The multilevel constitution of European foreign relations

Transnational Constitutionalism: International and European Models

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 160-206

  Wessel, Ramses A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84928862011     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511495076.008     Document Type: Chapter

References (108)

1. I. Kant, Political Writings, H.S. Reiss (ed.) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 47.
2. D. Grimm, ‘Does Europe Need a Constitution?’ (1995) 1 ELJ 282.
3. J. Habermas, ‘Remarks on Dieter Grimm's “Does Europe Need a Constitution?”’, 303.
4. J.J. H. Weiler and A. von Bogdandy, Jean Monnet Working Papers 2003: www.jeanmonnetprogram.org/papers/03/030901-09.html.
5. G. Frankenberg, ‘The Return of the Contract: Problems and Pitfalls of European Constitutionalism’ (2000) 3 ELJ 257-276.
6. J. Klabbers, ‘Constitutionalism Lite’ (2004) 1 International Organizations Law Review (IOLR) 31-58.
7. A. Verdross, Die Verfassung der Völkerrechtsgemeinschaft (Wien/Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1926), at p. 5.
8. G. De Burca, ‘The Institutional Development of the EU: A Constitutional Analysis’, in P. Craig and G. De BUrca (eds.), The Evolution ofEULaw (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 55-82.
9. D. M. Curtin and R. A. Wessel, Good Governance and the European Union: Some Reflections on Concepts, Institutions and Substance(Antwerpen: Intersentia, 2005).
10. E.-U. Petersmann, ‘The Moral Foundations of the European Union's Foreign Policy Constitution: Defining “European Identity” and “Community Interests” for the Benefit of EU Citizens’ (1996) Aussenwirtschaft Heft 2, pp. 151-76.
11. E. de Wet, ‘The International Constitutional Order’ (2006) 55 ICLQ 51.
12. B. Ackerman, ‘The Rise of World Constitutionalism’ (1997) 83 Virginia Law Review (Va L ev) 71-797.
13. I. F. Dekker and R. A. Wessel, ‘Governance by International Organisations: Rethinking the Source and Normative Force of International Decisions’, in I. F. Dekker and W. Werner (eds.), Governance and International Legal Theory (Leiden/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2004), pp. 215-236.
14. Cf. N. M. Blokker, ‘International Organizations and Their Members’ (2004) 1 IOLR at 139.
15. J. Klabbers, ‘The Changing Image of International Organizations’, in J.-M. Coicund and V. Heishanen (eds.), The Legitimacy of International Organizations (Tokyo: UN University Press, 2001), pp. 221-55,227.
16. J. H. H. Weiler, ‘Introduction: The Reformation of European Constitutionalism’, in J. H. H Weiler, The Constitution of Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 221.
17. W. Sauter, ‘The Economic Constitution of the European Union’ (1998) 4 CJEL 27.
18. B. Fassbender, ‘The United Nations Charter as Constitution of the International Community’ (1998) 36 Columbia J Trans Law 529.
19. Craig De Burca, The Evolution of EU Law, p. 349-417.
20. D. M. Curtin and I. F. Dekker, ‘The Constitutional Structure of the European Union: Some Reflections on Vertical Unity-in-Diversity’, in P. Beaumont, C. Lyons and N. Walker (eds.), Convergence and Divergence in European Public Law (Oxford: Hart, 2001), pp. 59-78.
21. de Wet, The International Constitutional Order.
22. T. Eijsbouts, ‘Constitutional Sedimentation’ (1996) 1 Legal Issues of European Economic Integration (LIEEI) 51-60.
23. D. W. P. Ruiter, Legal Institutions (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001), p. 71.
24. A. Milward, The European Rescue of the Nation State (London: Routledge, 1992).
25. L. Hooghe and G. Marks, Multilevel Governance and European Integration (Lanham, MD: Rownan & Littlefield, 2001).
26. N. Bernard, Multilevel Governance in the European Union (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2002).
27. U. Di Fabio, ‘Some Remarks on the Allocation of Competences between the European Union and its Member States’ (2002) CMLR 1289-1301.
28. R. T. Griffiths’ interesting analysis, Europe's First Constitution: The European Political Community, 1952-1954 (London: Federal Trust, 2002).
29. R. A. Wessel, The European Union's Foreign and Security Policy: A Legal Institutional Perspective (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1999), ch. 1.
30. J. H. H. Weiler, ‘The Evolution of Mechanisms and Institutions for a European Foreign Policy: Reflections on the Interaction of Law and Politics’, EUI Working Paper No. 85/202, at 3.
31. D. W. P. Ruiter, ‘Types of Institutions as Patterns of Regulated Behaviour’ (2004) 10 Res Publica 207 at 214-16.
32. Ruiter, A. Types of Institutions, at 215.
33. R. A. Wessel, ‘The International Legal Status of the European Union’, (1997) EFARev. (1997), 109-29.
34. P. Robinson, ‘A Dodgy Constitution’, Spectator, 8 February 2003.
35. D. Simon, Traité sur l’Union Européenne: Commentaire article par article (Paris: Economica, 1995), p. 786.
36. Wessel, A. The European Union's Foreign and Security Policy, chs. 4-5.
37. C. Trüe, Verleihung von Rechtspersönlichkeit an die Europäische Union und Verschmelzung zu einer einzigen Organisation - deklaratorisch oder konstitutiv?, Vorträge, Reden ünd Berichte aus dem Eüropa-Institüt, No. 357 (Saarbrücken: Eüropa-Institüt der Universität des Saarlandes, 1997), p. 22.
38. Wessel, A. The European Union's Foreign and Security Policy, pp. 74-76.
39. H. Kelsen, Das Problem der Souveränität und die Theorie des Völkerrechts: Beitrage zu einer reinen Rechtslehre (Scientia Aalen, 1928/1960) at p. 105.
40. W. Werner, Het recht geworden woord: over de geschiedenis van het rechtspositivisme en de mogelijke betekenis van het pramgmatisme voor de toekomst daarvan (Enschede: Universiteit Twente, 1995), p. 158.
41. Verdross, A. Die Verfassung, p. 12.
42. I. Weyland, ‘The Application of Kelsen's Theory of the Legal System to European Community Law - The Supremacy Puzzle Resolved’ (2002) 21 Law and Philosophy 1.
43. R. A. Wessel, ‘The Invasion by International Organizations. De toenemende samenhang tussen de mondiale, Europese en nationale rechtsorde’, Inaugural Lecture, University of Twente, The Netherlands, 12 January 2006.
44. Kelsen, A. Das Problem der Souveränität, pp. 204-205.
45. Weyland, A. ‘The Application of Kelsen's Theory’, 33.
46. R. A. Wessel, ‘The Inside Looking Out: Consistency and Delimitation in EU External Relations’ (2000) CMLR 1135-1171
47. R. A. Wessel, ‘Fragmentation in the Governance of EU External Relations: Legal Institutional Dilemmas and the New Constitution for Europe’, in J. W. de Zwaan, J. H. Jans, F. A. Nelissen (eds.), The European Union - An Ongoing Process of Integration: Liber Amicorum Fred Kellermann (Den Haag: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2004), pp. 123-40.
48. W. Mostl, ‘Die Konsultationsverpflichtung im Völkerrecht’, Diss.jur., Würzburg (1967), p. 68:
49. T. Jürgens, Die gemeinsame Europäische Aussen- und Sicherheitspolitik, (Koln: Carl Heymanns Verlag, 1994), p. 210.
50. F. Fink-Hooijer, ‘The Common Foreign and Security Policy of the European Union’ (1994) 5 EJIL 173-180.
51. J. Temple Lang, ‘Community Constitutional Law: Article 5 EEC Treaty’ (1998) 25 CMLR 595.
52. K. J. M. Mortelmans, ‘The Principle of Loyalty to the Community (Article 5 EC) and the Obligations of the Community Institutions’ (1998) 5 Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 67-88.
53. O. Due, ‘Artikel 5 van het EEG-Verdrag, een bepaling met een federaal karakter?’ (1992) SEW Tijdschrift voor Europees recht 355-366.
54. J. Megret,M. Waelbroeck and J. E. De Cockborne, Commentaire Mégret: le driot de la CEE(Bruxelles: Editions de l’Universite de Bruxelles, 1992) pp. 26-42.
55. H. G. Krenzler and H. C. Schneider, ‘Die Gemeinsame Außen-und Sicherheitspolitik der Europäischen Union - Zur Frage der Kohärenz’ (1997) EuR Heft 2144-2161, 147.
56. A. Verhoeven, The European Union in Search of a Democratic and Constitutional Theory (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2004), pp. 304-25.
57. A. G. Toth, ‘The Principle of Subsidiarity in the Maastricht Treaty’ (1992) 6 CMLR 1079-1106.
58. A. Estella, The EU Principle of Subsidiarity and its Critique (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).
59. L. Münch, ‘Die Gemeinsame Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik (GASP): ein Schaf im Wolfspelz?’ (1997) ZOR 389-417, 395.
60. A. G. Toth, ‘A Legal Analysis of Subsidiarity’, in D. O’Keeffe and P. Twomey (eds.), Legal Issues of the Maastricht Treaty (London: Wiley Chancery Law, 1994), pp. 37-48, 38.
61. Fink Hooijer, ‘The Common Foreign and Security Policy’, 178
62. MUnch, A. ‘Die Gemeinsame Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik’, 395.
63. L. Tindemans, ‘En guise d’introduction: considerations personelles sur le Traite de Maastricht’, in J. Monar et al. (eds.), The Maastricht Treaty on European Union: Legal Complexity and Political Dynamic (Brussels: European Interuniversity Press, 1993), pp. 7-8.
64. T. Tiilikainen, ‘To Be or Not to Be?: An Analysis of the Legal and Political Elements of Statehood in the EU's External Identity’ (2001) European Foreign Affairs Review (EFA Rev) 223-241.
65. Wessel, A. ‘The Inside Looking Out’, 533-536.
66. N. Neuwahl, ‘A Partner with a Troubled Personality: EU TreatyMaking in Matters of CFSP and JHA after Amsterdam’ (1998) EFA Rev 177-196.
67. M. Cremona, ‘External Relations and External Competence: The Emergence of Integrated Policy’, in Craig and DeBurca, The Evolution of EUlaw, pp. 137-75, 168.
68. J. W. de Zwaan, ‘Community Dimensions of the Second Pillar’, in T. Heukels, N. Blokker and M. Brus (eds.), The European Union After Amsterdam: A Legal Analysis(The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1998), p. 182.
69. J. W. de Zwaan, ‘The Legal Personality of the European Communities and the European Union’ (1999) Netherlands Yearbook of International Law (NYIL) 75-113.
70. G. Hafner, ‘The Amsterdam Treaty and the TreatyMaking Power of the European Union: Some Critical Comments’, in G. Hafner, K.-H. Bockstiegel and I. Seidl-Hohenveldern (eds.), Liber Amicorum Professor Seidl-Hohenveldern - in honour of his 80th Birthday (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1998) p. 279.
71. A. Dashwood, ‘External Relations Provisions of the Amsterdam Treaty’ (1998) 25 CMLR 1019 -1028.
72. Wessel, A. The European Union's Foreign and Security Policy, pp. 37-40.
73. Hafner, A., Liber Amicorum Professor Seidl-Hohenveldern, p. 272.
74. Hafner, A., ‘The European Union as a Party to International Agreements: Shared Competences, Mixed Responsibilities?’, in A. Dashwood and M. Maresceau (eds.), Recent Trends in the External Relations of the Union (forthcoming, 2007).
75. Verdross, A. Die Verfassung, p. 9
76. Werner, A. Het recht geworden woord, pp. 156-159.
77. A. Cassese, International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), ch. 8.
78. Curtin Dekker, ‘The Constitutional Structure’, 11.
79. M. Fletcher, ‘Extending “Indirect Effect” to the Third Pillar: the Significance of Pupino?’ (2005) 30 ELR 862-877.
80. G. Betlem, ‘The Principle of Indirect Effect of Community Law’ (1995) European Review of Public Law (ERPL) 1.
81. P. Craig and G. De Biirca, EULaw, 3rd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 216.
82. D. Curtin and R. H. van Ooik, ‘Een Hof van Justitie van de Europese Unie?’ (1999) 1 SEW Tijdschrift voor Europees recht 24, 30-1.
83. B. deWitte, D. Hanfand E. Vos, The Many Faces of Differentiation in EU Law (Antwerp: Intersentia, 2001).
84. G. de BUrca and J. Scott, Constitutional Change in the EU: From Uniformity to Flexibility?(Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2000).
85. I. F. Dekker and R. A. Wessel, ‘The European Union and the Concept of Flexibility: Proliferation of Legal Systems within International Organizations’, in N. M. Blokker and H. G. Schermers (eds.), Proliferation of International Organizations (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2001), pp. 381-414.
86. A. Schrauwen, Flexibility in Constitutions: Forms of Closer Cooperation in Federal and Non-federal Settings (Groningen: Europa Law Publishing, 2002).
87. M. H. M. de Bonth, ‘Sovereignty Revisited’, in Schrauwen, Flexibility in Constitutions, pp. 99-105, 101.
88. J. Shaw, ‘Relating Constitutionalism and Flexibility in the European Union’, in De Biirca and Scott, Constitutional Change, pp. 337-358.
89. Editorial, A. ‘The Treaty of Amsterdam: Neither a Bang nor a Whimper’ (1997) 24 CMLR 768.
90. E. Wagner, ‘The Integration of Schengen into the Framework of the European Union’ (1998) LIEEI 1-33.
91. J. A. Usher, ‘Flexibility: The Amsterdam Provisions’, in Heukels, Blokker and Brus (eds.), The European Union after Amsterdam: A Legal Analysis, p. 253.
92. Edwards, A. and E. Philippart, ‘Flexibility and the Treaty of Amsterdam: Europe's New Byzantium?’, CELS Occasional Paper No. 3, (Cambridge, 1997), at 12.
93. J. Shaw, ‘The Treaty of Amsterdam: Challenges of Flexibility and Legitimacy’ (1998) 4 ELJ at 69.
94. G. Gaja, ‘How Flexible is Flexibility Under the Amsterdam Treaty?’, (1998) 25 CMLR 855-856.
95. H. Kortenberg, ‘Closer Cooperation in the Treaty of Amsterdam’ (1998) 25 CMLR 833-844.
96. C. D. Ehlermann, ‘Differentiation, Flexibility, Closer Cooperation: The New Provisions of the Amsterdam Treaty’ (1998) 4 ELJ 246-264.
97. J. Howorth, ‘The European Draft Constitutional Treaty and the Future of the European Defence Initiative: A Question of Flexibility’ (2004) EFA Rev 483-508.
98. R. A. Wessel, ‘Differentiation in EU Foreign, Security and Defence Policy: Between Coherence and Flexibility’, in M. Trybus and N. D. White (eds.), European Security Law(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007). (forthcoming).
99. Weyland, A. ‘The Application of Kelsen's Theory’, 24;
100. H. Kelsen, General Theory of Law and State (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1945), pp. 117-18.
101. A. Ott and R. A. Wessel, ‘The EU's External Relations Regime: Multilevel Complexity in an Expanding Union’, in S. Blockmans and A. Lazowski (eds.), The European Union and its Neighbours (The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2006).
102. C. Hermann, ‘Die Außenhandelsdimension des Binnenmarktes im Verfassungsentwurf von der Zoll- und zur Weltordnungspolitik’, in A. Hatje and J. P. Terhechte (eds.), Das Binnenmarktziel in der europaischen Verfassung (BadenBaden: Nomos, 2004), p. 186.
103. D. M. Curtin and I. F. Dekker, ‘The EU as a “Layered” International Organization: Institutional Unity in Disguise’, in Craig and de Biirca (eds.), The Evolution of EU Law, pp. 83-136.
104. B. de Witte, ‘Simplification and Reorganisation of the European Treaties’ (2002) 39 CMLR 1255-1287.
105. M. Cremona, ‘The Draft Constitutional Treaty: External Relations and External Action’ (2003) 40 CMLR 1347-1366.
106. P. Allot, Eunomia: New Order for a New World Order, 2nd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).
107. D. Galloway, ‘Common Foreign and Security Policy: Intergovernmentalism Donning the Mantle of the Community Method’, in M. Westlake, The Council of the European Union (London: Cartermill, 1995), p. 212.
108. R. A. Wessel, ‘The UN, the EU and Jus Cogens’ (2006) 3 IOLR 1-6.