Mechanisms of silicon-mediated alleviation of heavy metal toxicity in plants: A review

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

Volumn 119, Issue , 2015, Pages 186-197

  Adrees, Muhammad ^a   Ali, Shafaqat ^a   Rizwan, Muhammad ^a   Zia ur Rehman, Muhammad ^b   Ibrahim, Muhammad ^a   Abbas, Farhat ^a   Farid, Mujahid ^a   Qayyum, Muhammad Farooq ^c   Irshad, Muhammad Kashif ^a  

^a GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY   (Pakistan)

^b UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE   (Pakistan)

^c BAHAUDDIN ZAKARIYA UNIVERSITY   (Pakistan)

Author keywords

Abiotic stress; Genotypes; Heavy metal; Plant; Silicon; Tolerance

Indexed keywords

ASCORBATE PEROXIDASE; CACODYLIC ACID; CATALASE; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; MALONALDEHYDE; PEROXIDASE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; SILICON; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; THIOBARBITURIC ACID REACTIVE SUBSTANCE; ANTIOXIDANT; HEAVY METAL; ION; SOIL POLLUTANT;

GENOTYPE; HEAVY METAL; PLANT; SILICON; TOLERANCE; TOXICITY;

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; CHELATION; COMPLEX FORMATION; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); COPT1 GENE; DETOXIFICATION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; GENE EXPRESSION; HEAVY METAL POISONING; HMA5 GENE; IMMOBILIZATION; OSHMA3 GENE; OSLSI GENE; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PHYSICAL TOLERANCE; PLANT DEFENSE; PLANT GENE; PLANT GROWTH; PLANT METABOLISM; PLANT ROOT; PLANT STRESS; PLANT STRUCTURES; PRECIPITATION; REVIEW; SOIL POLLUTION; SOIL PROPERTY; XYLEM; ZMLSI1 GENE; ZMLSI2 GENE; ZMLSI6 GENE; ADVERSE EFFECTS; CHEMISTRY; METABOLISM; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PHYSIOLOGY; PLANT; PLANT DEVELOPMENT; POLLUTION; SOIL POLLUTANT; TOXICITY; TRANSPORT AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL;

ANTIOXIDANTS; BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION; IONS; METALS, HEAVY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PLANT DEVELOPMENT; PLANT ROOTS; PLANTS; SILICON; SOIL POLLUTANTS;

EID: 84929628003     PISSN: 01476513     EISSN: 10902414     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.05.011     Document Type: Review

References (165)

1. Adrees M., Ali S., Rizwan M., Ibrahim M., Abbas F., Farid M., Zia-ur-Rehman M., Irshad M.K., Bharwana S.A. The effect of excess copper on growth and physiology of important food crops: a review. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2015, (in press). 10.1007/s11356-015-4496-5.
2. Afshan S., Ali S., Bharwana Saima Aslam, Rizwan S.A., Farid M., Abbas M., Ibrahim F., Mehmood M., Abbasi, G.H.M.A. Citric acid enhances the phytoextraction of chromium, plant growth 2 and photosynthesis by alleviating the oxidative damages in Brassica napus L. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2015, 10.1007/s11356-015-4396-8.
3. Alexandre A., Meunier J.D., Lezine A.M., Vincens A., Schwartz D. Phytoliths: indicators of grassland dynamics during the late Holocene in intertropical Africa. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 1997, 136:213-229.
4. Ali S., Bharwana S.A., Rizwan M., Farid M., Kanwal S., Ali Q., Ibrahim M., Gill R.A., Khan M.D. Fulvic acid mediates chromium (Cr) tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) through lowering of Cr uptake and improved antioxidant defense system. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2015, 10.1007/s11356-015-4271-7.
5. Ali S., Chaudhary A., Rizwan M., Anwar H.T., Adrees M., Farid M., Irshad M.K., Hayat T., Anjum S.A. Alleviation of chromium toxicity by glycinebetaine is related to elevated antioxidant enzymes and suppressed chromium uptake and oxidative stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2015, 10.1007/s11356-015-4193-4.
6. Ali S., Farooq M.A., Yasmeen T., Hussain S., Arif M.S., Abbas F., Bharwana S.A., Zhang G.P. The influence of silicon on barley growth, photosynthesis and ultra-structure under chromium stress. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2013, 89:66-72.
7. Anwaar S.A., Ali S., Ali S., Ishaque W., Farid M., Farooq M.A., Najeeb U., Abbas F., Sharif M. Silicon (Si) alleviates cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) from zinc (Zn) toxicity stress by limiting Zn uptake and oxidative damage. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2014, 10.1007/s11356-014-3938-9.
8. Barceló J., Guevara P., Poschenrieder C. Silicon amelioration of aluminium toxicity in teosinte (Zea mays L. sp. mexicana). Plant Soil 1993, 154:249-255.
9. Bélanger R.R., Benhamou N., Menzies J.G. Cytological evidence of an active role of silicon in wheat resistance to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp tritici). Phytopathology 2003, 93:402-412.
10. Bharwana S.A., Ali S., Farooq M.A., Iqbal N., Abbas F., Ahmad M.S.A. Alleviation of lead toxicity by silicon is related to elevated photosynthesis, antioxidant enzymes suppressed lead uptake and oxidative stress in cotton. J. Bioremediat. Biodegrad. 2013, 4:1-11.
11. Blecker S.W., McCulley R.L., Chadwick O.A., Kelly E.F. Biologic cycling of silica across a grassland bioclimosequence. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2006, 20. 10.1029/2006GB002690.
12. Bokor B., Bokorová S., Ondoš S., Švubová R., Lukačová Z., Hýblová M., Szemes T., Lux A. Ionome and expression level of Si transporter genes (Lsi1, Lsi2, and Lsi6) affected by Zn and Si interaction in maize. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2014, 10.1007/s11356-014-3876-6.
13. Bokor B., Vaculik M., Slováková L., Masarovič D., Lux A. Silicon does not always mitigate zinc toxicity in maize. Acta Physiol. Plant. 2014, 36:733-743.
14. Casey W.H., Kinrade S.D., Knight C.T.G., Rains D.W., Epstein E. Aqueous silicate complexes in wheat, Triticum aestivum L. Plant Cell Environ. 2003, 27:51-54.
15. CEC (Commission of the European Communities), 2002. COM(2002) 179: Communication from the commission to the council, the European Parliament, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions - Towards a thematic strategy for soil protection. Final, 35p.
16. Chalmardi Z.K., Abdolzadeh A., Sadeghipour H.R. Silicon nutrition potentiates the antioxidant metabolism of rice plants under iron toxicity. Acta Physiol. Plant. 2014, 36:493-502.
17. Chen H.M., Zheng C.R., Tu C., She Z.G. Chemical methods and phytoremediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals. Chemosphere 2000, 41:229-234.
18. Chiba Y., Mitani N., Yamaji N., Ma J.F. HvLsi1 is a silicon influx transporter in barley. Plant J. 2009, 57:810-818.
19. Cocker K.M., Evans D.E., Hodson M.J. The amelioration of aluminium toxicity by silicon in higher plants: solution chemistry or an in planta mechanism. Physiol. Plant. 1998, 104:608-614.
20. Collin B., Doelsch E., Keller C., Cazevieille P., Tella M., Chaurand P., Panfili F., Hazemann J.L., Meunier J.D. Copper distribution and speciation in bamboo exposed to a high Cu concentration and Si supplementation. First evidence on the presence of reduced copper bound to sulfur compounds in Poaceae. Environ. Pollut. 2014, 187:22-30.
21. Collin B., Doelsch E., Keller C., Panfili F., Meunier J.D. Effects of silicon and copper on bamboo grown hydroponically. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2013, 20:6482-6495.
22. Cornelis J.T., Titeux H., Ranger J., Delvaux B. Identification and distribution of the readily soluble silicon pool in a temperate forest soil below three distinct tree species. Plant Soil 2011, 342:369-378.
23. Corrales I., Poschenrieder C., Barceló J. Influence of silicon pretreatment on aluminium toxicity in maize roots. Plant Soil 1997, 190:203-209.
24. CÔté -Beaulieu C., Chain F., Menzies J.G., Kinrade S.D., Bélanger R.R. Absorption of aqueous inorganic and organic silicon compounds by wheat and their effect on growth and powdery mildew control. Environ. Exp. Bot. 2009, 65:155-161.
25. da Cunha K.P.V., do Nascimento C.W.A. Silicon effects on metal tolerance and structural changes in maize (Zea mays L.) grown on a cadmium and zinc enriched soil. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2009, 197:323-330.
26. da Cunha K.P.V., do Nascimento C.W.A., Silva A.J. Silicon alleviates the toxicity of cadmium and zinc for maize (Zea mays L.) grown on contaminated soil. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 2008, 171:849-853.
27. Desplanques V., Cary L., Mouret J.C., Trolard F., Bourrié G., Grauby O., Meunier J.D. Silicon transfers in a rice field in Camargue (France). J. Geochem. Explor. 2006, 88:190-193.
28. Ding T.P., Ma G.R., Shui M.X., Wan D.F., Li R.H. Silicon isotope study on rice plants from the Zhejiang province, China. Chem. Geol. 2005, 218:41-50.
29. Ding T.P., Zhou J.X., Wan D.F., Chen Z.Y., Zhang F. Silicon isoope fractionation in bamboo and its significance to the biogeochemical cycle of cilicon. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2008, 72:1381-1395.
30. do Nascimento C.W.A., Xing B. Phytoextraction: a review on enhanced metal availability and plant accumulation. Sci. Agric. 2006, 3:299-311.
31. Doncheva S.N., Poschenrieder C., Stoyanova Z.I., Georgieva K., Velichkova M., Barcelo J. Silicon amelioration of manganese toxicity in Mn-sensitive and Mn-tolerant maize varieties. Environ. Exp. Bot. 2009, 65:169-197.
32. Dragišić Maksimović J., Bogdanović J., Maksimović V., Nikolic M. Silicon modulates the metabolism and utilization of phenolic compounds in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) grown at excess manganese. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 2007, 170:739-744.
33. Dresler S., Wójcik M., Bednarek W., Hanaka A., Tukiendorf A. The effect of silicon on maize growth under cadmium stress. Russ. J. Plant Physiol. 2015, 62:86-92.
34. Ehsan S., Ali S., Noureen S., Mehmood K., Farid M., Ishaque W., Shakoor M.B., Rizwan M. Citric acid assisted phytoremediation of Cd by Brassica napus L. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2014, 106:164-172.
35. Emadian S.F., Newton R.J. Growth enhancement of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings by silicon. J. Plant Physiol. 1989, 134:98-103.
36. Epstein E. The anomaly of silicon in plant biology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1994, 91:11-17.
37. Epstein E. Silicon. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 1999, 50:641-664.
38. Epstein E. Silicon: its manifold roles in plants. Ann. Appl. Biol. 2009, 155:155-160.
39. Farooq M.A., Ali S., Hameed A., Ishaque W., Mahmood K., Iqbal Z. Alleviation of cadmium toxicity by silicon is related to elevated photosynthesis, antioxidant enzymes; suppressed cadmium uptake and oxidative stress in cotton. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2013, 96:242-249.
40. Fauteux F., Remus-Borel W., Menzies J.G., Belanger R.R. Silicon and plant disease resistance against pathogenic fungi: mini review. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2005, 249:1-6.
41. Feng J., Shi Q., Wang X., Wei M., Yang F., Xu H. Silicon supplementation ameliorated the inhibition of photosynthesis and nitrate metabolism by cadmium (Cd) toxicity in Cucumis sativus L. Sci. Hortic. 2010, 123:521-530.
42. Fleck A.T., Mattusch J., Schenk M.K. Silicon decreases the arsenic level in rice grain by limiting arsenite transport. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 2013, 176:785-794.
43. Frantz J.M., Khandekar S., Leisner S. Silicon differentially influences copper toxicity response in silicon-accumulator and non-accumulator species. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 2011, 136:329-338.
44. Fu Y.Q., Shen H., Wu D.M., Cai K.Z. Silicon-mediated amelioration of Fe2+ toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) roots. Pedosphere 2012, 22:795-802.
45. Gill R.A., Zang L., Ali B., Farooq M.A., Cui P., Yang S., Ali S., Zhou W. Chromium-induced physio-chemical and ultrastructural changes in four cultivars of Brassica napus L. Chemosphere 2015, 120:154-164.
46. Greger, M., Landberg, T., Lux, A., Singh, B.R., 2011. Influence of Si on Cd uptake and accumulation in wheat. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Silicon in Agriculture, Beijing, China, September 13-18.
47. Gu H.H., Qiu H., Tian T., Zhan S.S., Deng T.H.B., Chaney R.L., Wang S.Z., Tang Y.T., Morel J.L., Qiu R.L. Mitigation effects of silicon rich amendments on heavy metal accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.) planted on multi-metal contaminated acidic soil. Chemosphere 2011, 83:1234-1240.
48. Gu H.H., Zhan S., Wang S.Z., Tang Y.T., Chaney R.L., Fang X.H., Cai X.D., Qiu R.L. Silicon-mediated amelioration of zinc toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings. Plant Soil 2012, 350:193-204.
49. Gunes A., Inal A., Bagci E.G., Coban S., Sahin O. Silicon increases boron tolerance and reduces oxidative damage of wheat grown in soil with excess boron. Biol. Plant. 2007, 51:571-574.
50. Gunes A., Inal A., Bagci E.G., Pilbeam D.J. Silicon-mediated changes of some physiological and enzymatic parameters symptomatic for oxidative stress in spinach and tomato grown in sodic-B toxic soil. Plant Soil 2007, 290:103-114.
51. Guntzer F., Keller C., Meunier J.D. Benefits of plant silicon for crops: a review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 2012, 32:201-213.
52. Guo W., Hou Y.L., Wang S.G., Zhu Y.G. Effect of silicate on the growth and arsenate uptake by rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings in solution culture. Plant Soil 2005, 272:173-181.
53. Guo W., Zhang J., Teng M., Wang L.H. Arsenic uptake is suppressed in a rice mutant defective in silicon uptake. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 2009, 172:867-874.
54. Guo W., Zhu Y.G., Liang Y.C., Liu W.J., Chen Z. Effect of application of silicon on arsenic uptake by rice seedlings in soil. Environ. Sci. 2006, 27:1393-1397.
55. Guo W., Zhu Y.G., Liu W.J., Liang Y.C., Geng C.N., Wang S.G. Is the effect of silicon on rice uptake of arsenate (AsV) related to internal silicon concentrations, iron plaque and phosphate nutrition?. Environ. Pollut. 2007, 148:251-257.
56. Habiba U., Ali S., Farid M., Shakoor M.B., Rizwan M., Ibrahim M., Abbasi G.H., Hayat T., Ali B. EDTA enhanced plant growth, antioxidant defense system, and phytoextraction of copper by Brassica napus L. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2015, 22:1534-1544.
57. Hammond K.E., Evans D.E., Hodson M.,J. Aluminium/silicon interactions in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings. Plant Soil 1995, 173:89-95.
58. Hara T., Gu M.H., Koyama H. Ameliorative effect of silicon on aluminum injury in the rice plant. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 1999, 45:929-936.
59. Hodson M.J., Evans D.E. Aluminium/silicon interactions in higher plants. J. Exp. Bot. 1995, 46:161-171.
60. Hodson M.J., Sangster A.G. Techniques for the microanalysis of higher plants, with particular reference to silicon in cryofixed wheat tissues. Scanning Microsc. 1990, 4:407-418.
61. Hodson M.J., White P.J., Mead A., Broadley M.R. Phylogenetic variation in the silicon composition of plants. Ann. Bot. 2005, 96:1027-1046.
62. Hu H., Zhang J., Wang H., Li R., Pan F., Wu J., Liu Q. Effect of silicate supplementation on the alleviation of arsenite toxicity in 93-11 (Oryza sativa L. indica). Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2013, 20:8579-8589.
63. Hussain I., Ashraf M.A., Rasheed R., Asghar A., Sajid M.A., Iqbal M. Exogenous application of silicon at the boot stage decreases accumulation of cadmium in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grains. Braz. J. Bot. 2015, 10.1007/s40415-014-0126-6.
64. Iwasaki K., Maier P., Fecht M., Horst W.J. Leaf apoplastic silicon enhances manganese tolerance of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). J. Plant Physiol. 2002, 159:167-173.
65. Júnior L.A.Z., Fontes R.L.F., Neves J.C.L., Korndörfer G.H., Ávila V.T.D. Rice grown in nutrient solution with doses of manganese and silicon. Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo 2010, 34:1629-1639.
66. Kabata-Pendias A., Pendias H. Trace Elements in Soils and Plants 2001, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 3rd ed.
67. Kaya C., Tuna A.L., Sonmez O., Ince F., Higgs D. Mitigation effects of silicon on maize plants grown at high zinc. J. Plant Nutr. 2009, 32:1788-1798.
68. Keller C., Rizwan M., Davidian J.C., Pokrovsky O.S., Bovet N., Chaurand P., Meunier J.D. Effect of silicon on wheat seedlings (Triticum turgidum L.) grown in hydroponics and exposed to 0 to 30μM Cu. Planta 2015, 241:847-860.
69. Khandekar S., Leisner S. Soluble silicon modulates expression of Arabidopsis thaliana genes involved in copper stress. J. Plant Physiol. 2011, 168:699-705.
70. Khodarahmi S., Khoshgoftarmanesh A.H., Mobli M. Effect of silicon nutrition on alleviating cadmium toxicity-induced damage on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) at vegetative stage. J. Sci. Technol. 2012, 3:103-110.
71. Kidd P.S., Llugany M., Poschenrieder C., Gunsé B., Barceló J. The role of root exudates in aluminum resistance and silicon-induced amelioration of aluminum toxicity in three varieties of maize (Zea mays L.). J. Exp. Bot. 2001, 52:1339-1353.
72. Kim Y.H., Khan A.L., Kim D.H., Lee S.Y., Kim K.M., Waqas M., Lee I.J. Silicon mitigates heavy metal stress by regulating P-type heavy metal ATPases, Oryza sativa low silicon genes, and endogenous phytohormones. BMC Plant Boil. 2014, 14:13. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2229/14/13.
73. Kovda V.A. The Bases of Learning About Soils 1973, vol. 2. Nayka, Moscow.
74. Li J., Leisner M., Frantz J. Alleviation of copper toxicity in Arabidopsis thaliana by silicon addition to hydroponic solutions. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 2008, 133:670-677.
75. Li L., Zheng C., Fu Y., Wu D., Yang X., Shen H. Silicate-mediated alleviation of Pb toxicity in banana grown in Pb-contaminated soil. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2012, 145:101-108.
76. Li P., Song A., Li Z., Fan F., Liang Y. Silicon ameliorates manganese toxicity by regulating manganese transport and antioxidant reactions in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Soil. 2013, 354:407-419.
77. Li P., Wang X., Zhang T., Zhou D., He Y. Effects of several amendments on rice growth and uptake of copper and cadmium from a contaminated soil. J. Environ. Sci. 2008, 20:449-455.
78. Li R.Y., Stroud J.L., Ma J.F., McGrath S.P., Zhao F.J. Mitigation of arsenic accumulation in rice with water management and silicon fertilization. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43:3778-3783.
79. Li Z., Song Z., Cornelis J.T. Impact of rice cultivar and organ on elemental composition of phytoliths and the release of bio-available silicon. Front Plant Sci. 2014, 5. 10.3389/fpls.2014.00529.
80. Liang Y., Sun W., Zhu Y.G., Christie P. Mechanisms of siliconmediated alleviation of abiotic stresses in higher plants: a review. Environ. Pollut. 2007, 147:422-428.
81. Liang Y.C., Shen Q.R., Shen Z.G., Ma T.S. Effects of silicon on salinity tolerance of two barley cultivars. J. Plant Nutr. 1996, 19:173-183.
82. Liang Y.C., Wong J.W.C., Long W. Silicon-mediated enhancement of cadmium tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.) grown in cadmium contaminated soil. Chemosphere 2005, 58:475-483.
83. Liu C., Li F., Luo C., Liu X., Wang S., Liu T., Li X. Foliar application of two silica sols reduced cadmium accumulation in rice grains. J. Hazard. Mater. 2009, 161:1466-1472.
84. Liu J., Ma J., He C., Li X., Zhang W., Xu F., Wang L. Inhibition of cadmium ion uptake in rice (Oryza sativa) cells by a wall-bound form of silicon. New Phytol. 2013, 200:691-699.
85. Liu J., Zhang H., Zhang Y., Chai T. Silicon attenuates cadmium toxicity in Solanum nigrum L. by reducing cadmium uptake and oxidative stress. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2013, 68:1-7.
86. Lu H.P., Zhuang P., Li Z.A., Tai Y.P., Zou B., Li Y.W., McBride M.B. Contrasting effects of silicates on cadmium uptake by three dicotyledonous crops grown in contaminated soil. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2014, 1-10.
87. Lukacova Kulikova Z., Lux A. Silicon influence on maize, Zea mays L., hybrids exposed to cadmium treatment. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2010, 85:243-250.
88. Lukacova Z., Svubova R., Kohanova J., Lux A. Silicon mitigates the Cd toxicity in maize in relation to cadmium translocation, cell distribution, antioxidant enzymes stimulation and enhanced endodermal apoplasmic barrier development. Plant Growth Regul. 2013, 70:89-103.
89. Lux A., Luxová M., Abe J., Tanimoto E., Hattoriand T., Inanaga S. The dynamics of silicon deposition in the sorghum root endodermis. New Phytol. 2003, 158:437-441.
90. Ma J., Cai H., He C., Zhang W., Wang L. A hemicellulose-bound form of silicon inhibits cadmium ion uptake in rice (Oryza sativa) cells. New Phytol. 2015, 10.1111/nph.13276.
91. Ma J.F., Mitani N., Nagao S., Konishi S., Tamai K., Iwashita T., Yano M. Characterization of the silicon uptake system and molecular mapping of the silicon transporter gene in rice. Plant Physiol. 2004, 136:3284-3289.
92. Ma J.F., Miyake Y., Takahashi E. Silicon as a beneficial element for crop plants. Silicon in Agriculture 2001, 17-39. Elsevier Science Publishing, Amsterdam. L.E. Datnoff, G.H. Snyder, G.H. Korndorfer (Eds.).
93. Ma J.F., Sasaki M., Matsumoto H. Al-induced inhibition of root elongation in corn, Zea mays L., is overcome by Si addition. Plant Soil 1997, 188:171-176.
94. Ma J.F., Takahashi E. Soil, Fertiliser, and Plant Silicon Research in Japan 2002, Elsevier.
95. Ma J.F., Tamai K., Yamaji N., Mitani N., Konishi S., Katsuhara M., Ishiguro M., Murata Y., Yano M. A silicon transporter in rice. Nature 2006, 440:688-691.
96. Ma J.F., Yamaji N. Silicon uptake and accumulation in higher plants. Trends Plant Sci. 2006, 11:392-397.
97. Ma J.F., Yamaji N. Functions and transport of silicon in plants. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 2008, 65:3049-3057.
98. Ma J.F., Yamaji N., Mitani N., Tamai K., Konishi S., Fujiwara T., Katsuhara M., Yano M. An efflux transporter of silicon in rice. Nature 2007, 448:209-212.
99. Ma J.F., Yamaji N., Mitani-Ueno N. Transport of silicon from roots to panicles in plants. Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B: Phys. Biol. Sci. 2011, 87:377.
100. Maksimović J.D., Mojović M., Maksimović V., Römheld V., Nikolic M. Silicon ameliorates manganese toxicity in cucumber by decreasing hydroxyl radical accumulation in the leaf apoplast. J. Exp. Bot. 2012, 63:2411-2420.
101. Malčovská S.M., Dučaiová Z., Maslaňáková I., Bačkor M. Effect of silicon on growth, photosynthesis, oxidative status and phenolic compounds of maize (Zea mays L.) grown in cadmium excess. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2014, 225:1-11.
102. Marmiroli M., Pigoni V., Savo-Sardaro M.L., Marmiroli N. The effect of silicon on the uptake and translocation of arsenic in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Environ. Exp. Bot. 2014, 99:9-17.
103. Masarovic D., Slovakova L., Bokor B., Bujdos M., Lux A. Effect of silicon application on Sorghum bicolor exposed to toxic concentration of zinc. Biologia 2012, 67:706-712.
104. Mehrabanjoubani P., Abdolzadeh A., Sadeghipour H.R., Aghdasi M. Impacts of silicon nutrition on growth and nutrient status of rice plants grown under varying zinc regimes. Theor. Exp. Plant Physiol. 2014, 10.1007/s40626-014-0028-9.
105. Meunier J.D., Colin F., Alarcon C. Biogenic silica storage in soils. Geology 1999, 27:835-838.
106. Mitani N., Ma J.F. Uptake system of silicon in different plant species. J. Exp. Bot. 2005, 56:1255-1261.
107. Mitani N., Yamaji N., Ma J.F. Identification of maize silicon influx transporters. Plant Cell Physiol. 2009, 50:5-12.
108. Morikawa C.K., Saigusa M. Si amelioration of Al toxicity in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) growing in two Andosols. Plant Soil 2002, 240:161-168.
109. Naeem A., Ghafoor A., Farooq M. Suppression of cadmium concentration in wheat grains by silicon is related to its application rate and cadmium accumulating abilities of cultivars. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2014, 10.1002/jsfa.6976.
110. Nagajyoti P.C., Lee K.D., Sreekanth T.V.M. Heavy metals, occurrence and toxicity for plants: a review. Environ. Chem. Lett. 2010, 8:199-216.
111. Neumann D., zur Nieden U., Schwieger W., Leopold I., Lichtenberger O. Heavy metal tolerance of Minuartia verna. J. Plant Physiol. 1997, 151:101-108.
112. Neumann D.E., Zur Nieden U. Silicon and heavy metal tolerance of higher plant. Phytochemistry 2001, 56:685-692.
113. Noman A., Ali S., Naheed F., Ali Q., Farid M., Rizwan M., Irshad M.K. Foliar application of ascorbate enhances the physiological and biochemical attributes of maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars under drought stress. Arch. Agron. Soil Sci. 2015, 10.1080/03650340.2015.1028379.
114. Nowakowski W., Nowakowska J. Silicon and copper interaction in the growth of spring wheat seedlings. Biol. Plant. 1997, 39:463-466.
115. Nwugo C.C., Huerta A.J. Effects of silicon nutrition on cadmium uptake: growth and photosynthesis of rice plants exposed to lowlevel cadmium. Plant Soil 2008, 311:73-86.
116. Nwugo C.C., Huerta A.J. The effect of silicon on the leaf proteome of rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants under cadmium-stress. J. Proteom. Res. 2010, 10:518-528.
117. Oliva S.R., Mingorance M.D., Leidi E.O. Effects of silicon on copper toxicity in Erica andevalensis Cabezudo and Rivera: a potential species to remediate contaminated soils. J. Environ. Monit. 2011, 13:591-596.
118. Prabagar S., Hodson M.J., Evans D.E. Silicon amelioration of aluminium toxicity and cell death in suspension cultures of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Environ. Exp. Bot. 2011, 70:266-276.
119. Putwattana N., Kruatrachue M., Pokethitiyook P., Chaiyarat R. Immobilization of cadmium in soil by cow manure and silicate fertilizer, and reduced accumulation of cadmium in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum). Sci. Asia 2010, 36:349-354.
120. Rad S.J., Rad M.S., Teixeira da Silva J.A. Effects of exogenous silicon on cadmium accumulation and biological responses of Nigella sativa L. (black cumin). Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 2014, 45:1918-1933.
121. Rains D.W., Epstein E., Zasoski R.J., Aslam M. Active silicon uptake by wheat. Plant Soil 2006, 280:223-228.
122. Raven J.A. The transport and function of silicon in plants. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 1983, 58:179-207.
123. Rizwan M., Meunier J.D., Miche H., Keller C. Effect of silicon on reducing cadmium toxicity in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. cv. Claudio W.) grown in a soil with aged contamination. J. Hazard. Mater. 2012, 209-210:326-334.
124. Rogalla H., Romheld V. Role of leaf apoplast in silicon-mediated manganese tolerance of Cucumic sativus L. Plant Cell Environ. 2002, 25:549-555.
125. Sanglard L.M.V.P., Martins S.,C.V., Detmann K.C., Silva P.E.M., Lavinsky A.O., Silva M.M., Detmann E., Araújo W.L., DaMatta F.M. Silicon nutrition alleviates the negative impacts of arsenic on the photosynthetic apparatus of rice leaves: an analysis of the key limitations of photosynthesis. Physiol. Plant 2014, 10.1111/ppl.12178.
126. Sauer D., Saccone L., Conley D.J., Herrmann L., Sommer M. Review of methodologies for extracting plant-available and amorphous Si from soils and aquatic sediments. Biogeochemistry 2006, 80:89-108.
127. Savant N.K., Snyder G.H., Datnoff L.E. Silicon management and sustainable rice production. Adv. Agron. 1997, 58:151-199.
128. Sharma S.S., Dietz K.J. The relationship between metal toxicity and cellular redox imbalance. Trends Plant Sci. 2009, 14:43-50.
129. Shen X., Xiao X., Dong Z., Chen Y. Silicon effects on antioxidative enzymes and lipid peroxidation in leaves and roots of peanut under aluminum stress. Acta Physiol. Plant. 2014, 36:3063-3069.
130. Shi G.R., Cai Q.S., Liu C.F., Wu L. Silicon alleviates cadmium toxicity in peanut plants in relation to cadmium distribution and stimulation of antioxidative enzymes. Plant Growth Regul. 2010, 61:45-52.
131. Shi Q., Bao Z., Zhu Z., He Y., Qian Q., Yu J. Silicon-mediated alleviation of Mn toxicity in Cucumis sativus in relation to activities of superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase. Phytochemistry 2005, 66:1551-1559.
132. Shi X., Zhang C., Wang H., Zhang F. Effect of Si on the distribution of Cd in rice seedlings. Plant Soil 2005, 272:53-60.
133. Shim J., Shea P.J., Oh B.T. Stabilization of heavy metals in mining site soil with silica extracted from corn cob. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2014, 225:1-12.
134. Singh V.P., Tripathi D.K., Kumar D., Chauhan D.K. Influence of exogenous silicon addition on aluminium tolerance in rice seedlings. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2011, 144:1260-1274.
135. Sommer M., Kaczorek D., Kuzyakov Y., Breuer J. Silicon pools and fluxes in soils and landscapes: a review. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 2006, 169:310-329.
136. Song A., Li P., Fan F., Li Z., Liang Y. The effect of silicon on photosynthesis and expression of its relevant genes in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under high-zinc stress. PLoS One 2014, 9(11). 10.1371/journal.pone.0113782.
137. Song A., Li P., Li P., Fan F., Nikolic M., Liang Y. The alleviation of zinc toxicity by silicon is related to zinc transport and antioxidative reaction in rice. Plant Soil 2011, 344:319-333.
138. Song A.L., Li Z.J., Zhang J., Xue G.F., Fan F.L., Liang Y.C. Silicon-enhanced resistance to cadmium toxicity in Brassica chinensis L. is attributed to Si suppressed cadmium uptake and transport and Si-enhanced antioxidant defense capacity. J. Hazard. Mater. 2009, 172:74-83.
139. Srivastava R.K., Pandey P., Rajpoot R., Rani A., Gautam A., Dubey R.S. Exogenous application of calcium and silica alleviates cadmium toxicity. by suppressing oxidative damage in rice seedlings 2014, 10.1007/s00709-014-0731-z.
140. Suzuki N., Koussevitzky S., Mittler R., Miller G. ROS and redox signalling in the response of plants to abiotic stress. Plant Cell Environ. 2011, 35:259-270.
141. Takahashi E., Ma J.F., Miyake Y. The possibility of silicon as an essential element for higher plants. Comm. Agric. Food Chem. 1990, 2:99-122.
142. Tang H., Liu Y., Gong X., Zeng G., Zheng B., Wang D., Sun Z., Zhou L., Zeng X. Effects of selenium and silicon on enhancing antioxidative capacity in ramie (Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud.) under cadmium stress. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2015, 10.1007/s11356-015-4187-2.
143. Treder W., Cieslinski G. Effect of silicon application on cadmium uptake and distribution in strawberry plants grown on contaminated soils. J. Plant Nutr. 2005, 28:917-929.
144. Tripathi D.K., Singh V.P., Kumar D., Chauhan D.K. Impact of exogenous silicon addition on chromium uptake, growth, mineral elements, oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity, and leaf and root structures in rice seedlings exposed to hexavalent chromium. Acta Physiol. Plant. 2012, 34:279-289.
145. Tripathi D.K., Singh V.P., Kumar D., Chauhan D.K. Rice seedlings under cadmium stress: effect of silicon on growth, cadmium uptake, oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity and root and leaf structures. Chem. Ecol. 2012, 28:281-291.
146. Tripathi D.K., Singh V.P., Prasad S.M., Chauhan D.K., Dubey N.K., Rai A.K. Silicon-mediated alleviation of Cr (VI) toxicity in wheat seedlings as evidenced by chlorophyll florescence, laser induced breakdown spectroscopy and anatomical changes. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2015, 113:133-144.
147. Tripathi P., Tripathi R.D., Singh R.P., Dwivedi S., Goutam D., Shri M., Chakrabarty D. Silicon mediates arsenic tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) through lowering of arsenic uptake and improved antioxidant defence system. Ecol. Eng. 2013, 52:96-103.
148. Vaculik M., Landberg T., Greger M., Luxova M., Stolarikova M., Lux A. Silicon modifies root anatomy, and uptake and subcellular distribution of cadmium in young maize. Ann. Bot. 2012, 110:433-443.
149. Vaculik M., Lux A., Luxova M., Tanimoto Li Silicon mitigates cadmium inhibitory effects in young maize plants. Environ. Exp. Bot. 2009, 67:52-58.
150. Vatehová Z., Kollárová K., Zelko I., Richterová-Kučerová D., Bujdoš M., Lišková D. Interaction of silicon and cadmium in Brassica juncea and Brassica napus. Biologia 2012, 67:498-504.
151. Wagner G.J. Accumulation of cadmium in crop plants and its consequences to human health. Adv. Agric. 1993, 51:173-212.
152. Wang S., Wang F., Gao S. Foliar application with nano-silicon alleviates Cd toxicity in rice seedlings. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2014, 1-9.
153. Wang Y., Stass A., Horst W.J. Apoplastic binding of aluminum is involved in silicon-induced amelioration of aluminum toxicity in maize. Plant Physiol. 2004, 136:3762-3770.
154. Williams E.D., Vlamis J. The effect of silicon on yield and manganese-54 uptake and distribution in the leaves of barley plants grown in culture solutions. Plant Physiol. 1957, 32:404-409.
155. Wuana R.A., Okieimen F.E. Heavy metals in contaminated soils: a review of sources, chemistry, risks and best available strategies for remediation. ISRN Ecol. 2011, 10.5402/2011/402647.
156. Yamaji N., Chiba Y., Mitani-Ueno N., Ma J.F. Functional characterization of a silicon transporter gene implicated in silicon distribution in barley. Plant Physiol. 2012, 160:1491-1497.
157. Yamaji N., Mitatni N., Ma J.F. A transporter regulating silicon distribution in rice shoots. Plant Cell 2008, 20:1381-1389.
158. Yang Y.H., Chen S.M., Chen Z., Zhang H.Y., Shen H.G., Hua Z.C., Li N. Silicon effects on aluminum toxicity to mungbean seedling growth. J Plant Nutr. 1999, 22:693-700.
159. Ye J., Yan C., Liu J., Lu H., Liu T., Song Z. Effects of silicon on the distribution of cadmium compartmentation in root tips of Kandelia obovata (S., L.) Yong. Environ. Pollut. 2012, 162:369-373.
160. Zeng F.R., Zhao F.S., Qiu B.Y., Ouyang Y.N., Wu F.B., Zhang G.P. Alleviation of chromium toxicity by silicon addition in rice plants. Agric. Sci. China 2011, 10:1188-1196.
161. Zhang C., Wang L., Nie Q., Zhang W., Zhang F. Long-term effects of exogenous silicon on cadmium translocation and toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Environ Exp Bot. 2008, 62:300-307.
162. Zhang Q., Yan C., Liu J., Lu H., Duan H., Du J., Wang W. Silicon alleviation of cadmium toxicity in mangrove (Avicennia marina) in relation to cadmium compartmentation. J. Plant Growth Regul. 2014, 33:233-242.
163. Zhang Q., Yan C., Liu J., Lu H., Wang W., Du J., Duan H. Silicon alleviates cadmium toxicity in Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. seedlings in relation to root anatomy and radial oxygen loss. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2013, 76:187-193.
164. Zhang S., Li S., Ding X., Li F., Liu C., Liao X., Wang R. Silicon mediated the detoxification of Cr on pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) in Cr-contaminated soil. J. Food Agric. Environ. 2013, 11:814-819.
165. Zia-ur-Rehman M., Sabir M., Rizwan M., Saifullah, Ahmad H.R., Nadeem M. Remediating cadmium-contaminated soils by growing grain crops using inorganic amendments. Soil Remediation and Plants: Prospects and Challenges 2015, 367-396. Elsevier Inc.,/Academic Press. K.R. Hakeem, M. Sabir, M. Ozturk, A. Murmet (Eds.).