Silicon Management and Sustainable Rice Production

Advances in Agronomy

Volumn 58, Issue C, 1996, Pages 151-199

  Savant, N K ^a   Snyder, G H ^b   Datnoff, L E ^b  

^a StaSav International   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 8244234247     PISSN: 00652113     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60255-2     Document Type: Article

References (234)

1. Adams F. Interactions of phosphorus with other elements in soils and in plants. In "The Role of Phosphorus in Agriculture," pp. 655-680. American Society of Agronomy (1980), Madison, WI
2. Agarie S., Agata W., Kubota F., and Kaufman P.B. Physiological roles of silicon in photosynthesis and dry matter production in rice plants. Jpn. J. Crop Sci. 61 (1992) 200-206 [in Japanese with English summary]
3. Aleshin N.E. On the biological role of silicon in rice. Vestnik Sel'skokhozyaistvennoi Nauki. Moskva. 10 (1988) 77-85 [In Russian; Soils Fert. 53, 5050, 1990]
4. Aleshin N.E., and Avakyan E.R. Absorption of silicon by rice. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Biol. 3 (1983) 451-454
5. Aleshin N.E., Avakyan E.R., Dyakunchak S.A., Aleshkin E.P., Baryshok V.P., and Voronkov G. Role of silicon in resistance of rice to blast. Doklady Akademii Nuuk SSSR. 291 (1987) 217-219
6. Amarasiri S.L. Water quality of irrigation tanks in Sri Lanka. Trop. Agric. 129 (1973) 19-25
7. Amarasiri S.L. Organic recycling in Asia-Sri Lanka. FAO Soils Bull. 36 (1978) 119-133
8. Amarasiri S.L., and Perera W.R. Nutrient removal by crops in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. Trop. Agric. 131 (1975) 61-70
9. Amarasiri S.L., and Wickramasinghe K. Use of rice straw as a fertilizer material. Trop. Agric. 133 (1977) 39-49
10. Anonymous. "Rhenania-Phosphate Multipurpose Fertilizer with Universal Applicability." Kali-Chemie (1976), AG., Hannover Federal Republic of Germany
11. Baba I., Iwata I., and Takahashi Y. Studies on the nutrition of rice plants with reference to Helminthosporium leaf spot (preliminary report). XI. Absorption and translocation of nutrients as influenced by soil moisture and air humidity. Proc. Crop Sci. Soc. Jpn. 24 (1956) 169-172 [in Japanese]
12. Barber D.A., and Shone M.G.T. The absorption of silica from aqueous solutions by plants. J. Exp. Bot. 17 (1966) 569-578
13. Barcelo J., Guevara P., and Poschenrieder Ch. Silicon amelioration of aluminum toxicity in teosinte (Zea mays L. ssp. mexicana). Plant Soil 154 (1993) 249-255
14. Bergmann W. "Nutritional Disorders of Plants: Development, Visual and Analytical Diagnosis." Gustav Fisher Verlag (1992), Jena, Stuttgart/New York
15. Blair G.J., Freney J.R., and Park J.K. Effect of sulfur, silicon, and trace metal interactions in determining the dynamics of phosphorus in agricultural systems. In "Proceedings of the Symposium on Phosphorus Requirements for Sustainable Agriculture in Asia and Oceania," March 6-10, 1989, pp. 269-280. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos (1990), Laguna, Philippines
16. Burbey A., Rizaldi B., and Yulizar Z. Response of upland rice to potassium and silicate application on Ultisol. Pemberitaan Penelitian Sukarami 15 (1988) 26-31 [In Indonesian with English summary; Regional Info. Support Service 14, 517, 1990]
17. Cassman K.G., DeDatta S.K., Olk D.D., Alcantara J., Sanson M., Descalsota J., and Dizon M. Yield decline and the nitrogen economy of long-term experiments on continuous, irrigated rice systems in the tropics. In: Lal R., and Stewart B.A. (Eds). Soil Management-Exprimental Basis for Sustainability and Environmental Quality (1995), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 181-222
18. Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI). Annual report 1973. (1974), Cuttack, Orissa, India
19. Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI). Annual report 1975. (1976), Cuttack, Orissa
20. Chang S.C. Evaluation of the fertility of rice soils. In "Soils and Rice. International Rice Research Institute," pp. 521-541. Los Banos (1978), Laguna, Philippines
21. Chen Y. Characteristics of silicon uptaking and accumulation in rice. J. Guizhou Agric. Sci. 6 (1990) 37-40 [In Chinese with English summary]
22. Cheng B.T. Some significant functions of silicon to higher plants. J. Plant Nutr. 5 (1982) 1345-1353
23. Cherif M., Asselin A., and Belanger R.R. Defense responses induced by soluble silicon in cucumber roots infected by Pythium spp. Phytopathology 84 (1994) 236-242
24. Chien S.H. Reactions of phosphate rocks, rhenania phosphate and superphosphate with an acid soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42 (1978) 705-708
25. Chiu T.F., and Huang W.L. Experiments on effects of variously applied siliceous slag to rice. Annual report, Taiwan Agriculture Research Institute for 1970, Taiwan (1971)
26. Clark R.B., and Gourley L.M. Mineral element concentrations of sorghum genotypes grown on tropical acid soil. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 19 (1988) 1019-1029
27. Clark R.B., Flores C.I., and Gourley L.M. Mineral element concentration in acid soil tolerant and susceptible sorghum genotypes. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 19 (1988) 1003-1017
28. Correa-Victoria F.J., Datnoff L.E., Winslow M.D., Okada K., Friesen D.K., Sanz J.I., and Snyder G.H. Silicon deficiency of upland rice on highly weathered Savanna soils in Colombia. II. Diseases and grain quality. IX Conferencia Internaciaonal de arroz para a America Latina e para o Caribe, V Reuniao Nacional de Pesquisa de Arroz, Castro's Park Hotel. 21-25 Marco. Goiania (1994), Goias, Brasil
29. Cuevas V.C. Rapid composting fits rice farmers. Inform. Centr. for Low External Inputs and Sustainable. Agric. Newslett. 9 (1993) 11-12
30. Dahlgren R.A. Comparison of soil solution extraction procedures: Effect on solute chemistry. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 24 (1993) 1783-1794
31. Datnoff L.E. Influence of silicon fertilization on rice diseases in Florida. Newslett. Florida Phytopathol. Soc. 3 (1992) 10-11
32. Datnoff L.E. Influence of mineral nutrition of rice on disease development. In: Teng P.S., Heong K.L., and Moody K. (Eds). Rice Pest Science and Management (1994), IRRI, Manila, Philippines 89-100
33. Datnoff L.E., and Snyder G.H. Comparison of silicon and benomyl alone and in combination for reducing blast incidence. Biol. Cultural Tests Control Plant Dis. 9 (1994) 113
34. Datnoff L.E., Raid R.N., Snyder G.H., and Jones D.B. Evaluation of calcium silicate slag and nitrogen on brown spot, neck rot, and sheath blight development on rice. Biol. Cultural Tests Control Plant Dis. 5 (1990) 65
35. Datnoff L.E., Snyder G.H., and Jones D.B. Influence of calcium silicate slag and fungicides on brown spot and neck rot development and yields of rice. In: Coale F.J. (Ed). 1990 Rice Growers Seminar, (1990), University of Florida, Belle Glade, FL 26-33 Belle glade EREC, Research Report EV-1990-2
36. Datnoff L.E., Raid R.N., Snyder G.H., and Jones D.B. Effect of calcium silicate on blast and brown spot intensities and yields of rice. Plant Dis. 75 (1991) 729-732
37. Datnoff L.E., Snyder G.H., and Deren C.W. Influence of silicon fertilizer grades on blast and brown spot development and on rice yields. Plant Dis. 76 (1992) 1182-1184
38. Datta N.P., Shinde J.E., Kamath M.D., and Datta S.K. Effect of sodium silicate on the uptake of soil and fertilizer phosphorus by wheat, rice and berseem. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 32 (1962) 219-227
39. DeDatta S.K. Principles and Practices of Rice Production. (1981), Wiley, New York
40. Deren C.W., Datnoff L.E., and Snyder G.H. Variable silicon content of rice cultivars grown on Everglades Histosols. J. Plant Nutr. 15 (1992) 2363-2368
41. Deren C.W., Datnoff L.E., Snyder G.H., and Martin F.G. Silicon concentration, disease response and yield components of rice genotypes grown on flooded organic Histosols. Crop Sci. 34 (1994) 733-737
42. J. D'Hoore, J.K.Coulter, Soil silicon and plant nutrition. In "Soil of the Humid Tropics," pp. 163-173. National Academy of Sciences, 1977 WashingtonDC
43. Diamond R.B., Sri Adiningsih J., and Sudjadi M. Maintaining yields of lowland rice with reduced fertilizer applications in Indonesia. Paper presented at the INSFFER workshop, September 22-24, 1986 (1986), Hangzhow, China
44. Ditsathaporn C., Rungsangchan P., Yuvaniyom A., Suttavas A., and Arunin S. Effect of rice hull ash and plowing depths on saline-acid soil improvement. Research Report 1989, pp. 184-194. Agriculture Development Research Center (1989), Bangkok, Thailand
45. Djamin A., and Pathak M.D. Role of silica in resistance to Asiatic rice borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker) in rice varieties. J. Econ. Entomol. 60 (1967) 347-351
46. Drees L.R., Wilding L.P., Smeck N.E., and Senkayi A.L. Silica in soils: Quartz and disordered silica polymorphs. In: Dixon J.B., and Weed S.B. (Eds). Minerals in Soil Environments (1989), Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI 913-974
47. Elawad S.H., and Green Jr. V.E. Silicon and the rice plant environment: A review of recent research. II Riso 28 (1979) 235-253
48. Elliott C.L., and Snyder G.H. Autoclave-induced digestion for the colorimetric determination of silicon in rice straw. J. Agric. Food Chem. 39 (1991) 1118-1119
49. Elliott C.L., Snyder G.H., and Jones D.B. Rapid gravimetric determination of Si in rice straw. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 19 (1988) 1543-1550
50. Epstein E. The anomaly of silicon in plant biology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 (1994) 11-17
51. Fageria N.K., Baligar V.C., and Jones C.A. Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Field Crops. (1991), Dekker, New York
52. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). FAO Bull. Stat. 6 (1993) 22
53. Foy C.D. Soil chemical factors limiting plant root growth. Adv. Soil Sci. 19 (1992) 97-149
54. Friesen D.K., Sanz J.I., Correa F.J., Winslow M.D., Okada K., Datnoff L.E., and Snyder G.H. Silicon deficiency of upland rice on highly weathered Savanna soils in Colombia. I. Evidence of a major yield constraint. IX Conferencia Internaciaonal de arroz para a America Latina e para o Caribe, V Reuniao Nacional de Pesquisa de Arroz, Castro's Park Hotel. 21-25 Marco. Goiania. (1994), Goias, Brasil
55. Galvez L., and Clark R.B. Effect of silicon on growth and mineral composition of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) grown with toxic levels of aluminum. In: Wright R.J., Baligar V.C., and Murrman R.P. (Eds). Plant-Soil Interactions at Low pH (1991), Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands 815-823
56. Galvez L., Clark R.B., Gourley L.M., and Maranville J.W. Silicon interactions with manganese and aluminum toxicity in sorghum. J. Plant Nutr. 10 (1987) 1139-1147
57. Garrity D.P., Mamaril C.P., and Soepardi G. Phosphorus requirements and management in upland rice-bdsed cropping systems. In "Proceedings of the Symposium on Phosphorus Requirements for Sustainable Agriculture in Asia and Oceania," March 6-10, 1989, pp. 333-347. International Rice Research Institute, Los banos (1990), Laguna, Philippines
58. Garrity D.P., Vidal E.T., and O' Toole J.C. Genotype variation in the thickness of silica deposition on flowering rice spikelets. Ann. Bot. 54 (1984) 413-421
59. Green Jr. V.E. The culture of rice on organic soils-A world survey. Agron. J. 49 (1957) 468-472
60. Hallmark C.T., Wilding L.P., and Smeck N.E. Silicon. "Methods of Soil Analysis," Part 2. 2nd Ed. (1982), American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI 263-273 Agronomics Monograph No. 9
61. Ho D.Y., Zang H.L., and Zhang X.P. On the silicon supplying ability of some important paddy soils in South China. In "Proceedings of the Symposium on Paddy Soils," 19-24 October, 1980, p. 95. (1980), Nanjing, China [Abstracts]
62. Hodson M.J., and Wilkins D.A. Localization of aluminum in the roots of norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) inoculated with Paxillus involutus Fr. New Phytol. 118 (1991) 273-278
63. Horiguchi T. Mechanism of manganese toxicity and tolerance of plants. IV. Effect of silicon on alleviation of manganese toxicity of rice plants. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 34 (1988) 65-73
64. Imaizumi K., and Yoshida S. Edaphological studies on silicon supplying power of paddy soils. Bull. Natl. Inst. Agric. Sci. (Jpn) B 8 (1958) 261-304
65. Inanaga S., Okasaka A., and Tanaka S. Does silicon exist in association with organic compounds in rice plants?. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 41 (1995) 111-117
66. Indian Agriculture Research Institute (IARI). Annual report 1987. New (1988), Delhi, India
67. International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA). Rice. IFA World Fertilizer Use Manual, (1992), Paris, France 38
68. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Annual report 1963. Los (1964), Banos, Laguna, Philippines
69. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Annual report 1964. Los (1965), Banos, Laguna, Philippines
70. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Annual report 1965. Los (1966), Banos, Laguna, Philippines
71. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Annual report 1966. Los (1967), Banos, Laguna, Philippines
72. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). "Soils and Rice." IRRI, Los (1978), Banos, Laguna, Philippines
73. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Annual report 1977. Los (1978), Banos, Laguna, Philippines
74. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Program report for 1989. Los (1990), Banos, Laguna, Philippines
75. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Program report for 1990. Los (1991), Banos, Laguna, Philippines
76. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Program report for 1991. Los (1992), Banos, Laguna, Philippines
77. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). IRRI Rice Almanac (1993), Banos, Los Laguna, Philippines
78. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Rice hulls fuel new cook stove; design wins national prize. IRRI Reporter 2 (1993) 8
79. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Free-fuel stove a success and saves forests. IRRI Reporter 2 (1994) 7
80. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Rice in Crucial Environment. (1994), IRRI Los Banos., Laguna, Philippines
81. Ishizuka Y. Physiology of the rice plant. Food Fert. Tech. Cent. Tech. Bull. 13 (1973) 241-315
82. Islam A., and Saha R. Effects of silicon on the chemical composition of rice plants. Plant Soil 30 (1969) 446-458
83. Ismunadji M. Utilization of cereal crop residues and its agricultural significance in Indonesia. Contr. Center Res. Inst. Agric. Bogor, Indonesia 37 (1978) 1-14
84. Jones L.H.P., and Handreck K.A. Silica in soils, plants and animals. Adv. Agron. 19 (1967) 107-149
85. Juo A.S.R., and Sanchez P.A. Soil nutritional aspects with a view to characterize upland rice environment. In "Upland Rice Research." pp. 81-95. International Rice Research Institute, Los banos (1986), Laguna, Philippines
86. Kang Y.S. Korean Republic 27 (1985) 57-72 [In Korean; Rice Abstr. 10, 2504, 1987]
87. Kanotra S., and Mathur R.S. Biodegradation of paddy straw with cellulolytic fungi and its application on wheat crop. Biores. Technol. 47 (1994) 185-188
88. Kato N., and Owa N. Dissolution mechanism of silicate slag fertilizers in paddy soils. XIV Int. Congr. Soil Sci. 4 (1990) 609-610
89. Kawaguchi K. Tropical paddy soils. Jpn. Agic. Res. Q. 1 (1966) 7-11
90. Kawaguchi K., and Matsuo Y. A study of available silica in paddy soils. II. J. Sci. Soil, Tokyo 29 (1958) 9-12 [Soils Fert. 22, 2052, 1959]
91. Kawaguchi K., Ojima T., and Matsuo Y. A study of available silica in paddy soils. I. J. Sci. Soil. Tokyo 28 (1958) 493-496 [Soils Fert. 22, 2053, 1959]
92. Khalid R.A., Silva J.A., and Fox R.L. Residual effects of calcium silicate in tropical soils: I. Fate of applied silicon during five years of cropping. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42 (1978) 89-94
93. Kido M., and Yanatori S. Physiological & ecological studies on the rice plant in well-drained and poorly-drained fields. 8. Distribution of silicified tissue of rice culm & silicate content in each intemode as affected by different cultural conditions. Proc. Crop Sci. Soc. Jpn. 31 (1963) 237-240 [In Japanese]
94. Kilmer V.J. Silicon. In "Methods of Soil Analysis," Part 2, pp. 959-962. Chemical and Microbiological Properties, Agronomy Series No. 9. American Society of Agronomy (1965), Madison, WI
95. Kim C.B., Kim S.H., Park N.K., Park S.D., and Choi D.U. Effects of application of slag as silicate materials on rice yields in normal paddy soil. Res. Rep. Rural Dev. Admin., Plant Environ., Mycol., Farm Product Utilization, Korea Republic 27 (1985) 41-60 [In Korean; Rice Abstr 10, 2503, 1987]
96. Kim C.H., Rush M.C., and MacKenzie D.R. Food-mediated resistance to the rice blast disease. In: Juo A.S.R., and Lowe J.A. (Eds). The Wetlands and Rice in Subsaharan Africa (1986), IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria 151-169
97. Kim C.K., and Lee S. Reduction of the incidence of rice neck blast by integrated soil improvement practice. Korean J. Plant Prot. 21 (1982) 15-18
98. Kim Y.K., et al. Research Report of the Office of the Rural Development (Plant Environment) 14 (1971) 39-44
99. Kobayashi T. Studies on the improvement of the upland soil by means of irrigation practice. II. Improvement of the volcanic ash soil in Kuma District Kumamoto Prefecture. Bull. Fac. Agric. Kagashima Univ. 6 (1957) 1-22 [In Japanese]
100. Kobayashi T., and Shinagawa A. Studies on the improvement of the upland soil by means of irrigation practice. III. On the mechanisms of the improvements of the upland fields of volcanic ash soil by irrigation. Bull. Fac. Agric. Kagashima Univ. 6 (1957) 23-43 [In Japanese]
101. Kobayashi T., Ogata T., and Yoshida Y. Studies on the improvement of the upland soils by means of irrigation practice. I. Improvement of volcanic ash soil in Goshi Clearing, Kumamoto Prefecture. Bull. Kyushu Agric. Exp. Sta. 3 (1955) 1-30 [In Japanese]
102. Kono M. Effectiveness of silicate fertilizer to japonica varieties. Trop. Agric. Res. Ser. No. 3 (1969) 241-247
103. Kono M., and Takasashi J. Selective absorption of silica and calcium by rice and tomato plants. J. Sci. Soil, Tokyo. 29 (1958) 63-66
104. Kozaka T. Control of rice blast by cultivation practices in Japan. The Rice Blast Disease, (1965), John Hopkins Press, Baltimore, MD 421-438
105. Kubota S. Slow-release potassium fertilizer with special reference to potassium silicate fertilizer. Paper presented at the International Symposium on Fertilizer Quality & Efficiency-Prospect and Problem, October 23-25, 1984 (1984), Tokyo, Japan
106. Kumbhar C.T., Nevase A.G., and Savant N.K. Rice hull ash applied to soil reduces leaf blast incidence. Int. Rice Res. Notes 20 (1995) 23-24
107. Kundu S., Kamath M.B., and Goswami N.N. Effect of sulfate, silicate and fluoride anions. I. Phosphate fixation in soil. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 36 (1988) 43-47
108. Lanning F.C. Silicon in rice. J. Agric. Food Chem. 11 (1963) 435-437
109. Lee K.S., Ahn S.B., Rhee G.S., Yeon B.Y., and Park J.K. Studies of silica application to nursery beds on rice seedling growth. Res. Rep. Rural Dev. Admin., Plant Environ., Mycol., Farm Product Utilization, Korea Republic 27 (1985) 23-27 [In Korean; Rice Abstr 10, 2502, 1987]
110. Lee D.B., Kwon T.O., and Park K.H. Influence of nitrogen and silica on the yield and the lodging related traits of paddy rice. Res. Rep. Rural Dev. Admin., Soils Ferr. (1990) [In Korean; 32, 15-23. Soils Fert 55, 2428, 1992]
111. Lee T.S., Hsu L.S., Wang C.C., and Jeng Y.H. Amelioration of soil fertility for reducing brown spot incidence in the paddy fields of Taiwan. J. Agric. Res. China 30 (1981) 35-49
112. Lewin J., and Reimann B.E.F. Silicon and plant growth. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 20 (1969) 289-304
113. Lian S. The effect of silica on paddy rice. Agric. Res. Taiwan 12 (1963) 16-28 [Soil Fert, 27, 1181, 1964]
114. Lian S. Silica fertilization of rice. The Fertility of Paddy Soils and Fertilizer Applications for Rice, (1976), Food Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan 197-220
115. Lian S. Fertility management of rice soils in R. O. C. on Taiwan. Classification and Management of Rice Growing Soils. (1988), Food Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan
116. Lian S. Effect of continued application of silicate slag under the double rice-based cropping system. In "Proceedings of the International Symposium on Paddy Soils," (1992), Academia Sinica, Nanjing, China 222-223 September 15-19, 1992, [Abstracts]
117. Liang Y.C., Ma T.S., Li F.J., and Feng Y.J. Silicon availability and response of rice and wheat to silicon in calcareous soils. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 25 (1994) 2285-2297
118. Lin K.C., Lian S., and Lee L.T. Experiments on the effect of silica on paddy. Agric. Res. Taiwan 11 (1962) 45-47 [Soils Fert, 27, 1180, 1964]
119. Lindsay W.L. Chemical Equilibria in Soils. (1979), Wiley, New York
120. Liu S.L., and Ho C.H. Study in the nature of silicon in rice hull. I. Solubility of the silicon part. J. Chinese Chem. Soc. 6 (1960) 141-153
121. Ma J.F., and Takahashi E. Release of silicon from rice straw under flooded conditions. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 35 (1989) 663-667
122. Ma J.F., and Takahashi E. Effect of silicon on growth and phosphorus uptake of rice. Plant Soil 126 (1990) 115-119
123. Ma J.F., and Takahashi E. The effect of silicic acid on rice in a P-deficient soil. Plant Soil 126 (1990) 121-125
124. Ma J.F., and Takahashi E. New aspects of silicon nutrition in rice plants. XIV Int. Congr. Soil Sci. Kyoto, Japan 4 (1990) 158-163
125. Ma J.F., and Takahashi E. Effect of silicate on phosphate availability for rice in a P-deficient soil. Plant Soil 133 (1991) 151-155
126. Ma J.F., and Takahashi E. Availability of rice straw Si to rice plants. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 37 (1991) 111-116
127. Ma J.F., Nishimura K., and Takahashi E. Effect of silicon on the growth of rice plant at different growth stages. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 35 (1989) 347-356
128. Ma T.S., Wang D.P., Liung Y.T., Chen S.H., Zhang F.S., Wang S.F., Chien Z.Z., and Liu L.Z. Effect of high efficiency silicate fertilizer on rice. Turang 24 2 (1992) 168-169 [In Chinese]
129. Majumder N.D., Rakshit S.C., and Borthakur D.N. Genetics of silica uptake in selected genotypes of rice (O. sativa L.). Plant Soil 88 (1985) 449-453
130. Matoh T., Kairusmee P., and Takahashi E. Salt-induced damage to rice plants and alleviation effect of silicate. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 32 (1986) 295-304
131. Maxwell F.G., Jenkins J.N., and Parrott W.L. Resistance of plants to insects. Adv. Agron. 24 (1972) 187-265
132. McKeague J.A., and Cline M.G. Silica in soil solutions. II. The absorption of monosilicic acid by soil and by other substances. Can. J. Soil Sci. 43 (1963) 83-96
133. McKeague J.A., and Cline M.G. Silica in soils. Adv. Agron. 15 (1963) 339-396
134. Minami K. Methane from rice production. Fert. Res. 37 (1994) 167-179
135. Mitsui S., and Takatoh H. Nutritional study of silicon in graminaceous crops. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 9 (1963) 49-58
136. Miyake Y. Silica in soils and plants. Sci. Rep. Faculty of Okayama Univ. 81 (1993) 61-79 [In Japanese with English summary]
137. Mizuno N. Effects of silica on hull weight and ripening of rice plants. J. Plant Nutr. 10 9-16 (1987) 2159
138. Mutert E., Portch S., and Woo Y.C. Asia's present and future agronomic problems. Agro-Chemi. News Brief 15 (1993) 20-30
139. Nair P.K., and Aiyer R.S. Status of available silica in the rice soils of Kerala State (India). II. Silicon uptake by different varieties of rice in relation to available silica contributed by soil and irrigation water. Agric. Res. J. Keralu 6 (1968) 88-94
140. Nakano K., Abe G., and Hirano C. Jpn. J. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 5 (1961) 17-27
141. Nanda H.P. Role of silicated cells in rice leaf on brown spot disease incidence by Bipolaris Oryzae. Int. J. Trop. Plant Dis. 2 (1984) 89-98 Gangopadhyay.
142. Nayar P.K., Misra A.K., and Patnaik S. Evaluation of silica-supplying power of soils for growing rice. Plant Soil 47 (1977) 487-494
143. Nayar P.K., Misra A.K., and Patnaik S. Silica in rice and flooded rice soils. II. Uptake of silica in relation to growth of rice varieties of different durations grown on an Inceptisol. Oryza 19 (1982) 82-92
144. Nishihara T., Tsuneyoshi T., and Nakamura H. Effect of silicon on phosphorus metabolism in rice plant. Bull. Fac. Agric. Kagoshima Univ. 20 (1970) 85-103 [In Japanese; Soils Fert. 34, 1705, 1971]
145. Nogushi J., and Sugawara T. "Potassium and Japonica Rice." International Potash institute (1966), Bern, Switzerland
146. Nonaka K., and Takahsahi K. Available silicates in paddy soils. Part I. Available silicates in various soils and slags. Bull. Shikoku Natl. Agric. Exp. Stn. 47 (1986) 15
147. Nonaka K., and Takahashi K. A method of measuring available silicates in paddy soils. Jpn. Agric. Res. Q. 22 (1988) 91-95
148. Nonaka K., and Takahashi K. A method of assessing the need of silicate fertilizers in paddy soils. XIV Int. Congr. Soil Sci. Kyoto, Japan 4 (1990) 513-514
149. Novozamsky R., van Eck, and Houba V.J.G. A rapid determination of silicon in plant material. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 15 (1984) 205-211
150. Ohata K., Kubo C., and Kitani K. Relationship between susceptibility of rice plants to Helmithosporium blight and physiological changes in plants. Bull. Shikoku Agric. Exp. Sta. 25 (1972) 1-19
151. Okamoto Y. Effect of silicic acid absorbed from the surface of leaves on the growth of rice plants. Proc. Crop Sci. Soc. Jpn. 32 (1963) 61-65 [Soils Fert. 27, 1182, 1964]
152. Okuda A., and Takahashi E. Effect of various metabolic inhibitors on the silicon uptake by rice plants. Part 9. J. Sci. Soil Manure, Jpn. 33 (1962) 453-455
153. Okuda A., and Takahashi E. The role of silicon. The Mineral Nutrition of the Rice Plant, (1965), John Hopkins Press, Baltimore, MD 126-146
154. Osuna-Canizales F.J., DeDatta S.K., and Bonman J.M. Nitrogen form and silicon nutrition effects on resistance to blast disease of rice. Plant Soil 135 (1991) 223-231
155. Ota M. Studies of the Utilization of Slag Fertilizers. (1964), Kazama, Tokyo, Japan [In Japanese]
156. Ota Y. Role of the hull in ripening of rice plant. Taichung Dist. Agric. Improvement Sta. 13 (1988) 173-188 [Special publication; Field Crop Abstr. 43, 301, 1990]
157. Ota M., Kobayashi H., and Kawaguchi Y. Effect of slag on paddy rice. 2. Influence of different nitrogen and slag levels on growth and composition of rice plant. Soil Plant Food 3 (1957) 104-107
158. Ou S.H. Rice Diseases,. 2nd ed. (1985), Common wealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, UK
159. Park C.S. Silicate responses to rice in Korea. The Fertility of Paddy Soils and Fertilizer Applications for Rice, (1976), Food Fertilization Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan 221
160. Park Y.S., Oh W.K., and Park C.S. A study of the silica content of the rice plant. Res. Rep. Off. Rural Dev. Suwon 7 (1964) 31-38 [In Korea]
161. Pinstrup-Anderson P., and Pandya-Lorch R. Alleviating poverty, intensifying agriculture, and effectively managing natural resources. Food, Agriculture, and the Environment, Discussion Paper No. 1. (1994), International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, DC
162. Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice). Almost smokeless rice hull stove developed. PhilRice Newsletter 7 2 (1994) 5
163. Ponnamperuma F.N. Dynamic aspects of flooded soils and the nutrition of the rice plant. The Mineral Nutrition of the Rice Plant, (1965), John Hopkins Press, Baltimore, MD 295-328
164. Ponnamperuma F.N. Review of the symposium on the mineral nutrition of the rice plant. The Mineral Nutrition of the Rice Plant, (1965), John Hopkins Press, Baltimore, MD 461-482
165. Ponnamperuma F.N. Straw as a source of nutrients for wetland rice. Organic Matter and Rice, (1984), International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines 117-136
166. Rachmat R., Thahir R., and dan Sutrisno S. Rice hull stove development for household. Agrimek 3 (1991) 30-34 [In Indonesian with English summary]
167. Raghupathy B. Effect of lignite fly ash (LFA) on rice. Int. Rice Res. Notes 18 (1993) 27-28
168. Rodrigo D.M. Response of rice to silica. Trop. Agric. 120 (1964) 219-226
169. Rossman A.Y., Howard R.J., and Valent B. Pyricularia grisea the correct name for the rice blast disease fungus. Mycologia 82 (1990) 509-521
170. Roy A.C., Ali M.Y., Fox R.L., and Silva J.A. Influence of calcium silicate on phosphate solubility and availability in Hawaiian latosols. Proc. Int. Symp. Soil Fert. Evaluation, New Delhi, India 1 (1971) 757-765
171. Sadanandan A.K., and Verghese E.J. Studies on silicate nutrition of rice in the laterite soil of Kerala. 1. Effect on growth and yield. Madras Agric. J. 55 (1968) 260-263
172. Sadzawka R.M.A., and Aomine S. Adsorption of silica in river waters by soils in Central Chile. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 23 (1977) 297-309
173. Sahu S.K. Effect of silica and phosphorus application on yield and phosphorus nutrition of rice. Int. Rice Res. Notes 15 1 (1990) 25
174. Salim M., and Saxena R.C. Iron, silica, and aluminum stresses and varietal resistance in rice: Effects on whitebacked Planthopper. Crop Sci. 32 (1992) 212-219
175. Sasamoto K. Resistance of rice plant applied with silicate and nitrogenous fertilizers to the rice stem borer Chilo Suppressalis Walker. Proceedings of the Faculty Lib. (1961), Art Education, Yamanashi University No. 3
176. Savant N.K., and Sawant A.S. Nutrient composition of rice seedlings as influenced by rice hull ash application to seedbed. Oryza (1995) in press
177. Sawant A.S., Patil V.H., and Savant N.K. Rice hull ash applied to seedbed reduces deadhearts in transplanted rice. Int. Rice Res. Notes 19 4 (1994) 21-22
178. Seebold K., Datnoff L., Correa-V F., and Snyder G. Effects of silicon and fungicides on leaf and neck blast development in rice. Phytopathology 85 (1995) 1168
179. Seo S.W., and Ota Y. Role of the hull in the ripening of rice plant. VII. Effect of supplying of silica and potassium during reproductive growth stage on the form and function of hulls. Nippon Sakumotsu Gakkai Kiji 52 (1983) 73-79 [In Japanese; Chem. Abstr, 99, 21469u, 1983]
180. Sharma S.K., Sharma C.M., and Chakor I.S. Effect of industrial organic wastes and Lantana incorporation on soil properties and yield of rice. Indian J. Agron. 33 2 (1988) 225-226
181. Silva J.A. Possible mechanisms for crop response to silicate applications. Proc. Intern. Symp. Soil Fert. Eval., New Delhi, India 1 (1971) 805-814
182. Snitwongse P., Pongpan S., and Neue H.U. Decomposition of 14C labelled rice straw in a submerged and aerated rice in Northeastern Thailand. Paper presented at the First International Symposium on Paddy Soil Fertility, December 6-13. 1988, Chaiang (1988), Mai, Thailand
183. Snyder G.H. Development of a silicon soil test for Histosol-grown rice. Belle Glade EREC Research Report EV-1991-2 University of (1991), Florida, Belle Glade. FL
184. Snyder G.H., Jones D.B., and Gascho G.J. Silicon fertilization of rice on Everglades Histosols. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 50 (1986) 1259-1263
185. Su N.R. The fertility status of Taiwan soils. Technical Bulletin No. 8 (1972), Food Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan
186. Su N.R., Shen L., and Lee T.S. Availability of the native soil and residual fertilizer silica to rice plants. J. Agric. Assoc. China 122 (1983) 46-62 [Rice Abstr. 7, 2371, 1984]
187. Subramanian S., and Gopalswamy A. Influence of silicate and phosphate materials on availability and uptake of silicon and phosphorus in acid soil. Oryza 27 (1990) 267-273
188. Subramanian S., and Gopalswamy A. Effect of moisture, organic matter, phosphate, and silicate on availability on silicon and phosphorus in rice soils. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 39 (1991) 99-103
189. Sujatha G., Reddy G.P.V., and Murthy M.M.K. Effect of certain biochemical factors on expression of resistance of rice varieties to brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal). J. Res. APAU (Andhra Pradesh Agric. Univ.) 15 2 (1987) 124-128
190. Sumida H. Effects of nitrogen nutrition on silica uptake by rice plant. Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 63 (1992) 633-638
191. Sumida H. Silicon supplying capacity of paddy soils and characteristics of silicon uptake by rice plants in cool regions in Japan. Bull. Tohoku Natl. Agric. Exp. Stn. 85 (1992) 1-46 [In Japanese with English summary]
192. Sumida H., and Ohyama N. The influence of temperature on supply of silica from paddy soil and its uptake by rice plant. Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 61 (1990) 253-259 [In Japanese]
193. Suzuki H. Studies on the influence of some environmental factors on the susceptibility of the rice plant to blast and Helminthosporium diseases and on the anatomical characters of the plant. II. Influence of differences in soil moisture and in the amount of nitrogenous fertilizer given. J. Coll Agric. XIII (1935) 236-275
194. Suzuki H. Studies on the influence of some environmental factors on the susceptibility of the rice plant to blast and Helminthosporium diseases and on the anatomical characters of the plant. III. Influence of differences in soli moisture and in the amounts of fertilizer and silica given. J. Coll. Agric. XIII (1935) 278-332
195. Syouji K. Application effect of calcium silicate, rice straw, and citrate on phosphorus availability in soil. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 52 (1981) 253-259
196. Takahashi E. Effect of the form of silicon on the uptake of silicon by rice plant. Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 49 (1978) 357-360
197. Takahashi E. Uptake mode and physiological functions of silica. Sci. Rice Plant 2 (1995) 58-71
198. Takahashi E., Ma J.F., and Miyake Y. The possibility of silicon as an essential element for higher plants. Comments Agric. Food Chem. 2 (1990) 99-122
199. Takahashi E., and Miyake Y. Silica and plant growth. Proceedings of the International Seminar on Environment and Fertility Management in Intensive Agriculture, (1977), (SEFMIA), Tokyo, Japan 603-611
200. Takahashi J., Kanareugsa C., Somboondumrongkul J., and Prasittikhet J. The effect of silicon, magnesium and zinc on the yield of rice. Proceedings of the Symposium On Paddy Soils, (1980), Nanjing, China 82-83 [Abstracts], October 19-24, 1988
201. Takahashi K. Effects of slags on the growth and the silicon uptake by rice plants and the available silicates in paddy soils. Bull. Shikoku Agric. Exp. Stn. 38 (1981) (December)
202. Takahashi N. Silica as a nutrient to the rice plant. Jpn. Agric. Res. Q. 3 3 (1968) 1-4
203. Takahashi Y. Nutritional studies on development of Helminthosporium Leaf Spot. Proceedings of the Symposium on Rice Diseases and Their Control by Growing Resistant Varieties and Other Measures, (1967), Forestry and Fisheries Research Council, Tokyo, Japan 157-170
204. Takijima Y., and Gunawardena S.D.I.E. Nutrient deficiency and physiological disease of lowland rice in Ceylon. I. Relationships between nutritional status of soil and rice growth. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 15 (1969) 259-266
205. Takijima Y., Wijayaratna H.M.S., and Seneviratne C.J. Nutrient deficiency and physiological disease of lowland rice in Ceylon. III. Effect of silicate fertilizers and dolomite for increasing rice yields. Soil Sci Plant Nutr. 16 (1970) 11-16
206. Tanaka A. Methods of handling rice straw in various countries. Int. Rice Comm. Newslett. 22 (1973) 1-20
207. Tanaka A. Role of organic matter. Soils and Rice, International (1978), International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines 605-620
208. Tanaka A., and Park Y.D. Significance of the absorption and distribution of silica in the rice plant. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 12 (1966) 191-195
209. Tanaka A., and Yoshida S. Nutritional disorders of the rice plant in Asia. (1970), International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines
210. Tasugi H., and Yoshida K. On the relation between silica and resistance of rice plants to rice blast. Monbu-sho Shiken Kenkyu Hokoku 48 (1958) 31-36 [In Japanese]
211. Tokunaga Y. Potassium silicate: A slow release potassium fertilizer. Fert. Res. 30 (1991) 55-59
212. Tran D.T. The Lo Trau: Taking the heat off Africa's forest. Ceres 131 (1991) 8
213. van der Vorm P.D.J. Uptake of Si by five plant species as influenced by variations in Si-supply. Plant Soil 56 (1980) 153-156
214. van der Vorm P.D.J. Dry ashing of plant material and dissolution of the ash in HF for the colorimetric determination of silicon. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 18 (1987) 1181-1189
215. Verma T.S., and Minhas R.S. Effect of iron and manganese interactions on paddy yield and iron and manganese nutrition in Silicon-treated and untreated soils. Soil Sci. 147 (1989) 107-115
216. Volk R.J., Kahn R.P., and Weintraub R.L. Silicon content of the rice plant as a factor influencing its resistance to infection by rice blast fungus, Pyricularia oryzae. Phytopathology 48 (1958) 179-184
217. Wallace A. Relationships among nitrogen, silicon, and heavy metal uptake by plants. Soil Sci. 147 (1989) 457-460
218. Wallace A. Participation of silicon in cation-anion balance as a possible mechanism for aluminum and iron tolerance in some gramineae. J. Plant Nutr. 16 (1993) 547-553
219. Winslow M.D. Silicon, disease resistance and yield of rice genotypes under upland cultural conditions. Crop Sci. 32 (1992) 1208-1213
220. Winslow M.D. Silicon. A new macronutrient deficiency in upland rice. Working Document No. 10. (1995), International Center of Tropical Agriculture, Cali, Colombia
221. Yamauchi M., and Winslow M.D. Silica reduces disease on upland rice in a high rainfall area. Int. Rice Res. Newslett. 12 (1987) 22-23
222. Yamauchi M., and Winslow M.D. Effect of silica and magnesium on yield of upland rice in humid tropics. Plant Soil 113 (1989) 265-269
223. Yoshida S. Chemical aspects of the role of silicon in physiology of the rice plant. Bull. Natl. Inst. Agr. Sci. (Jpn.) Ser. B 15 (1965) 1-58
224. Yoshida S. Nutritional disorders of rice in Asia. Exten (1971), Food Fertilization Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan Bulletin No. 4.
225. Yoshida S. The physiology of silicon in rice. (1975), Technical Food Fert. Tech. Centr., Taipei, Taiwan Bulletin No. 25
226. Yoshida S. The availability of silicon in paddy soil. In: Kawaguchi K. (Ed). Paddy Soil Science (1978), Kodansha, Tokyo, Japan 293-299
227. Yoshida S. Fundamentals of Rice Crop Science. (1981), International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines
228. Yoshida S., Forno D.A., Cook J.H., and Gomez K.A. Laboratory Manual for Physiological Studies of Rice,. 3rd ed. (1976), International Rice Research Institute, Los, Banos, Laguna. Philippines
229. Yoshida S., Navasero S.A., and Ramirez E.A. Effects of silica and nitrogen supply on some leaf characters of the rice plant. Plant Soil 31 (1969) 48-56
230. Yoshida S., Ohnishi Y., and Kitagishi K. Histochemistry of silicon in rice plant. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. (Tokyo) 8 (1962) 30-51
231. Yoshida S., Ohnishi Y., and Kitagishi K. Chemical forms, mobility, and deposition of silicon in rice plant. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 8 (1962) 107-111
232. Yoshida S., Onshi Y., and Kitagishi K. The chemical nature of silicon in rice plant. Soil Plant Food 5 (1959) 23-27
233. Yoshihara T., Sogawa K., Pathak M.D., Juliano B.O., and Sakamura S. Soluble silicic acid as a sucking inhibitory substance in rice against the rice brown planthopper. (Deplhacidae homotera). Ent. Exp. Appl. 26 (1979) 314
234. Zhang H.L. Studies on soil silica. Studies on Calcium and Silicon Fertilizer, (1984), Nanjiing Institute of Soil Science, Academia Sinica Press, Nanjiing, China 96 [English summary]