메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 9, Issue , 2015, Pages 2079-2088

Management of severe sepsis: Advances, challenges, and current status

Author keywords

Biomarkers; Critical care; Guidelines; Sepsis; Septic shock; Surviving sepsis campaign

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CORTICOSTEROID; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

EID: 84929206816     PISSN: None     EISSN: 11778881     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S78757     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (72)

References (64)
  • 1
    • 0034958947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: Analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care
    • Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, Clermont G, Carcillo J, Pinsky MR. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care. Crit Care Med. 2001;29(7):1303–1310.
    • (2001) Crit Care Med , vol.29 , Issue.7 , pp. 1303-1310
    • Angus, D.C.1    Linde-Zwirble, W.T.2    Lidicker, J.3    Clermont, G.4    Carcillo, J.5    Pinsky, M.R.6
  • 2
    • 84897556197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality related to severe sepsis and septic shock among critically ill patients in Australia and New Zealand, 2000–2012
    • Kaukonen K-M, Bailey M, Suzuki S, Pilcher D, Bellomo R. Mortality related to severe sepsis and septic shock among critically ill patients in Australia and New Zealand, 2000–2012. JAMA. 2014;311(13):1308–1316. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.2637.
    • (2014) JAMA , vol.311 , Issue.13 , pp. 1308-1316
    • Kaukonen, K.-M.1    Bailey, M.2    Suzuki, S.3    Pilcher, D.4    Bellomo, R.5
  • 3
    • 84925723236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surviving sepsis campaign: Association between performance metrics and outcomes in a 7.5-year study
    • Levy MM, Rhodes A, Phillips GS, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: association between performance metrics and outcomes in a 7.5-year study. Crit Care Med. 2015;43(1):3–12. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000000723.
    • (2015) Crit Care Med , vol.43 , Issue.1 , pp. 3-12
    • Levy, M.M.1    Rhodes, A.2    Phillips, G.S.3
  • 4
    • 84872185446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of an inspiratory pressure-limited approach to mechanical ventilation in septic patients
    • Martin-Loeches I, de Haro C, Dellinger RP, et al. Effectiveness of an inspiratory pressure-limited approach to mechanical ventilation in septic patients. Eur Respir J. 2013;41(1):157–164. doi:10.1183/09031936.00221611.
    • (2013) Eur Respir J , vol.41 , Issue.1 , pp. 157-164
    • Martin-Loeches, I.1    De Haro, C.2    Dellinger, R.P.3
  • 5
    • 84907956165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Barriers to the effective treatment of sepsis: Antimicrobial agents, sepsis definitions, and host-directed therapies
    • Lyle NH, Pena OM, Boyd JH, Hancock REW. Barriers to the effective treatment of sepsis: antimicrobial agents, sepsis definitions, and host-directed therapies. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2014;1323:101–114. doi:10.1111/nyas.12444.
    • (2014) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.1323 , pp. 101-114
    • Lyle, N.H.1    Pena, O.M.2    Boyd, J.H.3    Hancock, R.4
  • 6
    • 84891672214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severe sepsis and septic shock: Management and performance improvement
    • Schorr CA, Zanotti S, Dellinger RP. Severe sepsis and septic shock: management and performance improvement. Virulence. 2014;5(1):190–199. doi:10.4161/viru.27409.
    • (2014) Virulence , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 190-199
    • Schorr, C.A.1    Zanotti, S.2    Dellinger, R.P.3
  • 7
    • 84900318211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of the worldwide burden of critical illness: The Intensive Care Over Nations (ICON) audit
    • Vincent J-L, Marshall JC, Namendys-Silva SA, et al. Assessment of the worldwide burden of critical illness: the Intensive Care Over Nations (ICON) audit. Lancet Respir Med. 2014;2(5):380–386. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70061-X.
    • (2014) Lancet Respir Med , vol.2 , Issue.5 , pp. 380-386
    • Vincent, J.-L.1    Marshall, J.C.2    Namendys-Silva, S.A.3
  • 8
    • 84899769504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulatory mandates for sepsis care–reasons for caution
    • Rhee C, Gohil S, Klompas M. Regulatory mandates for sepsis care–reasons for caution. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(18):1673–1676. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1400276.
    • (2014) N Engl J Med , vol.370 , Issue.18 , pp. 1673-1676
    • Rhee, C.1    Gohil, S.2    Klompas, M.3
  • 9
    • 85017727264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines 2004.
    • (2004)
  • 10
    • 77950859539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Surviving Sepsis Campaign: Results of an international guideline-based performance improvement program targeting severe sepsis
    • Levy MM, Dellinger RP, Townsend SR, et al. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign: results of an international guideline-based performance improvement program targeting severe sepsis. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36(2):222–231. doi:10.1007/s00134-009-1738-3.
    • (2010) Intensive Care Med , vol.36 , Issue.2 , pp. 222-231
    • Levy, M.M.1    Dellinger, R.P.2    Townsend, S.R.3
  • 11
    • 44249118788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improvement in process of care and outcome after a multicenter severe sepsis educational program in Spain
    • Ferrer R, Artigas A, Levy MM, et al. Improvement in process of care and outcome after a multicenter severe sepsis educational program in Spain. JAMA. 2008;299(19):2294–2303. doi:10.1001/jama.299.19.2294.
    • (2008) JAMA , vol.299 , Issue.19 , pp. 2294-2303
    • Ferrer, R.1    Artigas, A.2    Levy, M.M.3
  • 12
    • 79953814461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost-effectiveness of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign protocol for severe sepsis: A prospective nation-wide study in Spain
    • Suarez D, Ferrer R, Artigas A, et al. Cost-effectiveness of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign protocol for severe sepsis: a prospective nation-wide study in Spain. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37(3):444–452. doi:10.1007/s00134-010-2102-3.
    • (2011) Intensive Care Med , vol.37 , Issue.3 , pp. 444-452
    • Suarez, D.1    Ferrer, R.2    Artigas, A.3
  • 13
    • 77950200034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign protocols on hospital length of stay and mortality in septic shock patients: Results of a three-year follow-up quasi-experimental study
    • Castellanos-Ortega A, Suberviola B, García-Astudillo LA, et al. Impact of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign protocols on hospital length of stay and mortality in septic shock patients: results of a three-year follow-up quasi-experimental study. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(4):1036–1043. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181d455b6.
    • (2010) Crit Care Med , vol.38 , Issue.4 , pp. 1036-1043
    • Castellanos-Ortega, A.1    Suberviola, B.2    García-Astudillo, L.A.3
  • 14
    • 84873714375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surviving sepsis campaign: International guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012
    • Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39(2):165–228. doi:10.1007/s00134-012-2769-8.
    • (2013) Intensive Care Med , vol.39 , Issue.2 , pp. 165-228
    • Dellinger, R.P.1    Levy, M.M.2    Rhodes, A.3
  • 15
    • 3242775982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock
    • Available from, Accessed October 10, 2014
    • Dellinger RP, Carlet JM, Masur H, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2004;32(3):858–873. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15090974. Accessed October 10, 2014.
    • (2004) Crit Care Med , vol.32 , Issue.3 , pp. 858-873
    • Dellinger, R.P.1    Carlet, J.M.2    Masur, H.3
  • 16
    • 84899750488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock
    • Yealy DM, Kellum JA, Huang DT, et al. A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(18):1683–1693. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1401602.
    • (2014) N Engl J Med , vol.370 , Issue.18 , pp. 1683-1693
    • Yealy, D.M.1    Kellum, J.A.2    Huang, D.T.3
  • 17
    • 84908059020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Goal-directed resuscitation for patients with early septic shock
    • ARISE Investigators; ANZICS Clinical Trials Group; Peake SL, Delaney A, Bailey M, et al. Goal-directed resuscitation for patients with early septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(16):1496–1506. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1404380.
    • (2014) N Engl J Med , vol.371 , Issue.16 , pp. 1496-1506
    • Peake, S.L.1    Delaney, A.2    Bailey, M.3
  • 18
    • 84888395078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Protocolised Management in Sepsis (ProMISe) trial statistical analysis plan
    • Available from, Accessed October 9, 2014
    • Power GS, Harrison DA, Mouncey PR, Osborn TM, Harvey SE, Rowan KM. The Protocolised Management in Sepsis (ProMISe) trial statistical analysis plan. Crit Care Resusc. 2013;15(4):311–317. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24289513. Accessed October 9, 2014.
    • (2013) Crit Care Resusc , vol.15 , Issue.4 , pp. 311-317
    • Power, G.S.1    Harrison, D.A.2    Mouncey, P.R.3    Osborn, T.M.4    Harvey, S.E.5    Rowan, K.M.6
  • 19
    • 33744527833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock
    • Kumar A, Roberts D, Wood KE, et al. Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(6):1589–1596. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000217961.75225.E9.
    • (2006) Crit Care Med , vol.34 , Issue.6 , pp. 1589-1596
    • Kumar, A.1    Roberts, D.2    Wood, K.E.3
  • 20
    • 84904734154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empiric antibiotic treatment reduces mortality in severe sepsis and septic shock from the first hour: Results from a guideline-based performance improvement program
    • Ferrer R, Martin-Loeches I, Phillips G, et al. Empiric antibiotic treatment reduces mortality in severe sepsis and septic shock from the first hour: results from a guideline-based performance improvement program. Crit Care Med. 2014;42(8):1749–1755. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000000330.
    • (2014) Crit Care Med , vol.42 , Issue.8 , pp. 1749-1755
    • Ferrer, R.1    Martin-Loeches, I.2    Phillips, G.3
  • 21
    • 84869016925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Edusepsis Study Group. Antibiotic prescription patterns in the empiric therapy of severe sepsis: Combination of antimicrobials with different mechanisms of action reduces mortality
    • Díaz-Martín A, Martínez-González ML, Ferrer R, et al. Edusepsis Study Group. Antibiotic prescription patterns in the empiric therapy of severe sepsis: combination of antimicrobials with different mechanisms of action reduces mortality. Crit Care. 2012;16(6).
    • (2012) Crit Care , vol.16 , Issue.6
    • Díaz-Martín, A.1    Martínez-González, M.L.2    Ferrer, R.3
  • 22
    • 84862268852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of empirical treatment with moxifloxacin and meropenem vs meropenem on sepsis-related organ dysfunction in patients with severe sepsis: A randomized trial
    • Brunkhorst FM, Oppert M, Marx G, et al. Effect of empirical treatment with moxifloxacin and meropenem vs meropenem on sepsis-related organ dysfunction in patients with severe sepsis: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2012;307(22):2390–2399. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.5833.
    • (2012) JAMA , vol.307 , Issue.22 , pp. 2390-2399
    • Brunkhorst, F.M.1    Oppert, M.2    Marx, G.3
  • 23
    • 84891026537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • De-escalation of empirical therapy is associated with lower mortality in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock
    • Garnacho-Montero J, Gutiérrez-Pizarraya A, Escoresca-Ortega A, et al. De-escalation of empirical therapy is associated with lower mortality in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(1):32–40. doi:10.1007/s00134-013-3077-7.
    • (2014) Intensive Care Med , vol.40 , Issue.1 , pp. 32-40
    • Garnacho-Montero, J.1    Gutiérrez-Pizarraya, A.2    Escoresca-Ortega, A.3
  • 24
    • 84919392230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • De-escalation versus continuation of empirical antimicrobial treatment in severe sepsis: A multicenter non-blinded randomized noninferiority trial
    • Available from
    • Leone M, Bechis C, Baumstarck K, et al. De-escalation versus continuation of empirical antimicrobial treatment in severe sepsis: a multicenter non-blinded randomized noninferiority trial. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(10):1399–1408. Available from: http://icmjournal.esicm.org/journal/134/0/10/3411/0/.
    • (2014) Intensive Care Med , vol.40 , Issue.10 , pp. 1399-1408
    • Leone, M.1    Bechis, C.2    Baumstarck, K.3
  • 25
    • 84874960225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydroxyethyl starch in severe sepsis: End of starch era?
    • Estrada CA, Murugan R. Hydroxyethyl starch in severe sepsis: end of starch era? Crit Care. 2013;17(2):310. doi:10.1186/cc12531.
    • (2013) Crit Care , vol.17 , Issue.2 , pp. 310
    • Estrada, C.A.1    Murugan, R.2
  • 26
    • 84863669250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus Ringer’s acetate in severe sepsis
    • Perner A, Haase N, Guttormsen AB, et al. Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus Ringer’s acetate in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(2): 124–134. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1204242.
    • (2012) N Engl J Med , vol.367 , Issue.2 , pp. 124-134
    • Perner, A.1    Haase, N.2    Guttormsen, A.B.3
  • 27
    • 84868684501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydroxyethyl starch or saline for fluid resuscitation in intensive care
    • Myburgh JA, Finfer S, Bellomo R, et al. Hydroxyethyl starch or saline for fluid resuscitation in intensive care. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(20): 1901–1911. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1209759.
    • (2012) N Engl J Med , vol.367 , Issue.20 , pp. 1901-1911
    • Myburgh, J.A.1    Finfer, S.2    Bellomo, R.3
  • 28
    • 84873714375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines Committee including The Pediatric Subgroup. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012
    • Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines Committee including The Pediatric Subgroup. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39(2):165–228.
    • (2013) Intensive Care Med , vol.39 , Issue.2 , pp. 165-228
    • Dellinger, R.P.1    Levy, M.M.2    Rhodes, A.3
  • 29
    • 84926232888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of albumin and saline for fluid resuscitation in the intensive care unit
    • Finfer S, Bellomo R, Boyce N, French J, Myburgh J, Norton R. A comparison of albumin and saline for fluid resuscitation in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(22):2247–2256. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa040232.
    • (2004) N Engl J Med , vol.350 , Issue.22 , pp. 2247-2256
    • Finfer, S.1    Bellomo, R.2    Boyce, N.3    French, J.4    Myburgh, J.5    Norton, R.6
  • 30
    • 84887071739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of fluid resuscitation with colloids vs crystalloids on mortality in critically ill patients presenting with hypovolemic shock: The CRISTAL randomized trial
    • Annane D, Siami S, Jaber S, et al. Effects of fluid resuscitation with colloids vs crystalloids on mortality in critically ill patients presenting with hypovolemic shock: the CRISTAL randomized trial. JAMA. 2013;310(17):1809–1817. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.280502.
    • (2013) JAMA , vol.310 , Issue.17 , pp. 1809-1817
    • Annane, D.1    Siami, S.2    Jaber, S.3
  • 31
    • 84898487262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Albumin replacement in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock
    • Caironi P, Tognoni G, Masson S, et al. Albumin replacement in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(15):1412–1421. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1305727.
    • (2014) N Engl J Med , vol.370 , Issue.15 , pp. 1412-1421
    • Caironi, P.1    Tognoni, G.2    Masson, S.3
  • 32
    • 84898820371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High versus low blood-pressure target in patients with septic shock
    • Asfar P, Meziani F, Hamel J-F, et al. High versus low blood-pressure target in patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(17):1583–1593. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1312173.
    • (2014) N Engl J Med , vol.370 , Issue.17 , pp. 1583-1593
    • Asfar, P.1    Meziani, F.2    Hamel, J.-F.3
  • 33
    • 77956246824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mesenchymal stem cells reduce inflammation while enhancing bacterial clearance and improving survival in sepsis
    • Mei SH, Haitsma JJ, Dos Santos CC, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells reduce inflammation while enhancing bacterial clearance and improving survival in sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182(8):1047–1057. doi:10.1164/rccm.201001-0010OC.
    • (2010) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.182 , Issue.8 , pp. 1047-1057
    • Mei, S.H.1    Haitsma, J.J.2    Dos Santos, C.C.3
  • 35
    • 84861162374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human mesenchymal stem cells reduce mortality and bacteremia in gram-negative sepsis in mice in part by enhancing the phagocytic activity of blood monocytes
    • Krasnodembskaya A, Samarani G, Song Y, et al. Human mesenchymal stem cells reduce mortality and bacteremia in gram-negative sepsis in mice in part by enhancing the phagocytic activity of blood monocytes. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2012;302(10):L1003–L1013. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00180.2011.
    • (2012) Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol , vol.302 , Issue.10 , pp. L1003-L1013
    • Krasnodembskaya, A.1    Samarani, G.2    Song, Y.3
  • 36
    • 84883654315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood purification and mortality in sepsis: A meta-analysis of randomized trials
    • Zhou F, Peng Z, Murugan R, Kellum JA. Blood purification and mortality in sepsis: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care Med. 2013;41(9):2209–2220. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31828cf412.
    • (2013) Crit Care Med , vol.41 , Issue.9 , pp. 2209-2220
    • Zhou, F.1    Peng, Z.2    Murugan, R.3    Kellum, J.A.4
  • 37
    • 3042785468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic and prognostic implications of endotoxemia in critical illness: Results of the MEDIC study
    • Marshall JC, Foster D, Vincent J-L, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic implications of endotoxemia in critical illness: results of the MEDIC study. J Infect Dis. 2004;190(3):527–534. doi:10.1086/422254.
    • (2004) J Infect Dis , vol.190 , Issue.3 , pp. 527-534
    • Marshall, J.C.1    Foster, D.2    Vincent, J.-L.3
  • 38
    • 67649219652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early use of polymyxin B hemoperfusion in abdominal septic shock: The EUPHAS randomized controlled trial
    • Cruz DN, Antonelli M, Fumagalli R, et al. Early use of polymyxin B hemoperfusion in abdominal septic shock: the EUPHAS randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;301(23):2445–2452. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.856.
    • (2009) JAMA , vol.301 , Issue.23 , pp. 2445-2452
    • Cruz, D.N.1    Antonelli, M.2    Fumagalli, R.3
  • 39
    • 33751079066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous polyclonal IgM-enriched immunoglobulin therapy in sepsis: A review of clinical efficacy in relation to microbiological aetiology and severity of sepsis
    • Norrby-Teglund A, Haque KN, Hammarstrom L. Intravenous polyclonal IgM-enriched immunoglobulin therapy in sepsis: a review of clinical efficacy in relation to microbiological aetiology and severity of sepsis. J Intern Med. 2006;260(6):509–516. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01726.x.
    • (2006) J Intern Med , vol.260 , Issue.6 , pp. 509-516
    • Norrby-Teglund, A.1    Haque, K.N.2    Hammarstrom, L.3
  • 40
    • 84870658458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beneficial role of endogenous immunoglobulin subclasses and isotypes in septic shock
    • Tamayo E, Fernández A, Almansa R, et al. Beneficial role of endogenous immunoglobulin subclasses and isotypes in septic shock. J Crit Care. 2012;27(6):616–22.
    • (2012) J Crit Care , vol.27 , Issue.6 , pp. 616-622
    • Tamayo, E.1    Fernández, A.2    Almansa, R.3
  • 41
    • 84894240297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative stress in immunocompetent patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia. A pilot study
    • Trefler S, Rodríguez A, Martín-Loeches I, et al. Oxidative stress in immunocompetent patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia. A pilot study. Med Intensiva. 2014;38(2):73–82.
    • (2014) Med Intensiva , vol.38 , Issue.2 , pp. 73-82
    • Trefler, S.1    Rodríguez, A.2    Martín-Loeches, I.3
  • 42
    • 84891559762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Melatonin receptors mediate improvements of survival in a model of polymicrobial sepsis
    • Fink T, Glas M, Wolf A, et al. Melatonin receptors mediate improvements of survival in a model of polymicrobial sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2014;42(1):e22–e31. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182a63e2b.
    • (2014) Crit Care Med , vol.42 , Issue.1 , pp. e22-e31
    • Fink, T.1    Glas, M.2    Wolf, A.3
  • 43
    • 65649121953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stress hyperglycaemia
    • Available from
    • Dungan KM, Braithwaite SS, Preiser J-C. Stress hyperglycaemia. Lancet. 2009;373(9677):1798–1807. Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673609605535.
    • (2009) Lancet , vol.373 , Issue.9677 , pp. 1798-1807
    • Dungan, K.M.1    Braithwaite, S.S.2    Preiser, J.-C.3
  • 44
    • 32044465949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU
    • Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(5):449–461. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa052521.
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.354 , Issue.5 , pp. 449-461
    • Van Den Berghe, G.1    Wilmer, A.2    Hermans, G.3
  • 45
    • 38749126802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blutzuckerkontrolle bei Patienten mit Sepsis und septischem Schock [Glycemic control in sepsis and septic shock: Friend or foe?]
    • Ellger B, Westphal M, Stubbe HD, Van den Heuvel I, Van Aken H, Van den Berghe G. Blutzuckerkontrolle bei Patienten mit Sepsis und septischem Schock [Glycemic control in sepsis and septic shock: friend or foe?]. Anaesthesist. 2008;57(1):43–48. doi:10.1007/s00101-007-1285-7.
    • (2008) Anaesthesist , vol.57 , Issue.1 , pp. 43-48
    • Ellger, B.1    Westphal, M.2    Stubbe, H.D.3    Van Den Heuvel, I.4    Van Aken, H.5    Van Den Berghe, G.6
  • 46
    • 84904121310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intensive insulin therapy for septic patients: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
    • Song F, Zhong L-J, Han L, et al. Intensive insulin therapy for septic patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:698265. doi:10.1155/2014/698265.
    • (2014) Biomed Res Int , pp. 2014
    • Song, F.1    Zhong, L.-J.2    Han, L.3
  • 47
    • 84880349426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Feasibility of fully automated closed-loop glucose control using continuous subcutaneous glucose measurements in critical illness: A randomized controlled trial
    • Leelarathna L, English SW, Thabit H, et al. Feasibility of fully automated closed-loop glucose control using continuous subcutaneous glucose measurements in critical illness: a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care. 2013;17(4):R159. doi:10.1186/cc12838.
    • (2013) Crit Care , vol.17 , Issue.4 , pp. R159
    • Leelarathna, L.1    English, S.W.2    Thabit, H.3
  • 48
    • 34250385653 scopus 로고
    • Influence of corticosteroids on human polymorphonuclear leukocyte function in vitro: Reduction of lysosomal enzyme release and superoxide production
    • Goldstein IM, Roos D, Weissmann G, Kaplan HB. Influence of corticosteroids on human polymorphonuclear leukocyte function in vitro: reduction of lysosomal enzyme release and superoxide production. Inflammation. 1976;1(3):305–315. doi:10.1007/BF00917870.
    • (1976) Inflammation , vol.1 , Issue.3 , pp. 305-315
    • Goldstein, I.M.1    Roos, D.2    Weissmann, G.3    Kaplan, H.B.4
  • 49
    • 0017064383 scopus 로고
    • Steroids in the treatment of clinical septic shock
    • Available from, Accessed October 10, 2014
    • Schumer W. Steroids in the treatment of clinical septic shock. Ann Surg. 1976;184(3):333–341. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1344393&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract. Accessed October 10, 2014.
    • (1976) Ann Surg , vol.184 , Issue.3 , pp. 333-341
    • Schumer, W.1
  • 50
    • 0021184906 scopus 로고
    • The effects of high-dose corticosteroids in patients with septic shock. A prospective, controlled study
    • Sprung CL, Caralis PV, Marcial EH, et al. The effects of high-dose corticosteroids in patients with septic shock. A prospective, controlled study. N Engl J Med. 1984;311(18):1137–1143. doi:10.1056/NEJM198411013111801.
    • (1984) N Engl J Med , vol.311 , Issue.18 , pp. 1137-1143
    • Sprung, C.L.1    Caralis, P.V.2    Marcial, E.H.3
  • 51
    • 0023239471 scopus 로고
    • Effect of high-dose glucocorticoid therapy on mortality in patients with clinical signs of systemic sepsis
    • The Veterans Administration Systemic Sepsis Cooperative Study Group. Effect of high-dose glucocorticoid therapy on mortality in patients with clinical signs of systemic sepsis. N Engl J Med. 1987;317(11):659–665. doi:10.1056/NEJM198709103171102.
    • (1987) N Engl J Med , vol.317 , Issue.11 , pp. 659-665
  • 52
    • 0029090390 scopus 로고
    • Corticosteroid treatment for sepsis: A critical appraisal and meta-analysis of the literature
    • Available from, Accessed October 10, 2014
    • Cronin L, Cook DJ, Carlet J, et al. Corticosteroid treatment for sepsis: a critical appraisal and meta-analysis of the literature. Crit Care Med. 1995;23(8):1430–1439. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7634816. Accessed October 10, 2014.
    • (1995) Crit Care Med , vol.23 , Issue.8 , pp. 1430-1439
    • Cronin, L.1    Cook, D.J.2    Carlet, J.3
  • 53
    • 0031942028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reversal of late septic shock with supraphysiologic doses of hydrocortisone
    • Available from, Accessed October 10, 2014
    • Bollaert PE, Charpentier C, Levy B, Debouverie M, Audibert G, Larcan A. Reversal of late septic shock with supraphysiologic doses of hydrocortisone. Crit Care Med. 1998;26(4):645–650. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9559600. Accessed October 10, 2014.
    • (1998) Crit Care Med , vol.26 , Issue.4 , pp. 645-650
    • Ollaert, P.E.1    Charpentier, C.2    Levy, B.3    Debouverie, M.4    Audibert, G.5    Larcan, A.6
  • 54
    • 0032946372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stress doses of hydrocortisone reverse hyperdynamic septic shock: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, single-center study
    • Available from, Accessed October 10, 2014
    • Briegel J, Forst H, Haller M, et al. Stress doses of hydrocortisone reverse hyperdynamic septic shock: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, single-center study. Crit Care Med. 1999;27(4):723–732. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10321661. Accessed October 10, 2014.
    • (1999) Crit Care Med , vol.27 , Issue.4 , pp. 723-732
    • Briegel, J.1    Forst, H.2    Haller, M.3
  • 55
    • 0037151571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock
    • Available from, Accessed October 10, 2014
    • Annane D, Sébille V, Charpentier C, et al. Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA. 2002;288(7):862–871. Available from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12186604. Accessed October 10, 2014.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.288 , Issue.7 , pp. 862-871
    • Annane, D.1    Sébille, V.2    Charpentier, C.3
  • 56
    • 38049110809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydrocortisone therapy for patients with septic shock
    • Sprung CL, Annane D, Keh D, et al. Hydrocortisone therapy for patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(2):111–124. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa071366.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.358 , Issue.2 , pp. 111-124
    • Sprung, C.L.1    Annane, D.2    Keh, D.3
  • 57
    • 45149105776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of corticosteroid insufficiency in critically ill adult patients: Consensus statements from an international task force by the American College of Critical Care Medicine
    • Marik PE, Pastores SM, Annane D, et al. Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of corticosteroid insufficiency in critically ill adult patients: consensus statements from an international task force by the American College of Critical Care Medicine. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(6):1937–1949. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31817603ba.
    • (2008) Crit Care Med , vol.36 , Issue.6 , pp. 1937-1949
    • Marik, P.E.1    Pastores, S.M.2    Annane, D.3
  • 58
    • 84864125153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of recombinant human interleukin 7 on T-cell recovery and thymic output in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy: Results of a phase I/IIa randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study
    • Lévy Y, Sereti I, Tambussi G, et al. Effects of recombinant human interleukin 7 on T-cell recovery and thymic output in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy: results of a phase I/IIa randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(2):291–300. doi:10.1093/cid/cis383.
    • (2012) Clin Infect Dis , vol.55 , Issue.2 , pp. 291-300
    • Lévy, Y.1    Sereti, I.2    Tambussi, G.3
  • 59
    • 84866122633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomarker-guided antibiotic therapy in adult critically ill patients: A critical review
    • Póvoa P, Salluh JI. Biomarker-guided antibiotic therapy in adult critically ill patients: a critical review. Ann Intensive Care. 2012;2(1):32. doi:10.1186/2110-5820-2-32.
    • (2012) Ann Intensive Care , vol.2 , Issue.1 , pp. 32
    • Póvoa, P.1    Salluh, J.I.2
  • 60
    • 84888325490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sepsis-induced immunosuppression: From cellular dysfunctions to immunotherapy
    • Hotchkiss RS, Monneret G, Payen D. Sepsis-induced immunosuppression: from cellular dysfunctions to immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;13(12):862–874. doi:10.1038/nri3552.
    • (2013) Nat Rev Immunol , vol.13 , Issue.12 , pp. 862-874
    • Hotchkiss, R.S.1    Monneret, G.2    Payen, D.3
  • 61
    • 77950218147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of time to antibiotics on survival in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock in whom early goal-directed therapy was initiated in the emergency department
    • Gaieski DF, Mikkelsen ME, Band RA. Impact of time to antibiotics on survival in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock in whom early goal-directed therapy was initiated in the emergency department. Crit Care Med. 2010;38:1045–1053.
    • (2010) Crit Care Med , vol.38 , pp. 1045-1053
    • Gaieski, D.F.1    Mikkelsen, M.E.2    Band, R.A.3
  • 62
    • 79956352349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The sepsis six and the severe sepsis resuscitation bundle: A prospective observational cohort study
    • Daniels R, Nutbeam T, McNamara G, Galvin C. The sepsis six and the severe sepsis resuscitation bundle: a prospective observational cohort study. Emerg Med J. 2011;28(6):507–12.
    • (2011) Emerg Med J , vol.28 , Issue.6 , pp. 507-512
    • Daniels, R.1    Nutbeam, T.2    McNamara, G.3    Galvin, C.4
  • 64
    • 74949116220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Surviving Sepsis Campaign: Results of an international guideline-based performance improvement program targeting severe sepsis
    • Levy MM, Dellinger RP, Townsend SR, et al. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign: results of an international guideline-based performance improvement program targeting severe sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2010; 38:1–8.
    • (2010) Crit Care Med , vol.38 , pp. 1-8
    • Levy, M.M.1    Dellinger, R.P.2    Townsend, S.R.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.