Sharpening strategic intelligence: Why the CIA gets it wrong, and what needs to be done to get it right

Sharpening Strategic Intelligence: Why the CIA gets it Wrong, and What Needs to be Done to get it Right

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-214

  Russell, Richard L ^a,b  

^a NATIONAL DEFENSE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84928276956     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511509902     Document Type: Book

References (200)

1. Anonymous [Michael Scheuer], Imperial Hubris: Why the West Is Losing the War on Terror (Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 2004).
2. Christopher Andrew, For the President’s Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush (New York: Harper-Perennial, 1996).
3. Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev (New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1990).
4. Rick Atkinson, Crusade: The Untold Story of the Persian Gulf War (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1993).
5. Robert Baer, See No Evil: The True Story of a Ground Soldier in the CIA’s War on Terrorism (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2002).
6. James A. Baker III, with Thomas M. DeFrank, The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 1989–1992 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1995).
7. James Bamford, A Pretext for War: 9/11, Iraq, and the Abuse of America’s Intelligence Agencies (New York: Doubleday, 2004).
8. James Bamford, Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency (New York: Doubleday, 2001).
9. Milt Bearden and James Risen, The Main Enemy: The Inside Story of the CIA’s Final Showdown with the KGB (New York: Random House, 2003).
10. Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon, The Age of Sacred Terror: Radical Islam’s War Against America (New York: Random House, 2003).
11. Bruce Berkowitz, The New Face of War: How War Will Be Fought in the 21st Century (New York: The Free Press, 2003).
12. Bruce D. Berkowitz and Allan E. Goodman, Best Truth: Intelligence in the Information Age (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000).
13. Bruce D. Berkowitz and Allan E. Goodman, Strategic Intelligence for American National Security (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989).
14. Peter Berkowitz (ed.), The Future of American Intelligence (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 2005).
15. Richard K. Betts, Surprise Attack: Lessons for Defense Planning (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1982).
16. Richard K. Betts and Thomas G. Mahnken (eds.), Paradoxes of Strategic Intelligence (Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 2003).
17. Adda B. Bozeman, Strategic Intelligence & Statecraft: Selected Essays (Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 1992).
18. Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Adviser, 1977–1981 (New York: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux, 1983).
19. George Bush and Brent Scowcroft, A World Transformed (New York: Vintage Books, 1998).
20. Richard A. Clarke, Against All Enemies: Inside America’s War on Terror (New York: Free Press, 2004).
21. Duane R. Clarridge with Digby Diehl, A Spy for All Seasons: My Life in the CIA (New York: Scribner, 1997).
22. Ray S. Cline, Secrets, Spies, and Scholars: Blueprint of the Essential CIA (Washington, DC: Acropolis Books, 1976).
23. Eliot A. Cohen and John Gooch, Military Misfortunes: The Anatomy of Failure in War (New York: Vintage Books, 1991).
24. Steve Coll, Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, From the Soviet Invasion to September 10,2001 (New York: Penguin Press, 2004).
25. William J. Daugherty, Executive Secrets: Covert Action and the Presidency (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2004).
26. Jason D. Ellis and Geoffrey D. Kiefer, Combating Proliferation: Strategic Intelligence and Security Policy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004).
27. Ben B. Fischer, A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare (Washington, DC: Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, September 1997).
28. Harold P. Ford, Estimative Intelligence: The Purposes and Problems of National Intelligence Estimating, rev. ed. (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1993).
29. John Lewis Gaddis, The Cold War: A New History (New York: The Penguin Press, 2005).
30. John Lewis Gaddis, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).
31. Robert M. Gates, From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider’s Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War (New York: Touchstone, 1997).
32. Roger Z. George and Robert D. Kline (eds.), Intelligence and the National Security Strategist: Enduring Issues and Challenges (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 2004).
33. Allan E. Goodman, Gregory F. Treverton, and Philip Zelikow, In from the Cold: Report of the Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on the Future of U.S. Intelligence (New York: Twentieth Century Fund Press, 1996).
34. Michael R. Gordon and Bernard E. Trainor, The General’s War: The Inside Story of the Conflict in the Gulf (New York: Little, Brown, 1995).
35. Bob Graham with Jeff Nussbaum, Intelligence Matters: The CIA, the FBI, Saudi Arabia, and the Failure of America’s War on Terror (New York: Random House, 2004).
36. Maurice R. Greenberg and Richard N. Haass (eds.), Making Intelligence Smarter: The Future of U.S. Intelligence, Report of an Independent Task Force (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1996).
37. Gerald K. Haines and Robert E. Leggett (eds.), Watching the Bear: Essays on CIA’s Analysis of the Soviet Union (Washington, DC: Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency 2003), 33.
38. Efraim Halevy, Man in the Shadows: Inside the Middle East Crisis with a Man Who Led the Mossad (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2006).
39. John L. Helgerson, Getting to Know the President: CIA Briefings of Presidential Candidates, 1952–1992 (Washington, DC: Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, n.d.).
40. Richard Helms with William Hood, A Look over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency (New York: Random House, 2003).
41. Michael Herman, Intelligence Power in Peace and War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
42. Richards J. Heuer, Jr., Psychology of Intelligence Analysis (Washington, DC: Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, 1999).
43. Frederick P. Hitz, The Great Game: The Myth and Reality of Espionage (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004).
44. Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones, The CIA and American Democracy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989).
45. Robert Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976).
46. Loch K. Johnson, Bombs, Bugs, Drugs, and Thugs: Intelligence and America’s Quest for Security (New York: New York University Press, 2000).
47. Loch K. Johnson, Secret Intelligence Agencies: U.S. Intelligence in a Hostile World (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996).
48. Loch K. Johnson and James J. Wirtz (eds.), Strategic Intelligence: Windows into a Secret World (Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury, 2004).
49. Thomas A. Keaney and Eliot A. Cohen, Revolution in Warfare? Airpower in the Persian Gulf War (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1995).
50. John Keegan, Intelligence in War: Knowledge of the Enemy from Napoleon to Al-Qaeda (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003).
51. Sherman Kent, Strategic Intelligence for American World Policy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951).
52. Ronald Kessler, The CIA at War: Inside the Secret Campaign against Terror (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2003).
53. Henry Kissinger, Years of Upheaval (Boston: Little, Brown, 1982).
54. Peter R. Lavoy, Scott Sagan, and James Wirtz (eds.), Planning the Unthinkable: How New Powers Will Use Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Weapons (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000).
55. Michael Ledeen and William Lewis, Debacle: The American Failure in Iran (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1981).
56. James Lilley with Jeffrey Lilley, China Hands: Nine Decades of Adventure, Espionage, and Diplomacy in Asia (New York: Public Affairs, 2004).
57. Carnes Lord, The Modern Prince: What Leaders Need to Know Now (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003).
58. Douglas J. MacEachin, Predicting the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan: The Intelligence Community’s Record (Washington, DC: Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, April 2002).
59. Douglas J. MacEachin, U.S. Intelligence and the Confrontation in Poland, 1980–1981 (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002).
60. Douglas J. MacEachin, CIA Assessments of the Soviet Union: The Record versus the Charges (Washington, DC: Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, May 1996).
61. Melissa Boyle Mahle, Denial and Deception: An Insider’s View of the CIA from Iran-Contra to 9/11 (New York: Nation Books, 2004).
62. Earnest R. May (ed.), Knowing One’s Enemies: Intelligence Assessment before the Two World Wars (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984).
63. Anthony D. McIvor (ed.), Rethinking Principles of War (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2005).
64. Judith Miller, Stephen Engelberg, and William Broad, Germs: Biological Weapons and America’s Secret War (New York: Touchstone, 2002).
65. Richard Miniter, Losing Bin Laden: How Bill Clinton’s Failures Unleashed Global Terror (Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, Inc., 2003).
66. Lindsay Moran, Blowing My Cover: My Life as a CIA Spy (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 2005).
67. Lindsay Moran, The New American Bible, Saint Joseph edition (New York: Catholic Book Publishing, 1992).
68. Don Oberdorfer, From the Cold War to a New Era: The United States and the Soviet Union, 1983–1991 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998).
69. William E. Odom, Fixing Intelligence for a More Secure America, 2ded. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004).
70. Richard A. Posner, Uncertain Shield: The U.S. Intelligence System in the Throes of Reform (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006).
71. Richard A. Posner, Preventing Surprise Attacks: Intelligence Reform in the Wake of 9/11 (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005).
72. John Prados, The Soviet Estimate: U.S. Intelligence Analysis and Soviet Strategic Forces (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986).
73. John Ranelagh, The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986).
74. Mitchell Reiss, Bridled Ambition: Why Countries Constrain Their Nuclear Capabilities (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995).
75. Jeffrey T. Richelson, The U.S. Intelligence Community, 4th ed. (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999).
76. James Risen, State of War: The Secret History of the CIA and the Bush Administration (New York: Free Press, 2006).
77. Barry Rubin, Paved with Good Intentions: The American Experience and Iran (New York: Penguin Books, 1981).
78. Richard L. Russell, Weapons Proliferation and War in the Greater Middle East: Strategic Contest (New York: Routledge, 2005).
79. H. Norman Schwarzkopf and Peter Petre, It Doesn’t Take a Hero (New York: Bantam Books, 1992).
80. George P. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1993).
81. Richard Shultz, Roy Godson, and Ted Greenwood (eds.), Security Studies for the 1990s (New York: Brassey’s, 1993).
82. Gary Sick, All Fall Down: America’s Tragic Encounter with Iran (New York: Random House, 1985).
83. Jennifer E. Sims and Burton Gerber (eds.), Transforming U.S. Intelligence (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2005).
84. L. Britt Snider, Sharing Secrets with Lawmakers: Congress as a User of Intelligence (Washington, DC: Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, February 1997).
85. James E. Steiner, Challenging the Red Line between Intelligence and Policy (Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, Georgetown University, n.d.).
86. Gregory F. Treverton, Reshaping National Intelligence for an Age of Information (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
87. George Weigel, Witness to Hope: The Biography of Pope John Paul II, 1920–2005 (New York: HarperPerennial, 2005).
88. James J. Wirtz, The Tet Offensive: Intelligence Failure in War (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991).
89. David Wise, Nightmover: How Aldrich Ames Sold the CIA to the KGB for $4.6 Million(New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1995).
90. Markus Wolf with Anne McElvoy, Man without a Face: The Autobiography of Communism’s Greatest Spymaster (New York: Random House, 1997).
91. Bob Woodward, Plan of Attack (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004).
92. Bob Woodward, Bush at War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002)
93. David Albright and Corey Hinderstein, “Unraveling the A. Q. Khan and Future Proliferation Networks,” The Washington Quarterly 28, no. 2 (spring 2005).
94. Robert Baer, “Wanted: Spies Unlike Us,” Foreign Policy (March/April 2005).
95. Bruce D. Berkowitz and Jeffrey T. Richelson, “The CIA Vindicated,” The National Interest 41 (fall 1995).
96. Richard K. Betts, “Fixing Intelligence,” Foreign Affairs 81, no. 1 (January/February 2002).
97. Richard K. Betts, “Intelligence Warning: Old Problems, New Agendas,” Parameters (spring 1998).
98. Richard K. Betts, “Should Strategic Studies Survive?,” World Politics 50, no. 1 (October 1997).
99. Richard K. Betts, “Analysis, War, and Decision: Why Intelligence Failures are Inevitable,” World Politics 31, no. 1 (October 1978).
100. James G. Blight and David A. Welch, “What Can Intelligence Tell Us about the Cuban Missile Crisis, and What Can the Cuban Missile Crisis Tell us about Intelligence?” Intelligence and National Security 13, no. 3 (autumn 1998).
101. Daniel Byman, “Strategic Surprise and the September 11 Attacks,” Annual Review of Political Science 8, no. 1 (2005).
102. Ashton B. Carter, “How to Counter WMD,” Foreign Affairs 83, no. 5 (September/October 2004).
103. Eliot Cohen, “‘Only Half the Battle’: American Intelligence and the Chinese Intervention in Korea, 1950,” Intelligence and National Security 5, no. 1 (January 1990).
104. William J. Daugherty, “Behind the Intelligence Failure in Iran,” International Journal of Intelligence and Counter Intelligence 14, no. 4 (winter 2001).
105. Lawrence Freedman, “War in Iraq: Selling the Threat,” Survival 46, no. 2 (summer 2004).
106. Lawrence Freedman, “The CIA and the Soviet Threat: The Politicization of Estimates, 1966–1977,” Intelligence and National Security 12, no. 1 (January 1997).
107. Robert M. Gates, “An Opportunity Unfulfilled: The Use and Perceptions of Intelligence at the White House,” Washington Quarterly 12, no. 1 (winter 1989).
108. Robert M. Gates, “The CIA and Foreign Policy,” Foreign Affairs 66, no. 2 (winter 1987/88).
109. Michael I. Handel, “Intelligence and the Problem of Strategic Surprise,” Journal of Strategic Studies 7, no. 3 (September 1984).
110. Robert Jervis, “Reports, Politics, and Intelligence Failures: The Case of Iraq,” Journal of Strategic Studies, 29, no. 1 (February 2006).
111. Robert Jervis, “What’s Wrong with the Intelligence Process?,” International Journal of Intelligence and Counter Intelligence 1, no. 1 (spring 1986).
112. Richard Kerr, Thomas Wolfe, Rebecca Donegan, and Aris Pappas, “Issues for the US Intelligence Community,” Studies in Intelligence 49, no. 3 (2005).
113. Klaus Knorr, “Failures in National Intelligence Estimates: The Case of the Cuban Missile Crisis,” World Politics 16, 3 (fall 1964).
114. Joseph S. Nye, Jr., “Peering into the Future,” Foreign Affairs 77, no. 4 (July/August 1994).
115. Paul R. Pillar, “Intelligence, Policy, and the War in Iraq,” Foreign Affairs 85, no. 2 (March/April 2006).
116. Jonathan D. Pollack, “The United States, North Korea, and the End of the Agreed Framework,” Naval War College Review LVI, no. 3 (summer 2003).
117. David S. Robarge, “A Look Back: Directors of Central Intelligence, 1946–2005,” Studies in Intelligence 49, no. 3 (2005).
118. David S. Robarge, “Getting It Right: CIA Analysis of the 1967 Arab-Israeli War,” Studies in Intelligence 49, no. 1 (2005).
119. Richard L. Russell, “Iraq’s Chemical Weapons Legacy: What Others Might Learn from Saddam,” Middle East Journal 59, no. 2 (spring 2005).
120. Richard L. Russell, “Iran in Iraq’s Shadow: Dealing with Tehran’s Nuclear Weapons Bid,” Parameters XXXIV, no. 3 (autumn 2004).
121. Richard L. Russell, “Spies Like Them,” National Interest 77 (fall 2004).
122. Richard L. Russell, “Intelligence Failures: The Wrong Model for the War on Terror,” Policy Review 123 (February & March 2004).
123. Richard L. Russell, “CIA’s Strategic Intelligence in Iraq,” Political Science Quarterly 117, no. 2 (summer 2002).
124. Richard L. Russell, “Tug of War: The CIA’s Uneasy Relationship with the Military,” SAIS Review XXII, no. 2 (summer–fall 2002).
125. Richard L. Russell, “The Fog of War: NATO’s Bombing of the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade,” Pew Case Study, no. 253 (Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, Georgetown University, 2002).
126. Richard L. Russell, “A Saudi Nuclear Option?” Survival 43, no. 2 (summer 2001).
127. Richard L. Russell, “American Military Retaliation for Terrorism: Judging the Merits of the 1998 Cruise Missile Strikes in Afghanistan and Sudan,” Pew Case Study, no. 238 (Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, Georgetown University, 2000).
128. Daniel Yankelovich, “Poll Positions: What Americans Really Think about U.S. Foreign Policy,” Foreign Affairs 84, no. 5 (September/October 2005).
129. John Barry and Evan Thomas, “The Kosovo Cover-Up,” Newsweek, 15 May 2000.
130. David Barstow, “Who the White House Embraced Disputed Arms Intelligence,” New York Times, 3 October 2004.
131. William J. Broad and David E. Sanger, “The Bomb Merchant,” New York Times, 26 December 2004, A1.
132. Barbara Demick, “North Korea’s Ace in the Hole,” Los Angeles Times, 14 November 2003.
133. John Diamond and Judy Keen, “Bush’s Daily Intel Briefing Revamped,” USA Today, 25 August 2005, A1.
134. John Diamond, “CIA’s Spy Network Thin,” USA Today, 22 September 2004, 13A.
135. Bob Drogin, “Spy Work in Iraq Riddled by Failures,” Los Angeles Times, 17 June 2004, A1.
136. Thomas Fingar, “Questionable Intelligence,” Correspondence, The New Republic, 10 July 2006.
137. Douglas Frantz, “A High-Risk Nuclear Stakeout,” Los Angeles Times, 27 February 2005.
138. Douglas Frantz, “Iran Moving Methodically toward Nuclear Capability,” Los Angeles Times, 21 October 2004, A1.
139. Douglas Franz and William C. Rempel, “New Find in a Nuclear World,” Los Angeles Times, 28 November 2004, A1.
140. Barton Gellman, “Iraq’s Arsenal of Ambitions,” Washington Post, 7 January 2004.
141. Reuel Marc Gerecht, “I Spy with My Little Eye…,” Wall Street Journal, 9 November 2005.
142. Reuel Marc Gerecht, “The Sorry State of the CIA,” The Weekly Standard, 19 July 2004.
143. Jeffrey Goldberg, “The Unknown,” The New Yorker 78, no. 46 (10 February 2003).
144. Stephen Grey and Don VanNatta, “In Italy, Anger at U.S. Tactics Colors Spy Case,” New York Times, 26 June 2005, A1.
145. David Ignatius, “Spying: Time to Think Outside the Box,” Washington Post, 29 August 2004, B7.
146. Douglas Jehl, “Qaeda-Iraq Link U.S. Cited Is Tied to Coercion Claim,” New York Times, 9 December 2005, A1.
147. Douglas Jehl, “Bush’s Arms Intelligence Panel Works in Secret,” New York Times, 6 December 2004.
148. David E. Kaplan, “Playing Offense: The Inside Story of How U.S. Terrorist Hunters are Going after al Qaeda,” U.S. News & World Report, 2 June 2003.
149. George F. Kennan, “Spy and Counterspy,” New York Times, 18 May 1997, A17.
150. Jim Mann, “Threat to Mideast Military Balance: US Caught Napping by Sino-Saudi Missile Deal,” Los Angeles Times, 4 May 1988.
151. Mark Mazzetti, “Spymaster Tells Secret of Size of Spy Force,” New York Times, 21 April 2006.
152. Josh Meyer, “CIA Expands Use of Drones in Terror War,” Los Angeles Times, 29 January 2006, A1.
153. Steven Lee Myers, “Chinese Embassy Bombing: A Wide Net of Blame,” New York Times, 17 April 2000, A1 and A10.
154. Greg Miller, “CIA Operation in Iran Failed When Spies Were Exposed,” Los Angeles Times, 12 February 2005.
155. Daniel P. Moynihan, “Do We Still Need the CIA?” New York Times, 19 May 1991, E17.
156. Walter Pincus, “CIA Morale on Hayden’s Menu,” Washington Post, 18 May 2006.
157. Walter Pincus, “Intelligence Director’s Budget May Near $1 Billion, Report Finds,” Washington Post, 20 April 2006, A11.
158. Walter Pincus, “CIA Spies Get a New Home Base,” Washington Post, 14 October 2005, A6.
159. Walter Pincus, “Goss Plan to Strengthen CIA Is Ready,” Washington Post, 16 February 2005, A2.
160. Walter Pincus, “Bush’s Intelligence Panel Gains Stature,” Washington Post, 7 February 2005, A19.
161. Walter Pincus, “Intelligence Efforts Get Boost: Undercover Officers to Keep Salaries from Civilian Jobs Abroad,” Washington Post, 10 December 2004, A6.
162. Walter Pincus, “Bush Orders the CIA to Hire More Spies,” Washington Post, 24 November 2004, A4.
163. Walter Pincus, “Spy Agencies Faulted for Missing Indian Tests,” Washington Post, 3 June 1998, A18.
164. Dana Priest, “Covert CIA Program Withstands New Furor,” Washington Post, 30 December 2005.
165. Dana Priest, “CIA Holds Terror Suspects in Secret Prisons,” Washington Post, 2 November 2005, A1.
166. Dana Priest, “CIA Feels Strain of Iraq and Al Qaeda,” Washington Post, 17 November 2002, A26.
167. James Risen, “To Bomb Sudan Plant, or Not: A Year Later, Debate Rankle,” New York Times, 27 October 1999, A12.
168. Steve Rodan, “All in the Family,” Jerusalem Post, 13 June 1997.
169. Richard L. Russell, “Saudi Nukes: A Looming Intelligence Failure,” Washington Times, 5 January 2004.
170. David E. Sanger, “Pakistan Found to Aid Iran Nuclear Efforts,” New York Times, 2 September 2004.
171. David E. Sanger and William J. Broad, “Pakistan’s Nuclear Earnings,” New York Times, 16 March 2004.
172. David E. Sanger and William J. Broad, “From Rogue Nuclear Programs, Web of Trails Leads to Pakistan,” New York Times, 4 January 2004, A1.
173. Scott Shane, “Iraqi Official, Paid by CIA, Gave Account of Weapons,” New York Times, 22 March 2006.
174. Scott Shane, “Intelligence Center Is Created for Unclassified Information,” New York Times, 9 November 2005.
175. Scott Shane, “Official Reveals Budget for U.S. Intelligence,” New York Times, 8 November 2005.
176. Scott Shane and Neil A. Lewis, “At Sept. 11 Trial, Tale of Missteps and Management,” New York Times, 31 March 2006, A1.
177. Scott Shane and David E. Sanger, “Daily Intelligence Briefings are Vague, Officials Say,” New York Times, 3 April 2005.
178. Edward G. Shirley [Reuel Marc Gerecht], “Can’t Anybody Here Play This Game?” Atlantic Monthly 281, no. 2 (February 1998).
179. Richard H. Shultz, Jr., “Showstoppers: Nine Reasons Why We Never Sent Our Special Operations Forces after al Qaeda Before 9/11,” The Weekly Standard, 26 January 2004.
180. Phillip van Niekerk, “South Africa Had Six A-Bombs,” Washington Post, 25 March 1993.
181. John Walcott and Brian Duffy, “The CIA’s Darkest Secrets,” U.S. News & World Report, 4 July 1994.
182. Joby Warrick and Glenn Kessler, “Iran’s Nuclear Program Speeds Ahead,” Washington Post, 10 March 2003, A1.
183. Shaun Waterman, “Goss Says CIA Ban Excludes Terrorists,” Washington Times, 25 March 2005, A5.
184. George W. Bush, The National Security Strategy of the United States of America (Washington, DC: The White House, September 2002).Available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.pdf.
185. Central Intelligence Agency, Intelligence and Policy: The Evolving Relationship (Washington, DC: Center for the Study of Intelligence, June 2004). Available at http://www.cia.gov/csi/books/Roundtable_june2004/IntelandPolicyRelationship_Internet.pdf.
186. Central Intelligence Agency Report, “Further Comments on Iraqi Weapons of Mass Destruction,” August 1995, Gulf Link Declassified Document. Available at http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/declassdocs/cia/19960705.
187. Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction, Report to the President (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 31 March 2005). Available at http://www.wmd.gov/report.
188. Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the United States Intelligence Community, Preparing for the 21st Century: An Appraisal of U.S. Intelligence (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1 March 1996). Available at http://www.access.gpo.gov/su_docs/dpos/epubs/int/pdf/report.html.
189. Committee of Privy Counsellors, Review of Intelligence on Weapons of Mass Destruction (Norwich, UK: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 14 July 2004). Available at http://www.butlerreview.org.uk/report/index.asp.
190. House Armed Services Committee, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Intelligence Successes and Failures in Operations Desert Shield/Storm (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, August 1993).
191. House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2005 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 21 June 2004). Available at http://intelligence.house.gov/Reports.aspx?Section=56.
192. House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence and Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, December 2002). Available at http://www.gpoaccess.gov/serialset/creports/911.html.
193. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, The 9/11 Commission Report (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, July 2004). Available at http://www.9–11commission.gov/report/index.htm.
194. National Intelligence Estimate, Iraq’s Continuing Programs for Weapons of Mass Destruction (Washington, DC: National Intelligence Council, October 2002). Available at http://www.fas.org/irp/cia/product/iraq-wmd.html.
195. National Intelligence Estimate, Yugoslavia Transformed (Washington, DC: National Intelligence Council, 18 October 1990). Available at http://www.foia.cia.gov/nic_collection.asp.
196. National Intelligence Estimate, Trends in South Africa’s Nuclear Security Policies and Programs (Washington, DC: National Intelligence Council, 5 October 1984). Available at http://www.foia.cia.gov/nic_collection.asp.
197. Colin Powell, “Iraq’s Failure to Disarm,” Remarks to the United Nations Security Council (Washington, DC: Bureau of Public Affairs, Department of State, 5 February 2003).Available at http://www.state.gov/p/nea/disarm/.
198. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Postwar Findings about Iraq’s WMD Programs and Links to Terrorism and How They Compare with Prewar Assessments (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 8 September 2006). Available at http://intelligence.senate.gov.
199. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Report on the U.S. Intelligence Community’s Prewar Intelligence Assessments on Iraq (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 7 July 2004). Available at http://www.gpoaccess.gov/serialset/creports/iraq.html.
200. Special Advisor to the Director of Central Intelligence on Iraq’s WMD, Comprehensive Report, Volumes 1, 2, and 3 (Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency, 30 September 2004). Available at http://www.cia.gov/cia/reports/iraq_wmd_2004/.