Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation under a high-fat diet modulates stomach protein expression and intestinal microbiota in adult mice

PLoS ONE

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 2015, Pages

  Chaplin, Alice ^a   Parra, Pilar ^a   Serra, Francisca ^a   Palou, Andreu ^a  

^a UNIVERSITAT DE LES ILLES BALEARS   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL DNA; CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR 39; GHRELIN; GLUCAGON; GLUCAGON RECEPTOR; LEPTIN; MESSENGER RNA; REGULATOR PROTEIN; RESISTIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AKKERMANSIA MUCINIPHILA; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL GROWTH; BACTEROIDETES; BIFIDOBACTERIUM; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DRUG EFFICACY; ENERGY BALANCE; FOOD INTAKE; GENE; GENE EXPRESSION; GHRELIN GENE; INTESTINE FLORA; LEPTIN GENE; LIPID DIET; LIPID STORAGE; MALE; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PREVOTELLA; PROTEIN CONTENT; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; STOMACH PROTECTION; VERRUCOMICROBIA; WEIGHT CHANGE; WEIGHT REDUCTION; ANIMAL; C57BL MOUSE; CECUM; CHEMISTRY; DIETARY SUPPLEMENT; DRUG EFFECTS; METABOLISM; MICROBIOLOGY; REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; STOMACH; STOMACH MUCOSA;

AKKERMANSIA MUCINIPHILA; ANIMALIA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); BIFIDOBACTERIUM; MUS;

ANIMALS; CECUM; DIET, HIGH-FAT; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; GASTRIC MUCOSA; GASTROINTESTINAL MICROBIOME; GHRELIN; LEPTIN; LINOLEIC ACIDS, CONJUGATED; MALE; MICE; MICE, INBRED C57BL; PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS; REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; STOMACH;

EID: 84928557624     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125091     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Swinburn BA, Sacks G, Hall KD, McPherson K, Finegood DT, Moodie ML, et al. The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments. Lancet. 2011; 378(9793):804-14. Epub 2011/08/30. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60813-1 PMID: 21872749.
2. Trigueros L, Pena S, Ugidos AV, Sayas-Barbera E, Perez-Alvarez JA, Sendra E. Food ingredients as anti-obesity agents: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2013; 53(9):929-42. Epub 2013/06/19. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2011.574215 PMID: 23768185.
3. Park Y, Albright KJ, Liu W, Storkson JM, Cook ME, Pariza MW. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition in mice. Lipids. 1997; 32(8):853-8. Epub 1997/08/01. PMID: 9270977.
4. Takahashi Y, Kushiro M, Shinohara K, Ide T. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat mass and affects gene expression of proteins regulating energy metabolism in mice. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 2002; 133(3):395-404. Epub 2002/11/15. PMID: 12431407.
5. West DB, Blohm FY, Truett AA, DeLany JP. Conjugated linoleic acid persistently increases total energy expenditure in AKR/J mice without increasing uncoupling protein gene expression. J Nutr. 2000; 130 (10):2471-7. Epub 2000/10/04. PMID: 11015475.
6. West DB, Delany JP, Camet PM, Blohm F, Truett AA, Scimeca J. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on body fat and energy metabolism in the mouse. Am J Physiol. 1998; 275(3 Pt 2):R667-72. Epub 1998/09/05. PMID: 9728060.
7. Zabala A, Fernandez-Quintela A, Macarulla MT, Simon E, Rodriguez VM, Navarro V, et al. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on skeletal muscle triacylglycerol metabolism in hamsters. Nutrition. 2006; 22 (5):528-33. Epub 2006/02/07. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2005.10.005 PMID: 16458483.
8. Kanaya N, Chen S. Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body weight gain in ovariectomized female C57BL/6J mice. Nutr Res. 2010; 30(10):714-21. Epub 2010/11/09. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.09.001 PMID: 21056287; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3000560.
9. Park Y, Albright KJ, Storkson JM, Liu W, Pariza MW. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) prevents body fat accumulation and weight gain in an animal model. J Food Sci. 2007; 72(8):S612-7. Epub 2007/11/13. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00477.x PMID: 17995628.
10. Smedman A, Vessby B. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans - metabolic effects. Lipids. 2001; 36(8):773-81. Epub 2001/10/11. PMID: 11592727.
11. Blankson H, Stakkestad JA, Fagertun H, Thom E, Wadstein J, Gudmundsen O. Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat mass in overweight and obese humans. J Nutr. 2000; 130(12):2943-8. Epub 2000/12/09. PMID: 11110851.
12. Thom E, Wadstein J, Gudmundsen O. Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat in healthy exercising humans. J Int Med Res. 2001; 29(5):392-6. Epub 2001/12/01. PMID: 11725826.
13. Gaullier JM, Halse J, Hoivik HO, Hoye K, Syvertsen C, Nurminiemi M, et al. Six months supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid induces regional-specific fat mass decreases in overweight and obese. Br J Nutr. 2007; 97(3):550-60. Epub 2007/02/23. doi: 10.1017/S0007114507381324 PMID: 17313718.
14. Martins dos Santos V, Muller M, de Vos WM. Systems biology of the gut: the interplay of food, microbiota and host at the mucosal interface. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2010; 21(4):539-50. Epub 2010/09/08. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2010.08.003 PMID: 20817507.
15. Hernandez E, Bargiela R, Diez MS, Friedrichs A, Perez-Cobas AE, Gosalbes MJ, et al. Functional consequences of microbial shifts in the human gastrointestinal tract linked to antibiotic treatment and obesity. Gut Microbes. 2013; 4(4):306-15. Epub 2013/06/21. doi: 10.4161/gmic.25321 PMID: 23782552; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3744515.
16. Erdmann J, Lippl F, Schusdziarra V. Differential effect of protein and fat on plasma ghrelin levels in man. Regul Pept. 2003; 116(1-3):101-7. Epub 2003/11/06. PMID: 14599721.
17. Greenman Y, Golani N, Gilad S, Yaron M, Limor R, Stern N. Ghrelin secretion is modulated in a nutri-ent- and gender-specific manner. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2004; 60(3):382-8. Epub 2004/03/11. PMID: 15009005.
18. Wadden D, Cahill F, Amini P, Randell E, Vasdev S, Yi Y, et al. Serum acylated ghrelin concentrations in response to short-term overfeeding in normal weight, overweight, and obese men. PLoS One. 2012; 7 (9):e45748. Epub 2012/10/03. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045748 PMID: 23029221; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3459950.
19. Sun B, Purcell RH, Terrillion CE, Yan J, Moran TH, Tamashiro KL. Maternal high-fat diet during gestation or suckling differentially affects offspring leptin sensitivity and obesity. Diabetes. 2012; 61 (11):2833-41. Epub 2012/07/04. doi: 10.2337/db11-0957 PMID: 22751689; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3478561.
20. Zhao Z, Sakata I, Okubo Y, Koike K, Kangawa K, Sakai T. Gastric leptin, but not estrogen and somatostatin, contributes to the elevation of ghrelin mRNA expression level in fasted rats. J Endocrinol. 2008; 196(3):529-38. Epub 2008/03/04. doi: 10.1677/JOE-07-0300 PMID: 18310448.
21. Scarpace PJ, Zhang Y. Leptin resistance: a prediposing factor for diet-induced obesity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2009; 296(3):R493-500. Epub 2008/12/19. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.90669.2008 PMID: 19091915; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2665845.
22. Backhed F, Ding H, Wang T, Hooper LV, Koh GY, Nagy A, et al. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004; 101(44):15718-23. Epub 2004/10/27. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0407076101 PMID: 15505215; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC524219.
23. Cani PD, Delzenne NM. Interplay between obesity and associated metabolic disorders: new insights into the gut microbiota. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2009; 9(6):737-43. Epub 2009/07/25. doi: 10.1016/j.coph.2009.06.016 PMID: 19628432.
24. Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA, Magrini V, Mardis ER, Gordon JI. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature. 2006; 444(7122):1027-31. Epub 2006/12/22. doi: 10.1038/nature05414 PMID: 17183312.
25. Murphy EF, Cotter PD, Healy S, Marques TM, O'Sullivan O, Fouhy F, et al. Composition and energy harvesting capacity of the gut microbiota: relationship to diet, obesity and time in mouse models. Gut. 2010; 59(12):1635-42. Epub 2010/10/12. doi: 10.1136/gut.2010.215665 PMID: 20926643.
26. Ley RE, Backhed F, Turnbaugh P, Lozupone CA, Knight RD, Gordon JI. Obesity alters gut microbial ecology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005; 102(31):11070-5. Epub 2005/07/22. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0504978102 PMID: 16033867; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1176910.
27. Backhed F, Fraser CM, Ringel Y, Sanders ME, Sartor RB, Sherman PM, et al. Defining a healthy human gut microbiome: current concepts, future directions, and clinical applications. Cell Host Microbe. 2012; 12(5):611-22. Epub 2012/11/20. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2012.10.012 PMID: 23159051.
28. Le Chatelier E, Nielsen T, Qin J, Prifti E, Hildebrand F, Falony G, et al. Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers. Nature. 2013; 500(7464):541-6. Epub 2013/08/30. doi: 10.1038/nature12506 PMID: 23985870.
29. Cotillard A, Kennedy SP, Kong LC, Prifti E, Pons N, Le Chatelier E, et al. Dietary intervention impact on gut microbial gene richness. Nature. 2013; 500(7464):585-8. Epub 2013/08/30. doi: 10.1038/nature12480 PMID: 23985875.
30. David LA, Maurice CF, Carmody RN, Gootenberg DB, Button JE, Wolfe BE, et al. Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature. 2014; 505(7484):559-63. Epub 2013/12/18. doi: 10.1038/nature12820 PMID: 24336217; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3957428.
31. Zhang C, Zhang M, Wang S, Han R, Cao Y, Hua W, et al. Interactions between gut microbiota, host genetics and diet relevant to development of metabolic syndromes in mice. Isme J. 2010; 4(2):232-41. Epub 2009/10/30. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2009.112 PMID: 19865183.
32. Zhang C, Zhang M, Pang X, Zhao Y, Wang L, Zhao L. Structural resilience of the gut microbiota in adult mice under high-fat dietary perturbations. Isme J. 2012; 6(10):1848- 57. Epub 2012/04/13. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2012.27 PMID: 22495068; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3446802.
33. Parks BW, Nam E, Org E, Kostem E, Norheim F, Hui ST, et al. Genetic control of obesity and gut microbiota composition in response to high-fat, high-sucrose diet in mice. Cell Metab. 2013; 17(1):141- 52. Epub 2013/01/15. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.12.007 PMID: 23312289; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3545283.
34. Brownawell AM, Caers W, Gibson GR, Kendall CW, Lewis KD, Ringel Y, et al. Prebiotics and the health benefits of fiber: current regulatory status, future research, and goals. J Nutr. 2012; 142(5):962-74. Epub 2012/03/30. doi: 10.3945/jn.112.158147 PMID: 22457389.
35. Laraichi S, Parra P, Zamanillo R, El Amarti A, Palou A, Serra F. Dietary supplementation of calcium may counteract obesity in mice mediated by changes in plasma fatty acids. Lipids. 2013; 48(8):817-26. Epub 2013/06/05. doi: 10.1007/s11745-013-3798-y PMID: 23729396.
36. Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem. 1976; 72:248-54. Epub 1976/05/07. PMID: 942051.
37. Sanchez J, Oliver P, Palou A, Pico C. The inhibition of gastric ghrelin production by food intake in rats is dependent on the type of macronutrient. Endocrinology. 2004; 145(11):5049-55. Epub 2004/07/31. doi: 10.1210/en.2004-0493 PMID: 15284203.
38. Pfaffl MW. A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR. Nucleic Acids Res. 2001; 29(9):e45. Epub 2001/05/09. PMID: 11328886; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC55695.
39. Parnell JA, Reimer RA. Prebiotic fibres dose-dependently increase satiety hormones and alter Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes in lean and obese JCR:LA-cp rats. Br J Nutr. 2012; 107(4):601-13. Epub 2011/07/20. doi: 10.1017/S0007114511003163 PMID: 21767445; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3827017.
40. Sonoyama K, Ogasawara T, Goto H, Yoshida T, Takemura N, Fujiwara R, et al. Comparison of gut microbiota and allergic reactions in BALB/c mice fed different cultivars of rice. Br J Nutr. 2010; 103 (2):218-26. Epub 2009/09/24. doi: 10.1017/S0007114509991589 PMID: 19772680.
41. Neary MT, Batterham RL. Gut hormones: implications for the treatment of obesity. Pharmacol Ther. 2009; 124(1):44-56. Epub 2009/06/30. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.06.005 PMID: 19560488.
42. Cammisotto P, Bendayan M. A review on gastric leptin: the exocrine secretion of a gastric hormone. Anat Cell Biol. 2012; 45(1):1-16. Epub 2012/04/27. doi: 10.5115/acb.2012.45.1.1 PMID: 22536547; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3328736.
43. Date Y, Kojima M, Hosoda H, Sawaguchi A, Mondal MS, Suganuma T, et al. Ghrelin, a novel growth hormone-releasing acylated peptide, is synthesized in a distinct endocrine cell type in the gastrointestinal tracts of rats and humans. Endocrinology. 2000; 141(11):4255- 61. Epub 2000/11/23. doi: 10.1210/endo.141.11.7757 PMID: 11089560.
44. Sanchez J, Priego T, Oliver P, Palou A, Pico C. The intake of a hyperlipidic diet stimulates the gastric leptin signalling pathway in female rats. Genes Nutr. 2007; 2(1):135. Epub 2008/10/14. doi: 10.1007/s12263-007-0033-6 PMID: 18850163; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2474892.
45. Cinti S, de Matteis R, Ceresi E, Pico C, Oliver J, Oliver P, et al. Leptin in the human stomach. Gut. 2001; 49(1):155. Epub 2001/07/11. PMID: 11444235; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1728376.
46. Oliver P, Pico C, De Matteis R, Cinti S, Palou A. Perinatal expression of leptin in rat stomach. Dev Dyn. 2002; 223(1):148-54. Epub 2002/01/23. doi: 10.1002/dvdy.1233 PMID: 11803578.
47. Palou A, Pico C. Leptin intake during lactation prevents obesity and affects food intake and food preferences in later life. Appetite. 2009; 52(1):249-52. Epub 2008/10/18. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2008.09.013 PMID: 18926866.
48. Bednarek MA, Feighner SD, Pong SS, McKee KK, Hreniuk DL, Silva MV, et al. Structure-function studies on the new growth hormone-releasing peptide, ghrelin: minimal sequence of ghrelin necessary for activation of growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a. J Med Chem. 2000; 43(23):4370-6. Epub 2000/11/23. PMID: 11087562.
49. Sanchez J, Oliver P, Pico C, Palou A. Diurnal rhythms of leptin and ghrelin in the systemic circulation and in the gastric mucosa are related to food intake in rats. Pflugers Arch. 2004; 448(5):500-6. Epub 2004/04/27. doi: 10.1007/s00424-004-1283-4 PMID: 15107997.
50. McKee KK, Tan CP, Palyha OC, Liu J, Feighner SD, Hreniuk DL, et al. Cloning and characterization of two human G protein-coupled receptor genes (GPR38 and GPR39) related to the growth hormone secretagogue and neurotensin receptors. Genomics. 1997; 46(3):426-34. Epub 1998/01/27. doi: 10.1006/geno.1997.5069 PMID: 9441746.
51. Nogueiras R, Pfluger P, Tovar S, Arnold M, Mitchell S, Morris A, et al. Effects of obestatin on energy balance and growth hormone secretion in rodents. Endocrinology. 2007; 148(1):21-6. Epub 2006/09/30. doi: 10.1210/en.2006-0915 PMID: 17008393.
52. Nogueiras R, Gallego R, Gualillo O, Caminos JE, Garcia-Caballero T, Casanueva FF, et al. Resistin is expressed in different rat tissues and is regulated in a tissue- and gender-specific manner. FEBS Lett. 2003; 548(1-3):21-7. Epub 2003/07/30. PMID: 12885401.
53. Kumar U, Grant M. Somatostatin and somatostatin receptors. Results Probl Cell Differ. 2010; 50:137-84. Epub 2009/10/28. doi: 10.1007/400-2009-29 PMID: 19859675.
54. Dunphy JL, Taylor RG, Fuller PJ. Tissue distribution of rat glucagon receptor and GLP-1 receptor gene expression. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1998; 141(1-2):179-86. Epub 1998/09/02. PMID: 9723898.
55. Katayama T, Shimamoto S, Oda H, Nakahara K, Kangawa K, Murakami N. Glucagon receptor expression and glucagon stimulation of ghrelin secretion in rat stomach. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007; 357(4):865-70. Epub 2007/04/28. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.04.001 PMID: 17462598.
56. Sakata I, Yang J, Lee CE, Osborne-Lawrence S, Rovinsky SA, Elmquist JK, et al. Colocalization of ghrelin O-acyltransferase and ghrelin in gastric mucosal cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2009; 297(1):E134-41. Epub 2009/04/30. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.90859.2008 PMID: 19401456; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2711663.
57. Kirchner H, Gutierrez JA, Solenberg PJ, Pfluger PT, Czyzyk TA, Willency JA, et al. GOAT links dietary lipids with the endocrine control of energy balance. Nat Med. 2009; 15(7):741-5. Epub 2009/06/09. doi: 10.1038/nm.1997 PMID: 19503064; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2789701.
58. Guinane CM, Cotter PD. Role of the gut microbiota in health and chronic gastrointestinal disease: understanding a hidden metabolic organ. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2013; 6(4):295-308. Epub 2013/07/03. doi: 10.1177/1756283X13482996 PMID: 23814609; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3667473.
59. An HM, Park SY, Lee do K, Kim JR, Cha MK, Lee SW, et al. Antiobesity and lipid-lowering effects of Bifidobacterium spp. in high fat diet-induced obese rats. Lipids Health Dis. 2011; 10:116. Epub 2011/07/13. doi: 10.1186/1476-511X-10-116 PMID: 21745411; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3146849.
60. Cani PD, Neyrinck AM, Fava F, Knauf C, Burcelin RG, Tuohy KM, et al. Selective increases of bifidobacteria in gut microflora improve high-fat-diet-induced diabetes in mice through a mechanism associated with endotoxaemia. Diabetologia. 2007; 50(11):2374-83. Epub 2007/09/08. doi: 10.1007/s00125-007-0791-0 PMID: 17823788.
61. Cano PG, Santacruz A, Trejo FM, Sanz Y. Bifidobacterium CECT 7765 improves metabolic and immunological alterations associated with obesity in high-fat diet-fed mice. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013. Epub 2013/02/19. doi: 10.1002/oby.20330 PMID: 23418126.
62. Neyrinck AM, Possemiers S, Druart C, Van de Wiele T, De Backer F, Cani PD, et al. Prebiotic effects of wheat arabinoxylan related to the increase in bifidobacteria, Roseburia and Bacteroides/Prevotella in diet-induced obese mice. PLoS One. 2011; 6(6):e20944. Epub 2011/06/23. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020944 PMID: 21695273; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3111466.
63. Santacruz A, Collado MC, Garcia-Valdes L, Segura MT, Martin-Lagos JA, Anjos T, et al. Gut microbiota composition is associated with body weight, weight gain and biochemical parameters in pregnant women. Br J Nutr. 2010; 104(1):83-92. Epub 2010/03/09. doi: 10.1017/S0007114510000176 PMID: 20205964.
64. Nadal I, Santacruz A, Marcos A, Warnberg J, Garagorri JM, Moreno LA, et al. Shifts in clostridia, bacteroides and immunoglobulin-coating fecal bacteria associated with weight loss in obese adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond). 2009; 33(7):758-67. Epub 2008/12/04. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2008.260 PMID: 19050675.
65. Sonnenburg ED, Zheng H, Joglekar P, Higginbottom SK, Firbank SJ, Bolam DN, et al. Specificity of polysaccharide use in intestinal bacteroides species determines diet-induced microbiota alterations. Cell. 2010; 141(7):1241-52. Epub 2010/07/07. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.05.005 PMID: 20603004; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2900928.
66. Derrien M, Vaughan EE, Plugge CM, de Vos WM. Akkermansia muciniphila gen. nov., sp. nov., a human intestinal mucin-degrading bacterium. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2004; 54(Pt 5):1469-76. Epub 2004/09/25. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.02873-0 PMID: 15388697.
67. Derrien M, Van Baarlen P, Hooiveld G, Norin E, Muller M, de Vos WM. Modulation of Mucosal Immune Response, Tolerance, and Proliferation in Mice Colonized by the Mucin-Degrader Akkermansia muciniphila. Front Microbiol. 2011; 2:166. Epub 2011/09/10. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00166 PMID: 21904534; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3153965.
68. Lukovac S, Belzer C, Pellis L, Keijser BJ, de Vos WM, Montijn RC, et al. Differential Modulation by Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii of Host Peripheral Lipid Metabolism and Histone Acetylation in Mouse Gut Organoids. MBio. 2014; 5(4). Epub 2014/08/15. doi: 10.1128/mBio.01438-14 PMID: 25118238; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4145684.
69. Everard A, Belzer C, Geurts L, Ouwerkerk JP, Druart C, Bindels LB, et al. Cross-talk between Akkermansia muciniphila and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013; 110(22):9066-71. Epub 2013/05/15. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1219451110 PMID: 23671105; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3670398.
70. Parra P, Palou A, Serra F. Moderate doses of conjugated linoleic acid reduce fat gain, maintain insulin sensitivity without impairing inflammatory adipose tissue status in mice fed a high-fat diet. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2010; 7:5. Epub 2010/02/26. doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-7-5 PMID: 20180981; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2831902.
71. Shin NR, Lee JC, Lee HY, Kim MS, Whon TW, Lee MS, et al. An increase in the Akkermansia spp. population induced by metformin treatment improves glucose homeostasis in diet-induced obese mice. Gut. 2014; 63(5):727-35. Epub 2013/06/28. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303839 PMID: 23804561.