Ionic liquids and organic solvents for recovering lignin from lignocellulosic biomass

BioResources

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 3660-3687

  Espinoza Acosta, José Luis ^a   Torres Chávez, Patricia Isabel ^a   Carvajal Millán, Elizabeth ^b   Ramírez Wong, Benjamín ^a   Bello Pérez, Luis Arturo ^c   Montaño Leyva, Beatriz ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD DE SONORA   (Mexico)

^b CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN ALIMENTACIÓN Y DESARROLLO   (Mexico)

^c INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL   (Mexico)

Author keywords

Ionic liquids; Lignin; Lignocellulosic biomass; Organosolv; Pretreatment

Indexed keywords

BIOMASS; CELLULOSE; LIGNIN; LIQUIDS; ORGANIC SOLVENTS; SOLVENTS;

CELLULOSE AND HEMICELLULOSE; ENZYMATIC ACTIVITIES; GREEN SOLVENTS; LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS; ORGANOSOLV; PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTY; PRE-TREATMENT; VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS;

IONIC LIQUIDS;

EID: 84928979783     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19302126     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.15376/biores.9.2.3660-3687     Document Type: Article

References (165)

1. Ademark, P., Varga, A., Medve, J., Harjunpaa, V., Drakenberg, T., Tjerneld, F., and Stalbrand, H. (1998). "Softwood hemicellulose-degrading enzymes from Aspergillus niger: Purification and properties of a beta-mannanase," J. Biotechnol. 63(3), 199-210.
2. Ahn, Y., Lee, S. H., Kim, H. J., Yang, Y. H., Hong, J. H., Kim, Y. H., and Kim, H. (2012). "Electrospinning of lignocellulosic biomass using ionic liquid," Carbohyd. Polym. 88(1), 395-398.
3. Alriols, M. G., García, A., Llano-ponte, R., and Labidi, J. (2010). "Combined organosolv and ultrafiltration lignocellulosic biorefinery process," Chem. Eng. J. 157(1), 113-120.
4. Amendola, D., De Faveri, D. M., Egues, I., Serrano, L., Labidi, J., and Spigno, G. (2012). "Autohydrolysis and organosolv process for recovery of hemicelluloses, phenolic compounds and lignin from grape stalks," Bioresour. Technol. 107, 267-274.
5. Ang, T. M., Yoon, L. W., Lee, K. M., Ngoh, G. C., Chua, A. S., and Lee, M. G. (2011). "Rice husk dissolution by ILs," BioResources 6(4), 4790-4800.
6. Anugwom, I., Maki-Arvela, P., Virtanen, P., Willfor, S., Sjoholm, R., and Mikkola, J. P. (2012). "Selective extraction of hemicelluloses from spruce using switchable ionic liquids," Carbohyd. Polym. 87(3), 2005-2011.
7. Argyropolous, D. S. (2008). "Use of lignocellulosic solvated in ionic liquids for production of biofuels," US Patent 2008/0190013 A1.
8. Arora, R., Manisseri, C., Li, C. L., Ong, M. D., Scheller, H. V., Vogel, K., Simmons, B. A., and Singh, S. (2010). "Monitoring and analyzing process streams towards understanding ionic liquid pretreatment of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.)," Bioenerg. Res. 3(2), 134-145.
9. Aziz, S., and Sarkanen, K. (1989). "Organosolv pulping: A review," TAPPI J. 72(3), 169-175.
10. Bankar, S. B., Survase, S. A., Ojamo, H., and Granström, T. (2013). "Biobutanol: The outlook of an academic and industrialist," RSC Adv. 3, 24734-24757.
11. Baumberger, S., Lapierre, C., Monties, B., and Della Valle, G. (1998). "Use of kraft lignin as filler for starch films," Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 59(1-3), 273-277.
12. Baurhoo, B., Ruiz-Feria, C. A., and Zhao, X. (2008). "Purified lignin: Nutritional and health impacts on farm animals: A review," Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 144(3-4), 175-184.
13. Becker, C. (1983) "Methanol poisoning," J. Emerg. Med. 1(1), 51-58.
14. Belgacem, M., Blayo, A., and Gandini, A. (2013). "Organosolv lignin as filler in inks varnishes and paints," Ind. Crops Prod. 18, 145-153.
15. Billa, E., Koukios, E. G., and Monties, B. (1998). "Investigation of lignins structure in cereal crops by chemical degradation methods," Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 59(1-3), 71-75.
16. Binod, P., Sindhu, R., Singhania, R., Vikram, S., Devi, L., Nagalakshmi, S., Kurien, N., Sukumaran, R. K., and Pandey, A. (2010). "Bioethanol production from rice straw: An overview," Bioresour. Technol. 101(13), 4767-4774.
17. Botello, J. I., Gilarranz, M. A., Rodríguez, F., and Oliet, M. (1999). "Recovery of solvent and by-products from organosolv black liquor," Sep. Sci. Technol. 34(12), 2431-2445.
18. Brandt, A., Ray, M. J., To, T. Q., Leak, D. J., Murphy, R. J., and Welton, T. (2011). "Ionic liquid pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass with ionic liquid-water mixtures," Green Chem. 19(3), 2489-2499.
19. Brosse, N., Ibrahim, M. N., and Rahim, A. A. (2011). "Biomass to bioethanol: Initiatives of the future for lignin," ISRN Materials Science 2011, 1-10.
20. Buranov, A. U., and Mazza, G. (2008). "Lignin in straw of herbaceous crops," Ind. Crop Prod. 28(3), 237-259.
21. Casas, A., Palomar, J., Alonso, M. V., Oliet, M., Omar, S., and Rodríguez, F. (2012). "Comparison of lignin and cellulose solubilities in ionic liquids by COSMO-RS analysis and experimental validation," Ind. Crop. Prod. 37(1), 155-163.
22. Cazacu, G., Pascu, M. C., Profire, L., Kowarski, A. I., Mihaes, M., and Vasile, C. (2004). "Lignin role in a complex polyolefin blend," Ind. Crop. Prod. 20(2), 261-273.
23. Cetin, N. S., and Ozmen, N. (2002). "Use of organosolv lignin in phenol-formaldehyde resins for particleboard production-I. Organosolv lignin modified resins," Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 22(6), 477-480.
24. Cetin, N. S., and Ozmen, N. (2002). "Use of organosolv lignin in phenol-formaldehyde resins for particleboard production-II. Particleboard production and properties," Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 22(6), 481-486.
25. Chang, V. S., and Holtzapple, M. T. (2000). "Fundamental factors affecting biomass enzymatic reactivity," Appl. Biochem. Biotech. 84-86(1-9), 5-37.
26. Chen, Y. L. (2011). "Development and application of co-culture for ethanol production by co-fermentation of glucose and xylose: A systematic review," J. Ind. Microbiol. Biot. 38(5), 581-597.
27. Cheng, G., Kent, M. S., He, L. L., Varanasi, P., Dibble, D., Arora, R., Deng, K., Hong, K.L., Melnichenko, Y. B., Simmons, B. A., and Singh, S. (2012). "Effect of ionic liquid treatment on the structures of lignins in solutions: molecular subunits released from lignin, " Langmuir. 28(32), 11859-11866.
28. Chum, H. L., Johnson, D. K., Black, S., Baker, J., Grohmann, K., Sarkanen, K. V., Wallace, K., and Schroeder, H. A. (1988). "Organosolv pretreatment for enzymatichydrolysis of poplars. 1. Enzyme hydrolysis of cellulosic residues," Biotechnol. Bioeng. 31(7), 643-649.
29. Conde, E., Moure, A., Dominguez, H., and Parajo, J. C. (2011). "Production of antioxidants by non-isothermal autohydrolysis of lignocellulosic wastes," Lwt-Food Sci. Technol. 44(2), 436-442.
30. Cook, P. M., and Hess, S. L. (1991) "Organosolv lignin-modified phenolic resins and method for their preparation," US Patent 5,010,156.
31. Cull, S. G., Holbrey, J. D., Vargas-Mora, V., Seddon, K. R., and Lye, G. J. (2000). "Room-temperature ionic liquids as replacements for organic solvents in multiphase bioprocess operations," Biotechnol. Bioeng. 69(2), 227-233.
32. Cybulska, I., Brudecki, G., Rosentrater, K., Julson, J. L., and Lei, H. W. (2012). "Comparative study of organosolv lignin extracted from prairie cordgrass, switchgrass and corn stover," Bioresour. Technol. 118, 30-36.
33. D'Andola, G., Szarvas, L., Massonne, K., and Stegmann, V. (2008). "Ionic liquids for solubilizing polymers," US Patent WO 2008/043837.
34. de Wild, P. J., Huijgen, W. J. J., and Heeres, H. J. (2012). "Pyrolysis of wheat strawderived organosolv lignin," J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 93, 95-103.
35. Delmas, G. H., Benjelloun-Mlayah, B., Le Bigot, Y., and Delmas, M. (2011). "Functionality of wheat straw lignin extracted in organic acid media," J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 121(1), 491-501.
36. Demirbas, M. F. (2009). "Biorefineries for biofuel upgrading: A critical review," Appl. Energy. 86, S151-S161.
37. Deng, H. B., Line, L., Sun, Y., Peng, Y., Pan, C. S., He, B. H., Ouyang, P., and Liu, S. (2008). "Lignin form formic acid hydrolysis of wheat straw," J. Biobased Mater. Bio. 2(2), 148-155.
38. Diedericks, D., van Rensburg, E., and Gorgens, J. F. (2012). "Fractionation of sugarcane bagasse using a combined process of dilute acid and ionic liquid treatments," Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 167(7), 1921-1937.
39. Diop, A., Bouazza, A. H., Daneault, C., and Montplaisir, D. (2013). "New ionic liquid for the dissolution of lignin," BioResources 8(3) 4270-4282.
40. Dizhbite, T., Telysheva, G., Jurkjane, V., and Viesturs, U. (2004). "Characterization of the radical scavenging activity of lignins--natural antioxidants," Bioresour. Technol. 95, 309-17.
41. Doherty, W. O. S., Mousavioun, P., and Fellows C. M. (2011). "Value-adding to cellulosic ethanol: Lignin polymers," Ind. Crop. Prod. 33(2), 259-276.
42. Dong, X., Dong, M. D., Lu, Y. J., Turley, A., Lin, T., and Wu, C. Q. (2011). "Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of lignin from residue of corn stover to ethanol production," Ind. Crop. Prod. 34(3), 1629-1634.
43. Duff, S. J. B., and Murray, W. D. (1996). "Bioconversion of forest products industry waste cellulosics to fuel ethanol: A review," Bioresour. Technol. 55(1), 1-33.
44. Dürre, P. (2007). "Biobutanol: an attractive biofuel, " Biotechnol J. 2(12), 1525-1534.
45. El Mansouri, N. E., and Salvadó, J. (2006). "Structural characterization of technical lignins for the production of adhesives: Application to lignosulfonate, kraft, sodaanthraquinone, organosolv and ethanol process lignins," Ind. Crop. Prod. 24(1), 8-16.
46. Fellisa, F., Vallejos, M., and Area, M. C. (2010). "Lignin recovery from spent liquors from ethanol-water fractionation of sugar cane bagasse," Cellulose Chem. Technol. 44(9), 311-318.
47. Fu, D. B., and Mazza, G. (2011a). "Aqueous ionic liquid pretreatment of straw," Bioresour. Technol. 102(13), 7008-7011.
48. Fu, D. B., and Mazza, G. (2011b). "Optimization of processing conditions for the pretreatment of wheat straw using aqueous ionic liquid," Bioresour. Technol. 102(17), 8003-8010.
49. Fu, D. B., Mazza, G., and Tamaki, Y. (2010). "Lignin extraction from straw by ionic liquids and enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulosic residues," J. Agr. Food Chem. 58(5), 2915-2922.
50. Galbe, M., and Zacchi, G. (2007). "Pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials for efficient bioethanol production," Biofuels 108, 41-65.
51. García, A., Alriols, M. G., and Labidi, J. (2012). "Evaluation of the effect of ultrasound on organosolv black liquor from olive tree pruning residues," Bioresour. Technol.108, 155-161.
52. García, V., Pakkila, J., Ojamo, H., Muurinen, E., and Keiski, R. L. (2011). "Challenges in biobutanol production: How to improve the efficiency?," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15(2), 964-980.
53. Gargulak, J. D., and Lebo, S. E. (2000). "Commercial use of lignin-based materials," in: Lignin: Historical, Biological, and Materials Perspectives, W. G. Glasser, R. A. Northey, and T. P. Schultz (eds.), ACS Symposium Series, Vol. 742, American Chemical Society, 304-320.
54. George, A., Tran, K., Morgan, T. J., Benke, P. I., Berrueco, C., Lorente, E., Wu, B. C., Keasling, J. D., Simmons, B. A. and Holmes, B. M. (2011). "The effect of ionic liquid cation and anion combinations on the macromolecular structure of lignins," Green Chem 13(12), 3375-3385.
55. Geyer, L., Chong, P., and Hxue, B. (2007). "Ethanol, biomass, biofuels and energy: A profile and overview," Drake Journal of Agricultural Law 12(1), 61-77.
56. Glasser, W. G., and Jain, R. K. (1993). "Lignin derivatives.1. Alkanoates," Holzforschung 47(3), 225-233.
57. Gordon, C. M. (2001). "New developments in catalysis using ionic liquids," Applied Catalysis A-General, 222(1-2), 101-117.
58. Gosselink, R. J. A., De Jong, E., Guran, B., and Abacherli, A. (2004). "Co-ordination network for lignin: Standardisation, production and applications adapted to market requirements (EUROLIGNIN)," Ind. Crop Prod. 20(2), 121-129.
59. Goyal, G. C., Lora, J. H., and Pye, E. K. (1992). "Autocatalyzed organosolv pulping of hardwoods: Effect of pulping conditions on pulp properties and characteristics of soluble and residual lignin," TAPPI J. 75(2), 110-116.
60. Guragain, Y. N., De Coninck, J., Husson, F., Durand, A., and Rakshit, S. K. (2011). "Comparison of some new pretreatment methods for second generation bioethanol production from wheat straw and water hyacinth," Bioresour. Technol. 102(6), 4416-4424.
61. Hendriks, A. T. W. M., and Zeeman, G. (2009). "Pretreatments to enhance the digestibility of lignocellulosic biomass," Bioresour. Technol. 100(1), 10-18.
62. Huang, R. L., Su, R. X., Qi, W., and He, Z. M. (2011). "Bioconversion of lignocellulose into bioethanol: Process intensification and mechanism research," Bioenerg. Res. 4(4), 225-245.
63. Huber, G. W., Iborra S. and Corma, A. (2006). "Synthesis of transportation fuels from biomass: Chemistry, catalysts, and engineering," Chem. Rev., 106(9), 4044-4098.
64. Jarvis, M. C. (2011). "Plant cell walls: Supramolecular assemblies," Food Hydrocolloids 25(2), 257-262.
65. Johnston, J. H., and Nilsson, T. (2012). "Nanogold and nanosilver composites with lignin-containing cellulose fibres," J. Mater. Sci. 47(3), 1103-1112.
66. Kamm, B., and Kamm, M. (2007). "Biorefineries: Multi product processes," Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biot. 105, 175-204.
67. Kaparaju, P., Serrano, M., Thomsen, A. B., Kongjan, P., and Angelidaki, I. (2009). "Bioethanol, biohydrogen and biogas production from wheat straw in a biorefinery concept," Bioresour. Technol. 100(9), 2562-2568.
68. Karhunen, P., Rummakko, P., Sipila, J., Brunow, G., and Kilpelainen, I. (1995). "Dibenzodioxocins: A novel type of linkage in softwood lignins," Tetrahedron Lett. 36(1), 169-170.
69. Khitrin, K. S., Fuks, S. L., Khitrin, S. V., Kazienkov, S. A., and Meteleva, D. S. (2012). "Lignin utilization options and methods," Russ. J. Gen. Chem. 82(5), 977-984.
70. Kim, J. Y., Shin, E. J., Eom, I. Y., Won, K., Kim, Y. H., Choi, D., Choi, I. G., and Choi, J. W. (2011). "Structural features of lignin macromolecules extracted with ionic liquid from poplar wood," Bioresour. Technol. 102(19), 9020-9025.
71. Kondo, T. (1997a). "The assignment of IR absorption bands due to free hydroxyl groups in cellulose," Cellulose 4(4), 281-292.
72. Kondo, T. (1997b). "The relationship between intramolecular hydrogen bonds and certain physical properties of regioselectively substituted cellulose derivatives," J. Polym. Sci. Pol. Phys. 35(4), 717-723.
73. Kondo, T., and Sawatari, C. (1996). "A Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopic analysis of the character of hydrogen bonds in amorphous cellulose," Polymer 37(3), 393-399.
74. Kruse, J. (1992). "Methanol poisoning," Intensive Care Med. 18(7), 391-397.
75. Kumar, M. N. S., Mohanty, A. K., Erickson, L., and Misra, M. (2009b). "Lignin and its applications with polymers," J. Biobased Mater. Bioener. 3(1), 1-24.
76. Kumar, M., and Gayen, K. (2011). "Developments in biobutanol production: New insights," Appl. Energy. 88(6), 1999-2012.
77. Kumar, P., Barrett, D. M., Delwiche, M. J., and Stroeve, P. (2009a). "Methods for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for efficient hydrolysis and biofuel production," Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 48(8), 3713-3729.
78. Kumar, R., Singh, S., and Singh, O. V. (2008). "Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass: Biochemical and molecular perspectives," J. Ind. Microbiol. Biot. 35(5), 377-391.
79. Lapierre, C., Pollet, B., and Rolando, C. (1995). "New insights into the molecular architecture of hardwood lignins by chemical degradative methods," Res. Chem. Intermediates 21(3-5), 397-412.
80. Lee, S. H., Doherty, T. V., Linhardt, R. J., and Dordick, J. S. (2009). "Ionic liquidmediated selective extraction of lignin from wood leading to enhanced enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis," Biotechnol. Bioeng. 102(5), 1368-1376.
81. Lewis, N. G., and Yamamoto, E. (1990). "Lignin: Occurrence, biogenesis and biodegradation," Ann. Rev. Plant Phys. 41, 455-496.
82. Li, B., Asikkala, J., Filpponen, I., and Argyropoulos, D. S. (2010a). "Factors affecting wood dissolution and regeneration of ionic liquids," Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 49(5), 2477-2484.
83. Li, C. L., Cheng, G., Balan, V., Kent, M. S., Ong, M., Chundawat, S. P. S., Sousa, L. D., Melnichenko, Y. B., Dale, B. E., Simmons, B. A., and Singh, S. (2011). "Influence of physico-chemical changes on enzymatic digestibility of ionic liquid and AFEX pretreated corn stover," Bioresour. Technol. 102(13), 6928-6936.
84. Li, C. L., Knierim, B., Manisseri, C., Arora, R., Scheller, H. V., Auer, M., Vogel, K. P., Simmons, B. A., and Singh, S. (2010b). "Comparison of dilute acid and ionic liquid pretreatment of switchgrass: Biomass recalcitrance, delignification and enzymatic saccharification," Bioresour. Technol. 101(13), 4900-4906.
85. Li, C. Z., Wang, Q., and Zhao, Z. K. (2008). "Acid in ionic liquid: An efficient system for hydrolysis of lignocellulose," Green Chem. 10(2), 177-182.
86. Li, J. B., Gellerstedt, G., and Toven K. (2009a). "Steam explosion lignins; Their extraction, structure and potential as feedstock for biodiesel and chemicals," Bioresour. Technol. 100(9), 2556-2561.
87. Li, Q., He, Y. C., Xian, M., Jun, G., Xu, X., Yang, J. M., and Li, L. Z. (2009b). "Improving enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat straw using ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium diethyl phosphate pretreatment," Bioresour. Technol. 100(14), 3570-3575.
88. Liu, C. Z., Wang, F., Stiles, A. R., and Guo, C. (2012). "Ionic liquids for biofuel production: Opportunities and challenges," Appl. Energ. 92, 406-414.
89. 3H-functionalized ionic liquid: Efficient catalyst for bagasse liquefaction." Bioresour. Technol. 102(21), 10114-10123.
90. Long, J. X., Guo, B., Li, X. H., Jiang, Y. B., Wang, F. R., Tsang, S. C., Wang, L. F., and Yu, K. (2011b). "One step catalytic conversion of cellulose to sustainable chemicals utilizing cooperative ionic liquid pairs," Green Chem. 13(9), 2334-2338.
91. Long, J. X., Li, X. H., Guo, B., Wang, F. R., Yu, Y. H., and Wang, L. F. (2012). "Simultaneous delignification and selective catalytic transformation of agricultural lignocellulose in cooperative ionic liquid pairs," Green Chem. 14(7), 1935-1941.
92. Long, J. X., Li, X. H., Guo, B., Wang, L. F., and Zhang, N. (2013). "Catalytic delignification of sugarcane bagasse in the presence of acidic ionic liquids," Catalysis Today. 200, 99-105.
93. Lora, J. H., and Glasser, W. G. (2002). "Recent industrial applications of lignin: A sustainable alternative to non-renewable materials," J. Polym. Env. 10(1-2), 39-48.
94. Lora, J. H., Wu, C. F., Pye, E. K., and Balatinecz, J. J. (1989). "Characteristics and potential applications of lignin produced by an organosolv pulping process," ACS Symposium Series 397, 312-323.
95. Luong, N. D., Nguyen, T. T. B., Duong, L. D., Kim, D. O., Kim, D. S., Lee, S. H., Kim, B. J., Lee, Y. S., and Nam, J. D. (2012). "An eco-friendly and efficient route of lignin extraction from black liquor and a lignin-based copolyester synthesis," Polym. Bull. 68(3), 879-890.
96. Lynam, J. G., Reza, M. T., Vasquez, V. R., and Coronella, C. J. (2012). "Pretreatment of rice hulls by ionic liquid dissolution," Bioresour. Technol. 114, 629-636.
97. Ma, F. Y., Yang, N., Xu, C. Y., Yu, H. B., Wu, J. G., and Zhang, X. Y. (2010). "Combination of biological pretreatment with mild acid pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol production from water hyacinth," Bioresour. Technol. 101(24), 9600-9604.
98. Macfarlane, A. L., Prestidge, R., Farid, M. M., and Chen, J. J. J. (2009). "Dissolved air flotation: A novel approach to recovery of organosolv lignin," Chem. Eng. J. 148(1), 15-19.
99. Majcherczyk, A., and A. Huttermann (1997). "Size-exclusion chromatography of lignin as ion-pair complex," J. Chromatogr. A.764(2), 183-191.
100. Maki-Arvela, P., Anugwom, I., Virtanen, P., Sjoholm, R., and Mikkola, J. P. (2010). "Dissolution of lignocellulosic materials and its constituents using ionic liquids: A review," Ind. Crop Prod. 32(3), 175-201.
101. Manjarrez-Nevárez, L. A. M., Casarrubias, L. B., Celzard, A., Fierro, V., Munoz, V. T., Davila, A. C., Lubian, J. R. T., and Sánchez, G. G. (2011). "Biopolymer-based nanocomposites: Effect of lignin acetylation in cellulose triacetate films," Sci. Tech. Adv. Mater. 12(4), 1-16.
102. Mazza, M., Catana, D. A., Vaca-García, C., and Cecutti, C. (2009). "Influence of water on the dissolution of cellulose in selected ionic liquids," Cellulose 16, 207-215.
103. Miyafuji, H., Miyata, K., Saka, S., Ueda, F., and Mori, M. (2009). "Reaction behavior of wood in an ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride," J. Wood Sci. 55(3), 215-219.
104. Mod, R. R., Ory, R. L., Morris, N. M., and Normand, F. L. (1981). "Chemical-properties and interactions of rice hemicellulose with trace minerals in vitro," J. Agr. Food Chem. 29(3), 449-454.
105. Montiel-Rivera, F., Phuong, M., Ye, M., Halasz, A., and Hawari, J. (2013). "Isolation and characterization of herbaceous lignins for applications in biomaterials," Ind. Crop Prod. 41, 356-364.
106. Mora-Pale, M., Meli, L., Doherty, T. V., Linhardt, R. J., and Dordick, J. S. (2011). "Room temperature ionic liquids as emerging solvents for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass," Biotechnol. Bioeng. 108(6), 1229-1245.
107. Mosier, N., Wyman, C., Dale, B., Elander, R., Lee, Y. Y., Holtzapple, M., and Ladisch, M. (2005). "Features of promising technologies for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass," Bioresour. Technol. 96(6), 673-686.
108. Mousavioun, P., and Doherty, W. O. S. (2010). "Chemical and thermal properties of fractionated bagasse soda lignin." Ind. Crop Prod. 31(1), 52-58.
109. Muhammad, N., Man, Z., Bustam, M. A., Mutalib, M. I. A., Wilfred, C. D., and Rafiq, S. (2001). "Dissolution and delignification of bamboo biomass using amino acid-based ionic liquid," Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 165, 998-1009.
110. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development-Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2011). "Chapter 3, biofuels," OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2011-2020, OECD Publishing and FAO.
111. Pan, X., and Saddler, J. N. (2013). "Effect of replacing polyol by organosolv and kraft lignin on the property and structure of rigid polyurethane foam," Biotechnology for Biofuels 6, 12.
112. Pinkert, A., Goeke D. F., Marsh, K. N. and Pang, S. (2011). "Extracting wood lignin without dissolving or degrading cellulose: investigations on the use of food additivederived ionic liquids," Green Chem.13, 3124-3136.
113. Prado, R., Erdocia, X., Serrano, L., and Labidi, J. (2012). "Lignin purification with green solvents," Cell. Chem. Technol. 46(3-4), 221-225.
114. Pu, Y. Q., Jiang, N., and Ragauskas, A. J. (2007). "Ionic liquid as a green solvent for lignin," J. Wood Chem. Technol. 27(1), 23-33.
115. Qiu, Z. H., Aita, G. M., and Walker, M. S. (2012). "Effect of ionic liquid pretreatment on the chemical composition, structure and enzymatic hydrolysis of energy cane bagasse," Bioresour. Technol. 117, 251-256.
116. Rabelo, S. C., Carrere, H., Filho, R. M., and Costa, A. C. (2011). "Production of bioethanol, methane and heat from sugarcane bagasse in a biorefinery concept," Bioresour. Technol. 102(17), 7887-7895.
117. Ruiz, H. A., Ruzene, D. S., Silva, D. P., da Silva, F. F. M., Vicente, A. A., and Teixeira J.A. (2011). "Development and characterization of an environmentally friendly process sequence (autohydrolysis and organosolv) for wheat straw delignification," Appl. Biochem. Biotech. 164(5), 629-641.
118. Saha, B. C. (2000). "Alpha-L-arabinofuranosidases: Biochemistry, molecular biology and application in biotechnology," Biotechnol. Adv. 18(5), 403-423.
119. Samayam, I. P., and Schall, C. A. (2010). "Saccharification of ionic liquid pretreated biomass with commercial enzyme mixtures," Bioresour. Technol. 101(10), 3561-3566.
120. Saritha, M., Arora, A., and Lata (2012). "Biological pretreatment of lignocellulosic substrates for enhanced delignification and enzymatic digestibility," Indian J. Microbiol. 52(2), 122-130.
121. Sarkanen, K. V. (1990). "Chemistry of solvent pulping," TAPPI J. 73(10), 215-219.
122. Sathitsuksanoh, N., George, A. and Zhang, Y. H. P. (2013). "New lignocellulose pretreatments using cellulose solvents: A review," J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 8(2), 169-180.
123. Shukry, N., Fadel, S. M., Agblevor, F. A., and EI-Kalyoubi, S. F. (2008). "Some physical properties of acetosolv lignins from bagasse," J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 109(1), 434-444.
124. Sievers, C., Valenzula-Olarte, M., Marzialetti, T., Musin, I., Agrawal, P. K., and Jones, C. W. (2009). "Ionic-liquid-phase hydrolysis of pine wood," Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 48(3), 1277-1286.
125. Stewart, D. (2008). "Lignin as a base material for materials applications: Chemistry, application and economics," Ind. Crop Prod. 27(2), 202-207.
126. Sun, N., Rahman, M., Qin, Y., Maxim, M. L., Rodriguez, H., and Rogers, R. D. (2009). "Complete dissolution and partial delignification of wood in the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate," Green Chem. 11(5), 646-655.
127. Sun, R. C., Lawther, M., and Banks, W. B. (1998). "Isolation and characterization of organosolv lignins from wheat straw," Wood Fiber Sci. 30(1), 56-63.
128. Sun, R. C., Tomkinson, J., and Jones, G. L. (2000). "Fractional characterization of ash-AQ lignin by successive extraction with organic solvents from oil palm EFB fibre," Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 68(1), 111-119.
129. Sun, S. N., Li, M. F., Yuan, T. Q., Xu, F., and Sun, R. C. (2013). "Effect of ionic liquid/organic solvent pretreatment on the enzymatic hydrolysis of corncob for bioethanol production. Part 1: Structural characterization of the lignins," Ind. Crop Prod. 43, 570-577.
130. Sun, Y. C., Yuan, T. Q., Wen, J. L., Xu, F., and Sun, R. C. (2010). "Organosolv and alkaline lignins from Tamarix austromogoliac: Isolation and structural characterization," Research Progress in Paper Industry and Biorefinery (4th ISETPP), Vol. 1-3, South China University of Technology Press, 348-351.
131. Sun, Y., and Cheng, J. Y. (2002). "Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production: A review," Bioresour. Technol. 83(1), 1-11.
132. Taherzadeh, M. J., and Karimi, K. (2008). "Pretreatment of lignocellulosic wastes to improve ethanol and biogas production: A review," Int. J. Mol. Sci. 9(9), 1621-1651.
133. Talebnia, F., Karakashev, D., and Angelidaki, I. (2010). "Production of bioethanol from wheat straw: An overview on pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation," Bioresour. Technol. 101(13), 4744-4753.
134. Tan, H. T., and Lee, K. T. (2012). "Understanding the impact of ionic liquid pretreatment on biomass and enzymatic hydrolysis," Chem. Eng. J. 183, 448-458.
135. Tan, S. S. Y., and MacFarlane, D. R. (2009). "Ionic liquids in biomass processing," Top. Curr. Chem. 290, 311-339.
136. Tan, S. S. Y., Macfarlane, D. R., Upfal, J., Edye, L. A., Doherty, W. O. S., Patti, A. F., Pringle, J. M., and Scott, J. L. (2009). "Extraction of lignin from lignocellulose at atmospheric pressure using alkylbenzenesulfonate ionic liquid," Green Chem. 11(3), 339-345.
137. Thring, R. W., Chornet, E., and Overend, R. P. (1990). "Recovery of a solvolytic lignin: Effects of spent liquor acid volume ratio, acid concentration and temperature," Biomass 23(4), 289-305.
138. Toledano, A., Serrano, L., and Labidi, J. (2011). "Enhancement of lignin production from olive tree pruning integrated in a green biorefinery," Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 50(11), 6573-6579.
139. Toledano, A., Serrano, L., and Labidi, J. (2012). "Process for olive tree pruning lignin revalorisation," Chem. Eng. J. 193, 396-403.
140. Trufanova, M. V., Parfenova, L. N., and Yarygina, O. N. (2010). "Surfactant properties of lignosulfonates," Russ. J Appl. Chem. 83(6), 1096-1098.
141. Ugartondo, V., Mitjans, M., and Vinardell, M. P. (2008). "Comparative antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of lignins from different sources," Bioresour. Technol. 99(14), 6683-6687.
142. Uju, Shoda, Y., Nakamoto, A., Goto, M., Tokuhara, W., Noritake, Y., Katahira, S., Ishida, N., Nakashima, K., Ogino, C., and Kamiya, N. (2012). "Short time ionic liquids pretreatment on lignocellulosic biomass to enhance enzymatic saccharification," Bioresour. Technol. 103(1), 446-452.
143. Vallejos, M. E., Felissia, F. E., Curvelo, A. A. S., Zambon, M. D., Ramos, L., and Area, M. C. (2011). "Chemical and physico-chemical characterization of lignins obtained from ethanol-water fractionation of bagasse," BioResources 6(2), 1158-1171.
144. van Rantwijk, F., and Sheldon, R. A. (2007). "Biocatalysis in ionic liquids," Chem. Rev. 107(6), 2757-2785.
145. van Spronsen, J., Cardoso, M. A. T., Witkamp, G. J., de Jong, W., and Kroon, M. C. (2011). "Separation and recovery of the constituents from lignocellulosic biomass by using ionic liquids and acetic acid as co-solvents for mild hydrolysis," Chem. Eng. Process.: Process Intens. 50(2), 196-199.
146. Vinardell, M. P., Ugartondo, V., and Mitjans, M. (2008). "Potential applications of antioxidant lignins from different sources," Ind. Crop. Prod. 27(2), 220-223.
147. Vishtal, A., and Kraslawski, A. (2011). "Challenges in industrial applications of technical lignins," BioResources 6(3), 3547-3568.
148. Walker, A. (2008). "Ionic liquids for natural product extraction," Bioniqs Ltd. Biocentre York Science Park Heslington York YO10 5DG United Kingdom.
149. 2 for partial oxidative gasification of nhexadecane and lignin in supercritical water," Fuel 82(5), 545-552.
150. Wei, L. G., Li, K. L., Ma, Y. C., and Hou, X. (2012). "Dissolving lignocellulosic biomass in a 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride-water mixture," Ind. Crops Prod. 37(1), 227-234.
151. Wörmeyer, K., Ingram, T., Saake, B., Brunner, G., and Smirnova, I. (2011). "Comparison of different pretreatment methods for lignocellulosic materials. Part II: Influence of pretreatment on the properties of rye straw lignin, " Bioresour. Technol. 102, 4157-4164.
152. Xu, F., Sun, J. X., Sun, R. C., Fowler, P., and Baird, M. S. (2006). "Comparative study of organosolv lignins from wheat straw," Ind. Crop Prod. 23(2), 180-193.
153. Yang, B., and Wyman, C. E. (2004). "Effect of xylan and lignin removal by batch and flow through pretreatment on the enzymatic digestibility of corn stover cellulose," Biotechnol. Bioeng. 86(1), 88-95.
154. Yang, D. J., Zhong, L. X., Yuan, T. Q., Peng, X. W., and Sun, R. C. (2013). "Studies on the structural characterization of lignin, hemicelluloses and celluloses fractionated by ionic liquid followed by alkaline extraction from bamboo," Ind. Crop Prod. 43, 141-149.
155. Yelle, D. J., Kaparaju, P., Hunt, C. G., Hirth, K., Kim, H., Ralph J. and Felby, C. (2013). "Two-dimensional NMR evidence for cleavage of lignin and xylan substituents in wheat straw through hydrothermal pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis," Bioenergy Res. 6(1), 211-221.
156. Yoshida, K., Kusaki, J., Ehara, K., and Saka, S. (2005). "Characterization of low molecular weight organic acids from beech wood treated in supercritical water," Appl. Biochem. Biotech. 121, 795-806.
157. Yoshida, M., Liu, Y., Uchida, S., Kawarada, K., Ukagami, Y., Ichinose, H., Kaneko, S., and Fukuda, K. (2008). "Effects of cellulose crystallinity, hemicellulose, and lignin on the enzymatic hydrolysis of Miscanthus sinensis to monosaccharides," Biosci. Biotech. Bioch. 72(3), 805-810.
158. Yu, J., Zhang, J. B., He, J., Liu, Z. D., and Yu, Z. N. (2009). "Combinations of mild physical or chemical pretreatment with biological pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis of rice hull," Bioresour. Technol. 100(2), 903-908.
159. Zakzeski, J., Bruijnincx, P. C. A., Jongerius, A. L., and Weckhuysen, B. M. (2010). "The catalytic valorization of lignin for the production of renewable chemicals," Chem. Rev. 110(6), 3552-3599.
160. Zhang, J. H., Deng, H. B., Lin, L., Sun, Y., Pan, C. S., and Liu, S. J. (2010). "Isolation and characterization of wheat straw lignin with a formic acid process," Bioresour. Technol. 101(7), 2311-2316.
161. Zhang, X., Tu, M. B., and Paice, M. G. (2011). "Routes to potential bioproducts from lignocellulosic biomass lignin and hemicelluloses," Bioenerg. Res. 4(4), 246-257.
162. Zhang, Y. H. P. (2008). "Reviving the carbohydrate economy via multi-product lignocellulose biorefineries," J. Ind. Microbiol. Biot. 35(5), 367-375.
163. Zhao, X. B., Cheng, K. K., and Liu, D. H. (2009). "Organosolv pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for enzymatic hydrolysis," Appl. Microbiol. Biot. 82(5), 815-827.
164. Zhao, X., and Liu, D. (2010). "Chemical and thermal characteristics of lignins isolated from Siam weed stem by acetic acid and formic acid delignification," Ind. Crops Prod. 32, 284-291.
165. Zhu, S., Yu, P., Wang, Q., Cheng, B., Chen, J., and Wu, Y. (2013). "Breaking the barriers of lignocellulosic ethanol production using ionic liquid technology," BioResources 8(2), 1510-1512.