 relieves gastroparesis associated with severe nausea and vomiting-randomised clinical study subset data. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011;33(6):679-88
77. Ejskjaer N, Wo JM, Esfandyari T, et al. A phase 2a, randomized, double-blind 28-day study of TZP-102 a ghrelin receptor agonist for diabetic gastroparesis. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013;25(2):e140-50
78. Shin A, Camilleri M, Busciglio I, et al. Ghrelin agonist RM-131 accelerates gastric emptying of solids and reduces symptoms in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;11(11):1453-9
79. Lembo A, Camilleri M, McCallum R, et al. A phase 2, randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of RM-131 in patients with diabetic gastroparesis. Gastroenterology 2014;146(5):S158-9
80. Arai M, Matsumura T, Tsuchiya N, et al. Rikkunshito improves the symptoms in patients with functional dyspepsia, accompanied by an increase in the level of plasma ghrelin. Hepatogastroenterology 2012;59(113):62-6
81. Ogishima M, Kaibara M, Ueki S, et al. Z-338 facilitates acetylcholine release from enteric neurons due to blockaDe of muscarinic autoreceptors in guinea pig stomach. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000;294(1):33-7
82. Kusunoki H, Haruma K, Manabe N, et al therapeutic efficacy of acotiamiDe in patients with functional dyspepsia based on enhanced postprandial gastric accommodation and emptying: randomized controlled study evaluation by real-time ultrasonography. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012;24(6):540-5
83. Sun Y, Song G, McCallum RW. Evaluation of acotiamiDe for the treatment of functional dyspepsia. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014;10(8):1161-8
84. Matsueda K, Hongo M, Tack J, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of acotiamiDe for meal-related symptoms of functional dyspepsia. Gut 2012;61(6):821-8
85. Xiao G, Xie X, Fan J, et al. Efficacy and safety of acotiamiDe for the treatment of functional dyspepsia: systematic review and meta-Analysis. ScientificWorldJournal 2014;2014:541950
86. Nolan ML, Scott LJ. AcotiamiDe: first global approval. Drugs 2013;73(12):1377-83
87. Dinan TG, Mahmud N, Rathore O, et al. A double-blind placebocontrolled study of buspirone-stimulated prolactin release in non-ulcer dyspepsia-Are central serotoninergic responses enhanced?Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001;15(10):1613-18
88. Van OuDenhove L, Kindt S, Vos R, et al. Influence of buspirone on gastric sensorimotor function in man. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008;28(11-12):1326-33
89. Tack J, Janssen P, Masaoka T, et al. Efficacy of buspirone, a fundus-relaxing drug, in patients with functional dyspepsia. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;10(11):1239-45
90. Miwa H, Nagahara A, Tominaga K, et al. Efficacy of the 5-HT1A agonist tandospirone citrate in improving symptoms of patients with functional dyspepsia: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104(11):2779-87
91. Tack J, Van Den Elzen B, Tytgat G, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of the 5-HT agonist R-137696 on symptoms, visceral hypersensitivity and on impaired accommodation in functional dyspepsia. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2009;21(6):619-26
92. Jackson JL, OMalley PG, Tomkins G, et al. Treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorDers with antiDepressant medications: A meta-Analysis. Am J Med 2000;108(1):65-72
93. Hojo M, Miwa H, Yokoyama T, et al. Treatment of functional dyspepsia with antianxiety or antiDepressive agents: systematic review. J Gastroenterol 2005;40(11):1036-42
94. Locke GR, Bouras EP, HowDen CW, et al the functional dyspepsia treatment trial (FDTT) key results. Gastroenterology 2013;144(5):s-140
95. Braak B, Klooker TK, Wouters MM, et al. Randomised clinical trial: the effects of amitriptyline on drinking capacity and symptoms in patients with functional dyspepsia, a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011;34(6):638-48
96. Van Kerkhoven LA, Laheij RJ, Aparicio N, et al. Effect of the antiDepressant venlafaxine in functional dyspepsia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;6(7):746-52
97. Tan VP, Cheung TK, Wong WM, et al. Treatment of functional dyspepsia with sertraline: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled pilot study. World J Gastroenterol 2012;18(42):6127-33
98. Bennett EJ, Piesse C, Palmer K, et al. Functional gastrointestinal disorDers: psychological, social, and somatic features. Gut 1998;42(3):414-20
99. Haug TT, Wilhelmsen I, Svebak S, et al. Psychotherapy in functional dyspepsia. J Psychosom Res 1994;38(7):735-44
100. Haag S, Senf W, Tagay S, et al. Is there a benefit from intensified medical and psychological interventions in patients with functional dyspepsia not responding to conventional therapy?Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;25(8):973-86
101. Hamilton J, Guthrie E, Creed F, et al. A randomized controlled trial of psychotherapy in patients with chronic functional dyspepsia. Gastroenterology 2000;119(3):661-9
102. Calvert EL, Houghton LA, Cooper P, et al. Long-term improvement in functional dyspepsia using hypnotherapy. Gastroenterology 2002;123(6):1778-85
103. Soo S, Moayyedi P, Deeks J, et al. Psychological interventions for non-ulcer dyspepsia. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev 2005(2):CD002301
104. Lahner E, Bellentani S, Bastiani RD, et al. A survey of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorDers. United European Gastroenterol J 2013;1(5):385-93
105. Thompson Coon J, Ernst E. Systematic review: herbal medicinal products for non-ulcer dyspepsia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002;16(10):1689-99
106. Krueger D, Gruber L, Buhner S, et al the multi-herbal drug STW 5 (Iberogast) has prosecretory action in the human intestine. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2009;21(11):1203-e110
107. Melzer J, Rosch W, Reichling J, et al. Meta-Analysis: phytotherapy of functional dyspepsia with the herbal drug preparation STW 5 (Iberogast). Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;20(11-12):1279-87
108. Qin F, Huang X, Ren P. Chinese herbal medicine modified xiaoyao san for functional dyspepsia: meta-Analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;24(8):1320-5
109. Xiao Y, Liu YY, Yu KQ, et al. Chinese herbal medicine liu jun zi tang and xiang sha liu jun zi tang for functional dyspepsia: meta-Analysis of randomized controlled trials. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012;2012:936459
110. Suzuki H, Matsuzaki J, Fukushima Y, et al. Randomized clinical trial: rikkunshito in the treatment of functional dyspepsia-A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebocontrolled study. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014;26(7):950-61
111. Yong SK, Miwon S. DA-9701: A new multi-Acting drug for the treatment of functional dyspepsia. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2013;21(3):181-9
112. Xu S, Hou X, Zha H, et al. Electroacupuncture accelerates solid gastric emptying and improves dyspeptic symptoms in patients with functional dyspepsia. Dig Dis Sci 2006;51(12):2154-9
113. Stein DJ, Bruce Lydiard R, Herman BK, et al. Impact of gastrointestinal symptoms on response to pregabalin in generalized anxiety disorDer: results of a six-study combined analysis. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2009;24(3):126-32
114. Stein C the control of pain in peripheral tissue by opioids. N Engl J Med 1995;332(25):1685-90
115. Barber A, Bartoszyk GD, BenDer HM, et al. A pharmacological profile of the novel, peripherally-selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist, EMD 61753. Br J Pharmacol 1994;113(4):1317-27
116. Read NW, Abitbol JL, Bardhan KD, et al. Efficacy and safety of the peripheral kappa agonist fedotozine versus placebo in the treatment of functional dyspepsia. Gut 1997;41(5):664-8
117. Talley NJ, Choung RS, Camilleri M, et al. Asimadoline, a kappa-opioid agonist, and satiation in functional dyspepsia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008;27(11):1122-31
118. Walker MM, Aggarwal KR, Shim LS, et al. DuoDenal eosinophilia and early satiety in functional dyspepsia: confirmation of a positive association in an Australian cohort. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;29(3):474-9
119. Hall W, Buckley M, Crotty P, et al. Gastric mucosal mast cells are increased in Helicobacter pylori-negative functional dyspepsia. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003;1(5):363-9
120. Walker MM, Salehian SS, Murray CE, et al. Implications of eosinophilia in the normal duoDenal biopsy-An association with allergy and functional dyspepsia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010;31(11):1229-36
121. Friesen CA, Schurman JV, Colombo JM, et al. Eosinophils and mast cells as therapeutic targets in pediatric functional dyspepsia. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2013;4(4):86-96
122. Friesen CA, Sandridge L, Andre L, et al. Mucosal eosinophilia and response to H1/H2 antagonist and cromolyn therapy in pediatric dyspepsia. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2006;45(2):143-7
123. Friesen CA, Kearns GL, Andre L, et al. Clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics of montelukast in dyspeptic children with duoDenal eosinophilia. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004;38(3):343-51
124. Friesen CA, Neilan NA, Schurman JV, et al. Montelukast in the treatment of duoDenal eosinophilia in children with dyspepsia: effect on eosinophil Density and activation in relation to pharmacokinetics. BMC Gastroenterol 2009;9:32