The European draft constitutional treaty and the future of the European defence initiative: A question of flexibility

European Foreign Affairs Review

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 483-508

  Howorth, Jolyon ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BATH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 85045692321     PISSN: 13846299     EISSN: 18758223     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.54648/eerr2004039     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Antonio Missiroli, 'CFSP, Defence and Flexibility' (2000) Chaillot Paper 38 (WEU Institute for Security Studies, Paris), pp. 5-15. Some of the references in the following pages owe a debt to one of my senior essay students at Yale, Stephane Lesaffre.
2. Alexander C-G. Stubb, 'A Categorization of Differentiated Integration' (1996) 34/2 Journal of Common Market Studies: 289.
3. See, on this, my 'Britain, NATO and CESDP: Fixed Strategy, Changing Tactics' (2000) 3 EFA Rev, pp. 1-20.
4. See, on this, my 'NATO, the EU and the Quest for European Autonomy' in Jolyon Howorth and John Keeler (eds), Defending Europe: NATO and the Quest for European Autonomy (Palgrave, London & New York, 2003), pp. 1-19 (with John Keeler).
5. See my 'France, Britain and the Euro-Atlantic Crisis' (2003) 45/4 Survival, pp. 173-192.
6. Udo Diedrichs and Mathias Jopp, 'Flexible Modes of Governance: Making CFSP and ESDP Work' (2003) XXXVIII The International Spectator: 29.
7. Working Document 28 - WG VIII, 'Franco-German comments on the preliminary draft final report of Working Group VIII “Defence”,' (4 December 2002), p. 17.
8. Valdo Spini, Representative of the Parliament of Italy, Working Document 43 - WG VIII (6 December 2002), p. 2.
9. Working Document 28 - WG VIII, 'Dutch comments on the preliminary draft final report of Working Group VIII' (4 December 2002), p. 4. Nevertheless, the Dutch would accept military operations unanimously authorized by the European Council.
10. Danuta Hübner, Representative of the Government of Poland, Working Document 25 - WG VIII (21 November 2002), p. 3;
11. Rihards Piks, Representative of the Parliament of Latvia, Working Document 29 - WG VIII (4 December 2003), p. 2.
12. European Convention. Final Report of Working Group VIII - Defence, 12 December 2002, p. 19, accessed at .
13. Paul Taylor, 'Anti-War EU States Seek Defense Pact Without UK', Yahoo News, 21 March 2003;
14. Charles Grant, 'A Military Plan to Cut Europe in Two', Financial Times, 16 April 2003;
15. Charles Bremner, 'Paris and Berlin prepare Alliance to rival NATO', The Times, 28 April 2003;
16. Judy Dempsey and Guy Dinmore, 'Defence Plan could rival NATO', Financial Times, 29 April 2003;
17. Ian Black, 'France, Germany Deepen UK Rift', The Guardian, 30 April 2003;
18. David R. Sands, 'EU Plan draws rapid reaction', The Washington Times, 30 April 2003;
19. Mike Peacock, 'Blair slams EU defence plan, says glad to miss it', Reuters, 30 April 2003.
20. UK MOD, 'ESDP: 29 August Meeting: UK Food for Thought Paper'. The paper is reproduced in Antonio Missiroli (ed.), 'From Copenhagen to Brussels: European Defence - Core Documents' (2004) Chaillot Paper 67 (WEU Institute for Security Studies, Paris), pp. 204-207.
21. 'The CER Guide to the Brussels Summit', Briefing note (London: Center for European Reform, 5 December 2003), p. 7, .
22. Jack Straw, Hearing before the Parliament Standing Committee on the Intergovernmental Conference (1 December 2003), .
23. 'Summary of the meeting held on 29 October 2002', CONV 399/02 (12 November 2003).
24. Burkard Schmitt, 'The European Union and Armaments: Getting a bigger bang for the Euro' (2003) Chaillot Paper 63 (WEU Institute for Security Studies, Paris). The author examines the implications for procurement, research and the defence market.
25. Statement on EDA signed by the CEOs of Europe's three largest defence companies (EADS, BAES, Thales), as reported by Judy Dempsey, 'EU Defence Agency Approved', Financial Times, 15 June 2004.
26. Report of the Agency Establishment Team, April 2004.
27. [IISS], 'The European Defence Agency' (2004) 10/5 Strategic Comments.
28. On this issue, see Simon Duke, 'Preparing for European Diplomacy?' (2002) 40/5 Journal of Common Market Studies.
29. Simon Duke, 'The Convention, the Draft Constitution and External Relations: effects and implications for the EU and its international role' (2003) Working Paper 2003/W/2 (European Institute for Public Administration, Maastricht), p. 16.
30. Jolyon Howorth, 'European Integration and Defence: the Ultimate Challenge?' (2000) Chaillot Paper 43 (WEU Institute for Security Studies, Paris), pp. 36 and 84.
31. Vivien A. Schmidt, The Futures of European Capitalism, (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002), pp. 63-67.
32. On this, see my 'Discourse, Ideas and Epistemic Communities in European Security and Defence Policy' in Claudio Radaelli and Vivien Schmidt (eds), 'Europeanisation, Policy Change and Discourse' (2004) 27/2 West European Politics (Special Edition), pp. 29-52.