Mode of Action of Lactoperoxidase as Related to Its Antimicrobial Activity: A Review

Enzyme Research

Volumn 2014, Issue , 2014, Pages

  Bafort, F ^a   Parisi, O ^a   Perraudin, J P ^b   Jijakli, M H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIÈGE   (Belgium)

^b Taradon Laboratory   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHLORIDE ION; HALOGEN; HEME PEROXIDASE; HYPOIODITE; HYPOTHIOCYANITE; IODIDE; LACTOPEROXIDASE; MYELOPEROXIDASE; PEROXIDASE; THIOCYANATE; THYROID PEROXIDASE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; CELL DAMAGE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME ANALYSIS; ENZYME SYNTHESIS; HALOGENATION; HOST CELL; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; INNATE IMMUNITY; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

MAMMALIA;

EID: 84929639716     PISSN: 20900406     EISSN: 20900414     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2014/517164     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. P. J. O'Brien, "Peroxidases", Chemico-Biological Interactions, vol. 129, no. 1-2, pp. 113-139, 2000.
2. W. Jantschko, P. G. Furtmüller, M. Allegra et al., "Redox intermediates of plant and mammalian peroxidases: a comparative transient-kinetic study of their reactivity toward indole derivatives", Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 398, no. 1, pp. 12-22, 2002.
3. S. Kimura and M. Ikeda-Saito, "Human myeloperoxidase and thyroid peroxidase, two enzymes with separate and distinct physiological functions, are evolutionarily related members of the same gene family", Proteins: Structure, Function and Genetics, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 113-120, 1988.
4. G. Battistuzzi, M. Bellei, C. A. Bortolotti, and M. Sola, "Redox properties of heme peroxidases", Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 500, no. 1, pp. 21-36, 2010.
5. M. Zamocky, C. Jakopitsch, P. G. Furtmüller, C. Dunand, and C. Obinger, "The peroxidase-cyclooxygenase superfamily: reconstructed evolution of critical enzymes of the innate immune system", Proteins: Structure, Function and Genetics, vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 589-605, 2008.
6. H. Daiyasu and H. Toh, "Molecular evolution of themyeloperoxidase family", Journal of Molecular Evolution, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 433-445, 2000.
7. D. Serteyn, S. Grulke, T. Franck, A. Mouithys-Mickalad, and G. Deby-Dupont, "Neutrophile myeloperoxidase, protective enzyme with strong oxidative activities", Annales de Medecine Veterinaire, vol. 147, no. 2, pp. 79-93, 2003.
8. S. C. Whitman, S. L. Hazen, D. B. Miller, R. A. Hegele, J. W. Heinecke, and M. W. Huff, "Modification of type III VLDL, their remnants, and VLDL from apo E-knockout mice by p-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde, a product of myeloperoxidase activity, causes marked cholesteryl ester accumulation in macrophages", Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 1238-1249, 1999.
9. T. J. Barrett and C. L. Hawkins, "Hypothiocyanous acid: benign or deadly?" Chemical Research in Toxicology, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 263-273, 2012.
10. M. M. Lloyd, D. M. Van Reyk, M. J. Davies, and C. L. Hawkins, "Hypothiocyanous acid is a more potent inducer of apoptosis and protein thiol depletion in murine macrophage cells than hypochlorous acid or hypobromous acid", Biochemical Journal, vol. 414, no. 2, pp. 271-280, 2008.
11. J. Wang and A. Slungaard, "Role of eosinophil peroxidase in host defense and disease pathology", Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 445, no. 2, pp. 256-260, 2006.
12. M. Ahariz and P. Courtois, "Candida albicans susceptibility to lactoperoxidase-generated hypoiodite", Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry, vol. 2, pp. 69-78, 2010.
13. A. Welk, C. Meller, R. Schubert, C. Schwahn, A. Kramer, and H. Below, "Effect of lactoperoxidase on the antimicrobial effectiveness of the thiocyanate hydrogen peroxide combination in a quantitative suspension test", BMC Microbiology, vol. 9, article 134, 2009.
14. K. M. Pruitt and J. O. Tenovuo, Eds., The Lactoperoxidase System: Chemistry and Biological Significance, vol. 27 of Immunology Series, Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, USA, 1985.
15. P. G. Furtmüller, W. Jantschko, G. Regelsberger, C. Jakopitsch, J. Arnhold, and C. Obinger, "Reaction of lactoperoxidase compound I with halides and thiocyanate", Biochemistry, vol. 41, no. 39, pp. 11895-11900, 2002.
16. P. G. Furtmuller, U. Burner, and C. Obinger, "Reaction of myeloperoxidase compound I with chloride, bromide, iodide, and thiocyanate", Biochemistry, vol. 37, no. 51, pp. 17923-17930, 1998.
17. J. Arnhold, E. Monzani, P. G. Furtmüller, M. Zederbauer, L. Casella, and C. Obinger, "Kinetics and thermodynamics of halide and nitrite oxidation by mammalian heme peroxidases", European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, no. 19, pp. 3801-3811, 2006.
18. M. J. Davies, C. L. Hawkins, D. I. Pattison, and M. D. Rees, "Mammalian heme peroxidases: from molecular mechanisms to health implications", Antioxidants and Redox Signaling, vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 1199-1234, 2008.
19. J. N. De Wit and A. C. M. Van Hooydonk, "Structure, functions and applications of lactoperoxidase in natural antimicrobial systems", Nederlands melk en Zuiveltijdschrift, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 227-244, 1996.
20. P. G. Furtmüller, M. Zederbauer, W. Jantschko et al., "Active site structure and catalytic mechanisms of human peroxidases", Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 445, no. 2, pp. 199-213, 2006.
21. M. Zederbauer, P. G. Furtmüller, S. Brogioni, C. Jakopitsch, G. Smulevich, and C. Obinger, "Heme to protein linkages in mammalian peroxidases: impact on spectroscopic, redox and catalytic properties", Natural Product Reports, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 571-584, 2007.
22. G. Battistuzzi, M. Bellei, J. Vlasits et al., "Redox thermodynamics of lactoperoxidase and eosinophil peroxidase", Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 494, no. 1, pp. 72-77, 2010.
23. I. A. Sheikh, A. Singh, N. Singh et al., "Structural evidence of substrate specificity inmammalian peroxidases: structure of the thiocyanate complex with lactoperoxidase and its interactions at 2.4 å 2.4 Å resolution", The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 284, no. 22, pp. 14849-14856, 2009.
24. H. Kohler and H. Jenzer, "Interaction of lactoperoxidase with hydrogen peroxide. Formation of enzyme intermediates and generation of free radicals", Free Radical Biology and Medicine, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 323-339, 1989.
25. P. G. Furtmüller, U. Burner, W. Jantschko, G. Regelsberger, and C. Obinger, "Two-electron reduction and one-electron oxidation of organic hydroperoxides by human myeloperoxidase", FEBS Letters, vol. 484, no. 2, pp. 139-143, 2000.
26. A. Taurog, M. L. Dorris, and D. R. Doerge, "Mechanism of simultaneous iodination and coupling catalyzed by thyroid peroxidase", Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 330, no. 1, pp. 24-32, 1996.
27. J. E. Erman, L. B. Vitello, J. Matthew Mauro, and J. Kraut, "Detection of an oxyferryl porphyrin π-cation-radical intermediate in the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and a mutant yeast cytochrome c peroxidase. Evidence for tryptophan-191 involvement in the radical site of compound I", Biochemistry, vol. 28, no. 20, pp. 7992-7995, 1989.
28. M. T. Ashby, "Inorganic chemistry of defensive peroxidases in the human oral cavity", Journal of Dental Research, vol. 87, no. 10, pp. 900-914, 2008.
29. J. D. Chandler and B. J. Day, "Thiocyanate: a potentially useful therapeutic agent with host defense and antioxidant properties", Biochemical Pharmacology, vol. 84, no. 11, pp. 1381-1387, 2012.
30. E. C. Jong, W. R. Henderson, and S. J. Klebanoff, "Bactericidal activity of eosinophil peroxidase", Journal of Immunology, vol. 124, no. 3, pp. 1378-1382, 1980.
31. E. C. Jong, A. A. F. Mahmoud, and S. J. Kelbanoff, "Peroxidasemediated toxicity to schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni", Journal of Immunology, vol. 126, no. 2, pp. 468-471, 1981.
32. L. M. Wolfson and S. S. Sumner, "Antibacterial activity of the lactoperoxidase system: a review", Journal of Food Protection, vol. 56, no. 10, pp. 887-892, 1993.
33. J. Arnhold, P. G. Furtmüller, G. Regelsberger, and C. Obinger, "Redox properties of the couple compound I/native enzyme of myeloperoxidase and eosinophil peroxidase", European Journal of Biochemistry, vol. 268, no. 19, pp. 5142-5148, 2001.
34. P. G. Furtmüller, J. Arnhold, W. Jantschko, M. Zederbauer, C. Jakopitsch, and C. Obinger, "Standard reduction potentials of all couples of the peroxidase cycle of lactoperoxidase", Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, vol. 99, no. 5, pp. 1220-1229, 2005.
35. C. J. Van Dalen, M. W. Whitehouse, C. C. Winterbourn, and A. J. Kettle, "Thiocyanate and chloride as competing substrates for myeloperoxidase", Biochemical Journal, vol. 327, no. 2, pp. 487-492, 1997.
36. A. Slungaard and J. R. Mahoney Jr., "Thiocyanate is the major substrate for eosinophil peroxidase in physiologic fluids: implications for cytotoxicity", The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 266, no. 8, pp. 4903-4910, 1991.
37. J. Tenovuo, "Antimicrobial function of human saliva-how important is it fororalhealth?" Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 250-256, 1998.
38. R. Ihalin, V. Loimaranta, and J. Tenovuo, "Origin, structure, and biological activities of peroxidases in human saliva", Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 445, no. 2, pp. 261-268, 2006.
39. J. A. Rooke, J. F. Flockhart, and N. H. Sparks, "The potential for increasing the concentrations of micro-nutrients relevant to human nutrition inmeat, milk and eggs", Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 148, no. 5, pp. 603-614, 2010.
40. H. Kohler, A. Taurog, and H. B. Dunford, "Spectral studies with lactoperoxidase and thyroid peroxidase: interconversions between native enzyme, compound II, and compound III", Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 264, no. 2, pp. 438-449, 1988.
41. I. Yamazaki, H. S. Mason, and L. Piette, "Identification, by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, of free radicals generated fromsubstrates by peroxidase", The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 235, pp. 2444-2449, 1960.
42. B. Chance, "The kinetics and stoichiometry of the transition from the primary to the secondary peroxidase peroxide complexes", Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 416-424, 1952.
43. K. M. Pruitt, B. Mansson-Rahemtulla, D. C. Baldone, and F. Rahemtulla, "Steady-state kinetics of thiocyanate oxidation catalyzed by human salivary peroxidase", Biochemistry, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 240-245, 1988.
44. B. G. J. M. Bolscher and R. Wever, "A kinetic study of the reaction between humanmyeloperoxidase, hydroperoxides and cyanide: inhibition by chloride and thiocyanate", Biochimica et Biophysica Acta: Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology, vol. 788, no. 1, pp. 1-10, 1984.
45. L. A. Marquez, J. T. Huang, and H. Brian Dunford, "Spectral and kinetic studies on the formation of myeloperoxidase compounds I and II: roles of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide", Biochemistry, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 1447-1454, 1994.
46. H. M. Abu-Soud and S. L. Hazen, "Nitric oxide is a physiological substrate for mammalian peroxidases", The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 275, no. 48, pp. 37524-37532, 2000.
47. Y. R. Tahboub, S. Galijasevic, M. P. Diamond, and H. M. Abu-Soud, "Thiocyanate modulates the catalytic activity of mammalian peroxidases", Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 280, no. 28, pp. 26129-26136, 2005.
48. 2 metabolism and irreversible enzyme inactivation", The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 261, no. 33, pp. 15550-15556, 1986.
49. R. P. Magnusson, A. Taurog, and M. L. Dorris, "Mechanism of iodide-dependent catalatic activity of thyroid peroxidase and lactoperoxidase", The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 259, no. 1, pp. 197-205, 1984.
50. D. K. Bhattacharyya, U. Bandyopadhyay, and R. K. Banerjee, "EDTA inhibits lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodide oxidation by acting as an electron-donor and interacting near the iodide binding site", Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, vol. 162, no. 2, pp. 105-111, 1996.
51. C. L. Hawkins, "The role of hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN) in biological systems HOSCN in biological systems", Free Radical Research, vol. 43, no. 12, pp. 1147-1158, 2009.
52. S. J. Klebanoff, "Iodination of bacteria: a bactericidal mechanism.", Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 126, no. 6, pp. 1063-1078, 1967.
53. S. J. Klebanoff, "Myeloperoxidase-halide-hydrogen peroxide antibacterial system.", Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 95, no. 6, pp. 2131-2138, 1968.
54. R. K. Banerjee and A. G. Datta, "Salivary peroxidases", Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 21-29, 1986.
55. M. Huwiler, H. Jenzer, and H. Kohler, "Therole of compound III in reversible and irreversible inactivation of lactoperoxidase", European Journal of Biochemistry, vol. 158, no. 3, pp. 609-614, 1986.
56. R. Wever, W. M. Kast, J. H. Kasinoedin, and R. Boelens, "The peroxidation of thiocyanate catalysed by myeloperoxidase and lactoperoxidase", Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Protein Structure and Molecular, vol. 709, no. 2, pp. 212-219, 1982.
57. C. E. A. Souza, D. Maitra, G. M. Saed et al., "Hypochlorous acid-induced heme degradation from lactoperoxidase as a novel mechanism of free iron release and tissue injury in inflammatory diseases", PLoS ONE, vol. 6, no. 11, Article ID e27641, 2011.
58. J. Carlsson, "Bactericidal effect of hydrogen peroxide is prevented by the lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate systemunder anaerobic conditions", Infection and Immunity, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 1190-1192, 1980.
59. E. L. Thomas and T. M. Aune, "Lactoperoxidase, peroxide, thiocyanate antimicrobial system: correlation of sulfhydryl oxidation with antimicrobial action", Infection and Immunity, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 456-463, 1978.
60. J. Carlsson, Y. Iwami, and T. Yamada, "Hydrogen peroxide excretion by oral streptococci and effect of lactoperoxidasethiocyanatehydrogen peroxide", Infection and Immunity, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 70-80, 1983.
61. K. D. Kussendrager and A. C. M. Van Hooijdonk, "Lactoperoxidase: physico-chemical properties, occurrence, mechanism of action and applications", The British Journal of Nutrition, vol. 84, supplement 1, pp. S19-S25, 2000.
62. J. P. Perraudin, "Protéines à activités biologiques: lactoferrine et lactoperoxydase. Connaissances récemment acquises et technologies d'obtention", Lait, vol. 71, no. 2, pp. 191-211, 1991.
63. J.-W. Boots and R. Floris, "Lactoperoxidase: From catalytic mechanism to practical applications", International Dairy Journal, vol. 16, no. 11, pp. 1272-1276, 2006.
64. A. C. M. Van Hooijdonk, K. D. Kussendrager, and J. M. Steijns, "In vivo antimicrobial and antiviral activity of components in bovine milk and colostrum involved in non-specific defence", British Journal of Nutrition, vol. 84, supplement 1, pp. S127-S134, 2000.
65. D. M. Hogg and G. R. Jago, "The antibacterial action of lactoperoxidase. The nature of the bacterial inhibitor", Biochemical Journal, vol. 117, no. 4, pp. 779-790, 1970.
66. M. T. Ashby, "Hypothiocyanite", in Advances in Inorganic Chemistry, R. van Eldik and I.-B. Ivana, Eds., chapter 8, pp. 263-303, Academic Press, New York, NY, USA, 2012.
67. E. L. Thomas, "Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation of thiocyanate: equilibria between oxidized forms of thiocyanate", Biochemistry, vol. 20, no. 11, pp. 3273-3280, 1981.
68. T. M. Aune and E. L. Thomas, "Oxidation of protein sulfhydryls by products of peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of thiocyanate ion", Biochemistry, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 1005-1010, 1978.
69. T. M. Aune and E. L. Thomas, "Accumulation of hypothiocyanite ion during peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of thiocyanate ion", European Journal of Biochemistry, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 209-214, 1977.
70. J. D. Oram and B. Reiter, "The inhibition of streptococci by lactoperoxidase, thiocyanate and hydrogen peroxide. The effect of the inhibitory system on susceptible and resistant strains of group N streptococci", Biochemical Journal, vol. 100, no. 2, pp. 373-381, 1966.
71. J. Kalmár, K. L. Woldegiorgis, B. Biri, and M. T. Ashby, "Mechanism of decomposition of the human defense factor hypothiocyanite near physiological pH", Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 133, no. 49, pp. 19911-19921, 2011.
72. H. Hoogendoorn, J. P. Piessens, W. Scholtes, and L. A. Stoddard, "Hypothiocyanite ion; the inhibitor formed by the system lactoperoxidase thiocyanate hydrogen peroxide. I. Identification of the inhibiting compound", Caries Research, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 77-84, 1977.
73. L. Bjorck and O. Claesson, "Correlation between concentration of hypothiocyanate and antibacterial effect of the lactoperoxidase system against Escherichia coli", Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 63, no. 6, pp. 919-922, 1980.
74. P. Nagy, S. S. Alguindigue, and M. T. Ashby, "Lactoperoxidasecatalyzed oxidation of thiocyanate by hydrogen peroxide: a reinvestigation of hypothiocyanite by nuclear magnetic resonance and optical spectroscopy", Biochemistry, vol. 45, no. 41, pp. 12610-12616, 2006.
75. Y. Adolphe, M. Jacquot, M. Linder, A.-M. Revol-Junelles, and J.-B. Millière, "Optimization of the components concentrations of the lactoperoxidase system by RSM", Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol. 100, no. 5, pp. 1034-1042, 2006.
76. M. Adamson and K. M. Pruitt, "Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed inactivation of hexokinase", Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, vol. 658, no. 2, pp. 238-247, 1981.
77. M. N. Mickelson, "Glucose transport in Streptococcus agalactiae and its inhibition by lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate-hydrogen peroxide", Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 132, no. 2, pp. 541-548, 1977.
78. E. L. Thomas, K. A. Pera, K. W. Smith, and A. K. Chwang, "Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans by the lactoperoxidase antimicrobial system", Infection and Immunity, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 767-778, 1983.
79. J. Sermon, K. Vanoirbeek, P. De Spiegeleer, R. Van Houdt, A. Aertsen, and C. W. Michiels, "Unique stress response to the lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate enzyme systemin Escherichia coli", Research in Microbiology, vol. 156, no. 2, pp. 225-232, 2005.
80. E. L. Thomas and T. M. Aune, "Susceptibility of Escherichia coli to bactericidal action of lactoperoxidase, peroxide, and iodide or thiocyanate", Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 261-265, 1978.
81. K. M. Pruitt, J. Tenovuo, R. W. Andrews, and T. McKane, "Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation of thiocyanate: polarographic study of the oxidation products", Biochemistry, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 562-567, 1982.
82. 2/iodide system", European Journal of Biochemistry, vol. 141, no. 1, pp. 69-74, 1984.
83. M. Huwiler, U. Burgi, and H. Kohler, "Mechanism of enzymatic and non-enzymatic tyrosine iodination. Inhibition by excess hydrogen peroxide and/or iodide", European Journal of Biochemistry, vol. 147, no. 3, pp. 469-476, 1985.
84. M. Morrison, G. S. Bayse, and A. W. Michaels, "Determination of spectral properties of aqueous I2 and I3- and the equilibrium constant", Analytical Biochemistry, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 195-201, 1971.
85. E. L. Thomas and T. M. Aune, "Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of protein sulfhydrylsmediated by iodine", Biochemistry, vol. 16, no. 16, pp. 3581-3586, 1977.
86. W. Gottardi, "Iodine and disinfection: theoretical study on mode of action, efficiency, stability, and analytical aspects in the aqueous system", Archiv der Pharmazie, vol. 332, no. 5, pp. 151-157, 1999.
87. W. A. Prütz, R. Kissner, W. H. Koppenol, and H. Rüegger, "On the irreversible destruction of reduced nicotinamide nucleotides by hypohalous acids", Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 380, no. 1, pp. 181-191, 2000.
88. Y. Bichsel and U. Von Gunten, "Hypoiodous acid: kinetics of the buffer-catalyzed disproportionation", Water Research, vol. 34, no. 12, pp. 3197-3203, 2000.
89. Y. Bichsel and U. Von Gunten, "Oxidation of iodide and hypoiodous acid in the disinfection of natural waters", Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 33, no. 22, pp. 4040-4045, 1999.
90. W. A. Prütz, R. Kissner, T. Nauser, and W. H. Koppenol, "On the oxidation of cytochrome c by hypohalous acids", Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 389, no. 1, pp. 110-122, 2001.
91. 2 system. Iodidemediated oxidation of NADPH to iodinated NADP", European Journal of Biochemistry, vol. 148, no. 2, pp. 239-243, 1985.
92. E. L. Thomas and T. M. Aune, "Cofactor role of iodide in peroxidase antimicrobial action against Escherichia coli", Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 1000-1005, 1978.
93. E. L. Thomas and T. M. Aune, "Oxidation of Escherichia coli sulfhydryl components by the peroxidase-hydrogen peroxide-iodide antimicrobial system", Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 1006-1010, 1978.
94. C. B. Hamon and S. J. Klebanoff, "A peroxidase-mediated, streptococcus mitis-dependent antimicrobial system in saliva", Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 137, no. 2, pp. 438-450, 1973.
95. R. Ihalin, J. Nuutila, V. Loimaranta, M. Lenander, J. Tenovuo, and E.-M. Lilius, "Susceptibility of Fusobacterium nucleatum to killing by peroxidase-iodide-hydrogen peroxide combination in buffer solution and in human whole saliva", Anaerobe, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 23-30, 2003.
96. R. Ihalin, V. Loimaranta, M. Lenander-Lumikari, and J. Tenovuo, "The effects of different (pseudo) halide substrates on peroxidase-mediated killing of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans", Journal of Periodontal Research, vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 421-427, 1998.
97. E. H. Bosch, H. Van Doorne, and S. De Vries, "The lactoperoxidase system: the influence of iodide and the chemical and antimicrobial stability over the period of about 18 months", Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 215-224, 2000.