Executive secrets: Covert action and the presidency

Executive Secrets: Covert Action and the Presidency

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 1-298

  Daugherty, William J ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84903403455     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (339)

1. Foreign Relations of the United States-FRUS
2. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945-1950, Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment-FRUS/EIE
3. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, Africa-FRUS/AF
4. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, Mainland Southeast Asia; Regional Affairs-FRUS/MSA
5. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, Western Europe-FRUS/WE
6. Foreign Relations of the United States, Vol. III, British Commonwealth; Western and Central Europe, 1947, FRUS/BC
7. The Hinchey Report: CIA Activities in Chile (18 September 2000) - Hinchey. (Located at www.foia.stuate.gov/HincheyReport.htm, accessed 25 November 2000.)
8. Office of Policy Coordination, 1948-1952 (CIA Official History)-OPC/CIA
9. Central Intelligence Group, Review of the World Situation as it Relates to the Security of the United States, 26September 1946.
10. Department of Defense Directive 3600.1, Information Operations, October 2001.
11. Executive Order 11905, United States Foreign Intelligence Activities, 18 February 1976, 41 FR 7703.
12. Executive Order 12036, United States Foreign Intelligence Activities, 24 January 1978, 43 CFR 3674 (revoked by Executive Order 12333).
13. Executive Order 12333, United States Intelligence Activities, 4 December 1981, 3 CFR 200 (1981, 46 FR 59955 (as amended by Executive Order 12701, 14 February 1990, 55 FR 5933).
14. Hughes-Ryan Amendment to the 1961 Foreign Assistance Act, Pub. L. No. 187-195, para. 662 (1974) codified as amended at 22 USC 2422(1998), section 662.
15. Intelligence Authorization Act of 1991, Pub. L. 102-88, 105 Stat, 429(1991), Section 503[c][4][e].
16. Intelligence Oversight Act of 1980, adopted as part of the Intelligence Authorization Act of 1991, as amended by the Intelligence Authorization Act of 1991, at Title V of the National Security Act, 50 USC 413.
17. National Security Act of 1947, 50 USC 403.
18. NSC-1/1, The Position of the United States with Respect to Italy, 14 November 1947.
19. NSC-1/2, The Position of the United States with Respect to Italy, 12 March 1948.
20. NSC-1/3, Position of the United States with Respect to Italy in the Light of the Possibility of Communist Participation in the Government by Legal Means, 12 March 1948.
21. NSC-4, Coordination of Foreign Intelligence Information Measures, 14 December 1947.
22. NSC-4A, Annex to NSC-4, 17 December 1947.
23. NSC-10/5, Scope and Pace of Covert Operations, 23 October 1951.
24. NSC-20/4, U. S. Objectives with Respect to the USSR to Counter Soviet Threats to U. S. Security, 24 November 1948.
25. NSC-162/2, Basic National Security Policy, 30 October 1953.
26. NSC-5412, National Security Council Directive on Covert Operations, 15 March 1954.
27. NSC-5412/1, Note by the Executive Secretary to the National Security Council on Covert Actions, 15 March 1954.
28. NSC-5412/2, Directive on Covert Operations, 28 December 1955.
29. National Security Decision Directive-2, National Security Council Structure, 12 January 1982.
30. National Security Decision Directive-32, U. S. National Security Strategy, 12 November 1982.
31. National Security Decision Directive-54, United States Policy Toward Eastern Europe, 2 September 1982.
32. National Security Decision Directive-75, U. S. Relations with the USSR, 17 January 1983.
33. National Security Decision Directive-159, Covert Action Policy Approval and Coordination Procedures, 18 January 1985.
34. National Security Decision Directive-286, Approval and Review of Special Activities, 15 October 1987.
35. National Security Decision Memorandum-40, Responsibility for the Conduct, Supervision, and Coordination of Covert Action Operations, 17 February 1970.
36. National Security Directive-1, Organization of the National Security Council System, 30 January 1989.
37. National Security Presidential Directive-1, Organization of the National Security System, 13 February 2001.
38. National Security Review-29, Intelligence Capabilities 1992-2005, of 15 November 1991.
39. Presidential Decision Directive-2, Organization of the National Security Council, 20 January 1993.
40. Presidential Decision Directive-35, Intelligence Requirements/National Needs Process, 2 March 1995.
41. Presidential Decision Directive-39, Counterterrorism Policy, 21 June 1995.
42. Special Operations Forces Command Authority, 10 USC 167.
43. Testimony of Warren Marik Before The Subcommittee on Technology, Terrorism, and Government Information, Senate Judiciary Committee.
44. United States House of Representatives, Select Committee on Intelligence, 94th Congress, 1st Sess. 1976. [Pike Committee Report]
45. United States House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence and the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Joint Inquiry Into Intelligence Community Activities Before and After the Terrorist Acts of September 11, 2001, December 2002, 107th Congress, S. Rept. No. 107-351 and H. Rept. 107-792. [Joint Report]
46. United States Senate, Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders: An Interim Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Book 6:94th Congress, 1st Session, 1975, S. Rept. No. 94-465 (20 November 1975). [Church Committee Report]
47. United States Senate, Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, 94th Cong., 1st Session, S. Rept. No. 94-755 (26 April 1976). [Church Committee Report].
48. United States Senate, Staff Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, vert Action in Chile 1963-1973", 94th Cong., 1st Session, December 1975. [Church Committee Report].
49. Acheson, Dean. Present at the Creation. New York: W. W. Norton, 1969.
50. Aldrich, Richard J. The Hidden Hand: Britain, America, and Cold War Secret Intelligence. New York: Overlook Press, 2002.
51. Ambrose, Stephen E. Eisenhower: The President. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989.
52. -. Ike's Spies. New York: Doubleday, 1981.
53. -. Nixon: Volume Two: The Triumph of a Politician, 1962-1972. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989.
54. Andrew, Christopher. For the President's Eyes Only. New York: Harper-Collins, 1995.
55. -, and Oleg Gordievsky. KGB: The Inside Story of Its Operations From Lenin to Gorbachev. New York: HarperCollins, 1992.
56. -, Oleg Gordievsky, and Vasili Mitrokhin. The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB. New York: Basic Books, 1999.
57. Baer, Robert. See No Evil: The True Story of a Ground Soldier in the CIA's War on Terrorism. New York: Crown, 2002.
58. Bearden, Milt, and James Risen. The Main Enemy: The Inside Story of the CIA's Final Showdown with the KGB. New York: Random House, 2003.
59. Beckwith, Charlie A., and Donald Knox. Delta Force. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983.
60. Berkowitz, Bruce D., and Allen E. Goodman. Best Truth: Intelligence in the Information Age. New Haven: Yale University Press, 200.
61. Bernstein, Carl, and Marco Politi. His Holiness: John Paul II and the History of Our Time. New York: Penguin Books, 1997.
62. Bill, James. The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988.
63. Bittman, Ladislav. The Deception Game: Czechoslovak Intelligence in Soviet Political Warfare. Syracuse: Syracuse University Research Corp., 1972.
64. -. The KGB and Soviet Disinformation: An Insider's View. McLean, Virginia: Pergamon-Brassey's, 1985.
65. Bowden, Mark. Killing Pablo: The Hunt for the World's Greatest Outlaw. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2001.
66. Bowie, Robert R., and Richard H. Immerman. Waging Peace: How Eisenhower Shaped an Enduring Cold War Strategy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
67. Brewer, Thomas C., and Lorne Teitelbaum. American Foreign Policy: A Contemporary Introduction (4th ed.). Saddle River, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1999
68. Brzezinski, Zbigniew. Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Advisor, 1977-1981. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1983.
69. Carter, James Earl. Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (3rd ed.). Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1995.
70. Carter, John J. Covert Operations as a Tool of Presidential Foreign Policy in American History from 1800 to 1920. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2000.
71. Clarridge, Duane R., and Digby Diehl. A Spy for All Seasons: My Life in the CIA. New York: Scribner's, 1997.
72. Cline, Ray S. The CIA Under Reagan, Bush, and Casey. Washington, D. C.: Acropolis Books, Ltd., 1981.
73. Cochran, Burt. Harry Truman and the Crisis Presidency. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1973.
74. Codevilla, Angelo. Informing Statecraft: Intelligence for a New Century. New York: The Free Press, 1992.
75. Colby, William E., and Peter Forbath. Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1971.
76. Conboy, Kenneth, and James Morrison. Feet to the Fire: CIA Covert Operations in Indonesia, 1957-1958. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute, 1999.
77. -. Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press, 1995.
78. Cook, Blanche Wiesen. The Declassified Eisenhower. New York: Penguin, 1984.
79. Copeland, Miles. The Game of Nations: The Amorality of Power Politics. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1969.
80. Cottam, Richard W. Iran and the United States: A Cold War Case Study. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1988.
81. Crile, George. Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2003.
82. Cullather, Nick. Secret History: The CIA's Classified Account of Its Operations in Guatemala, 1952-1954. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.
83. Darling, Arthur B. The Central Intelligence Agency: An Instrument of Government, to 1950. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1990.
84. Daugherty, William J. In the Shadow of the Ayatollah: A CIA Hostage in Iran. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute Press, 2001.
85. De Witte, Ludo. The Assassination of Lumumba. New York: Verso, 2001.
86. Dorril, Stephen. MI-6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service. New York: The Free Press, 2000.
87. Draper, Theodore. A Very Thin Line: The Iran-Contra Affairs. New York: Hill and Wang, 1991.
88. Eisendrath, Craig, ed. National Insecurity: US Intelligence After the Cold War. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2000.
89. Eisenhower, Dwight D. Mandate for Change. Garden City: Doubleday & Co., 1963.
90. Emerson, Steven. The Secret Warriors: Inside the Covert Military Operations of the Reagan Era. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1988.
91. Epstein, Edward Jay. Deception: The Invisible War Between the CIA and KGB. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989.
92. Feis, Herbert. From Trust to Terror: The Onset of the Cold War, 1945-1950. New York: W. W. Norton, 1970.
93. Felix, Christopher. A Short Course in the Secret War. Lanham, MD: Madison Books, 1992.
94. Ferrell, Robert H. The Eisenhower Diaries. New York: W. W. Norton, 1981.
95. Gaddis, John Lewis. We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
96. Gasiorowski, Mark J. U. S. Foreign Policy and the Shah: Building a Client State in Iran. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991.
97. Gates, Robert M. From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.
98. Garvey, Glenn. Everybody Had His Own Gringo: The CIA and the Contras. Washington, DC: Brassey's, 1992.
99. Godson, Roy. Dirty Tricks or Trump Cards: US Covert Action and Counterintelligence. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2001.
100. Gosnell, Harold F. Truman's Crises. Westport, CT.: Greenwood Press, 1980.
101. Grose, Peter. Operation Rollback. New York: Houghton-Mifflin, 2000.
102. Hamilton-Merritt, Jane. Tragic Mountains: The Hmong, the Americans, and the Secret Wars for Laos, 1942-1992. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999.
103. Haney, Eric L. Inside Delta Force: The Story of America's Elite Counterterrorist Unit. New York: Delacorte Press, 2002.
104. Holm, Richard L. The American Agent: My Life in the CIA. London, England: St. Ermin's Press, 2002.
105. Holt, Pat M. Secret Intelligence and Public Policy. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 1995.
106. Immerman, Richard H. The CIA in Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1982.
107. Janda, Kenneth, Jeffery M. Berry, and Jerry Goldman. The Challenge of Democracy: Government in America (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997.
108. Jefferys-Jones, Rhodri, and Christopher Andrew, eds. Eternal Vigilance? Fifty Years of the CIA. London: Frank Cass, 1997.
109. Johnson, Loch. America's Secret Power: The CIA in a Democratic Society. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.
110. -. A Season of Inquiry: Congress and Intelligence. Chicago: Dorsey Press, 1988.
111. -. Bombs, Bugs, Drugs, and Thugs: Intelligence and America's Quest for Security. New York: New York University Press, 2000.
112. -. Secret Agencies: US Intelligence in a Hostile World. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996.
113. Kaiser, David. American Tragedy: Kennedy, Johnson, and the Origins of the Vietnam War. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2000.
114. Karabell, Zachary. Architects of Intervention: The United States, the Third World, and the Cold War, 1946-1962. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1999.
115. Kimball, Jeffery. Nixon's Vietnam War. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998.
116. Kissinger, Henry. White House Years. Boston: Little Brown, 1979.
117. -. Years of Upheaval. Boston: Little Brown, 1982.
118. Knaus, John Kenneth. Orphans of the Cold War: America and the Tibetan Struggle for Survival. New York: PublicAffairs/Perseus Books, 1999.
119. Knott, Stephen F. Secret and Sanctioned: Covert Operations and the American Presidency. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
120. Kuhns, Woodrow J., ed. Assessing the Soviet Threat. Washington, DC: Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, 1997.
121. Kuzichkin, Vladimir. My Life in Soviet Espionage. New York: Ivy Books, 1990.
122. Kyle, James H., and John Robert Eidson. The Guts to Try: The Untold Story of the Iran Hostage Rescue Mission by the On-Scene Desert One Commander. New York: Orion Books, 1990.
123. Lake, Anthony. Six Nightmares: Real Threats in a Dangerous World and How America Can Meet Them. New York: Little Brown, 2000.
124. Laqueur, Walter. The Uses and Limits of Intelligence. Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Press, 1995.
125. Lert, Frédééric. Wings of the CIA. Paris, France: Histoire and Collections, 1999.
126. Lockhart, Robin Bruce. Reilly, Ace of Spies. New York: Viking Press, 1984.
127. Logevall, Fredrik. Choosing War: The Lost Chance for Peace and the Escalation of War in Vietnam. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999
128. Lowenthal, Mark M. Intelligence: From Secrets to Policy (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2003.
129. Mahl, Thomas E. Desperate Deception: British Covert Operations in the United States, 1939-1941. Washington, DC: Brassey's, 1998.
130. Martin, David C. and John Walcott. Best Laid Plans: The Inside Story of America's War Against Terrorism. New York: Harper & Row, 1988.
131. McNamara, Robert S. In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam. New York: Vintage Books, 1996.
132. Meyer, Cord. Facing Reality: From World Federalism to the CIA. New York: Harper & Row, 1980.
133. Montague, Ewen. The Man Who Never Was: World War Two's Boldest Counter-Intelligence Operation. Annapolis: U. S. Naval Institute Press, 2000.
134. Nixon, Richard M. RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon. New York, Grosset & Dunlap, 1978.
135. Nutter, John Jacob. The CIA's Black Ops: Covert Action, Foreign Policy, and Democracy. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2000.
136. Olmsted, Kathryn S. Challenging the Secret Government: The Post-Watergate Investigations of the CIA and FBI. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
137. O'Toole, G. J. A. Honorable Treachery: A History of US Intelligence, Espionage, and Covert Action From the American Revolution to the CIA. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1991.
138. Parker, James E. Code-Name Mule: The CIA's Secret War in Laos. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute Press, 1992.
139. Persico, Joseph E. Casey, From the OSS to the CIA. New York: Viking, 1990.
140. Pisani, Sallie. The CIA and the Marshall Plan. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991.
141. Polmar, Norman, and Thomas B. Allen. Spy Book: The Encyclopedia of Espionage. New York: Random House, 1997.
142. Powers, Thomas. The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979.
143. Prados, John. The Blood Road: The Ho Chi Minh Trail and the Vietnam War. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1999.
144. -. Presidents' Secret Wars (rev. ed.). Chicago: Ivan R. Dees, 1996.
145. Rabe, Stephen G. Eisenhower and Latin America: The Foreign Policy of Anti-Communism. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988.
146. -. The Most Dangerous Area in the World: John F. Kennedy Confronts Communist Revolution in Latin America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999.
147. Ranelagh, John. The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986.
148. Reisman, Michael W., and James E. Baker. Regulating Covert Action: Practices, Contexts, and Policies of Covert Coercion Abroad in International and National American Law. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992.
149. Richelson, Jeffery T. The U. S. Intelligence Community (3rd ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995.
150. Robbins, Christopher. Air America. New York: Avon Books, 1979.
151. -. The Ravens: The Story of the Men Who Flew in America's Secret War in Laos. New York: Crown, 1987.
152. Roosevelt, Kermit. Countercoup: The Struggle for Control of Iran. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979.
153. Rositzke, Harry. The CIA's Secret Operations. New York: Readers Digest, 1977.
154. Ryan, Paul B. The Iranian Rescue Mission: Why it Failed. Annapolis: U. S. Naval Institute Press, 1984.
155. Saunders, Frances Stoner. The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters. New York: The New Press, 1999.
156. Schewizer, Peter. Victory: The Reagan Administration's Secret Strategy That Hastened the Collapse of the Soviet Union. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1994.
157. Schlesinger, Stephen, and Stephen Kinzer. Bitter Fruit: The Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala. Garden City: Doubleday/Anchor Press, 1983.
158. Schwartau, Winn. Information Warfare: Chaos on the Electronic Superhighway. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 1994.
159. Shultz, George P. Triumph and Turmoil: My Years as Secretary of State. New York: Scribner's, 1993.
160. Sick, Gary. All Fall Down: America's Tragic Encounter with Iran. New York: Random House, 1985.
161. Smist, Frank J., Jr. Congress Oversees the United States Intelligence Community. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1994.
162. Smith, Joseph Burkholder. Portrait of a Cold Warrior. New York: G. P. Putnam's, 1976.
163. Thomas, Evan. The Very Best Men: Four Who Dared: The Early Years of the CIA. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.
164. Trento, Joseph J. The Secret History of the CIA. Roseville, CA: Prima/Forum Publishing, 2001.
165. Treverton, Gregory F. Covert Action: The CIA and American Intervention in the Postwar World. London: I. B. Tauris & Co. Ltd., 1987.
166. Turner, Stansfield. Secrecy and Democracy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1985.
167. -. Terrorism and Democracy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1985.
168. Twentieth Century Fund. The Need to Know: The Report of the Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Covert Action and American Democracy. New York: Twentieth Century Fund Press, 1992.
169. Walsh, Lawrence E. Firewall: The Iran-Contra Conspiracy and Cover-Up. New York: W. W. Norton, 1997.
170. Warner, Michael, ed. Central Intelligence: Origin and Evolution. Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency, 2001. The Web version, which is full-length (and used for this work) may be accessed at www.odci.gov/csi/pub. html.
171. -. The CIA Under Harry Truman. Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency, 1994.
172. Warner, Roger. Shooting the Moon: The Story of America's War in Laos. South Royal, VT: Steerforth Press, 1996.
173. Weber, Ralph E., ed. Spymasters: Ten CIA Officers in Their Own Words. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources Books, 1999.
174. Weigley, Russell F. The American Way of War. New York: MacMillan, 1973.
175. West, Nigel. The Third Secret: The CIA, Solidarity and the KGB's Plot to Kill the Pope. London: HarperCollins, 2001.
176. Wicker, Tom. One of Us: Richard Nixon and the American Dream. New York: Random House, 1991.
177. Wise, David, and Thomas B. Ross. The Espionage Establishment. New York: Random House, 1967.
178. Woodward, Bob. VEIL: The Secret Wars of the CIA, 1981-1987. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987.
179. Yergin, Daniel. Shattered Peace. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977.
180. Anderson, Elizabeth E. "The Security Dilemma and Covert Action: The Truman Years", 11 International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 4(Winter 1998-1999):403-27.
181. Aspin, Les. "Covert Action: Questions to Consider", 6 First Principles (May 1981): 9-11.
182. Barrett, David M. "Congress, The CIA, and Guatemala", 45 Studies In Intelligence 10(Winter-Spring 2001, Unclassified Edition):23-30.
183. Barry, James A. "Managing Covert Political Action: Guideposts From Just War Theory", 36 Studies In Intelligence 5(Fall 1992, Unclassified Edition):19-30.
184. Berkowitz, Bruce D., and Allen E. Goodman. "The Logic of Covert Action", National Interest 51(Spring 1998):38-46.
185. Bernstein, Carl. "The Holy Alliance", Time 24 February 1992, 28.
186. Bittman, Ladislav. "The Use of Disinformation by Democracies", 4 International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 2(Summer 1990):243-61.
187. Bloomfield, Lincoln P., Jr. "The Legitimacy of Covert Action: Sorting Out the Moral Responsibilities", 4 International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 4(Winter 1990):525-37.
188. Bruemmer, Russell J., and Marshall H. Silverberg. "The Impact of the Iran-Contra Matter on Congressional Oversight of the CIA", 11 Houston Journal of International Law 1(Fall 1988):219-43.
189. Bukovsky, Vladimir. "Secrets of the Central Committee", Commentary (October 1996) at www.commentarymagazine.com/9610/bukovsky.html (accessed 28 December 2000).
190. Chomeau, John B. "Covert Action's Proper Role in US Policy", 2 International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 3(Fall 1988):407-13.
191. Cinquegrana, America R. "Dancing in the Dark: Accepting the Invitation to Struggle in the Context of 'Covert Action', the Iran-Contra Affair and the Intelligence Oversight Process", 11 Houston Journal of International Law 1(Fall 1988):177-209.
192. Cline, Ray S. "Covert Action as a Presidential Prerogative", 12 Harvard Journal for Law and Public Policy 2(Spring 1989):357-70.
193. Cogan, Charles G. "Covert Action and Congressional Oversight: A Deontology", 16 Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 2(April 1993):87-97.
194. Cohen, William S. "Congressional Oversight of Covert Actions", 2 International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 2(Summer 1988):115-62.
195. Colby, William E. "The CIA's Covert Action", The Center Magazine (March-April 1975): 71-80.
196. Collins, J. Foster, and B. Hugh Tover. "Sukarno's Apologists Write Again", 9 International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 3(Fall 1996):337-57.
197. Damrosch, Lori Fisler. "Covert Operations", 84 American Journal of International Law (October 1989): 795-805.
198. Earl, Robert L. "A Matter of Principle", US Naval Institute Proceedings (February 1983): 30-36.
199. Fein, Bruce E. "The Constitution and Covert Action", 11 Houston Journal of International Law 1(Fall 1988):53-68.
200. Gasiorowski, Mark J. "The 1953 Coup D'Etat in Iran", International Journal of Middle East Studies 19(1987):261-86.
201. -. "The Qarani Affair and Iranian Politics", International Journal of Middle East Studies 25(1993):626-44.
202. Gavin, Francis J. "Politics, Power, and US Policy in Iran, 1950-1953", Journal of Cold War Studies 1(Winter 1999):56-89.
203. Godson, Roy, and James J. Wirtz. "Strategic Denial and Deception", 13 International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 4(Winter 2000):425-37.
204. Goodman, Allan E. "Does Covert Action Have a Future?" 18 Parameters: The Journal of the US Army War College (June 1988): 74-88.
205. Gorst, Anthony, and W. Scot Lucas. "The Other Collusion: Operation Straggle and Anglo-American Intervention in Syria, 1955-56", 4 Intelligence and National Security 3(July 1989):576-95.
206. Gustafson, Kristian C. "CIA Machinations in Chile in 1970: Reexamining the Record", 47 Studies In Intelligence 3(2003, Unclassified Edition):35-50.
207. Gunter, Michael M. "The Iraqi Opposition and the Failure of US Intelligence", 12 International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 2(Summer 1999):135-67.
208. Halperin, Morton H. "Decision-Making for Covert Operations", Society (March-April 1975): 45-51.
209. -. "Prohibiting Covert Operations", 12 First Principles 2 (April 1987).
210. Hitchens, Christopher. "Unlawful, Unelected, and Unchecked", 283 Harpers 1967(October 1991):59-64.
211. Holland, Max. "The Power of Disinformation: The Lie That Linked CIA to the Kennedy Assassination", 45 Studies In Intelligence 11(Fall-Winter 2001, Unclassified Edition):5-17.
212. Horton, John. "Reflections on Covert Action and its Anxieties", 4 International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 1(Spring 1990):77-90.
213. Hulnick, Arthur S. "United States Covert Action: Does It Have a Future?" 9 International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence (Summer 1996): 145-54
214. Isenberg, David. "The Pitfalls of US Covert Operations", Policy Analysis, 118 (7 April 1989).
215. Johnson, Loch. "Covert Action and Accountability: Decision-Making for America's Secret Foreign Policy", 33 International Studies Quarterly (March 1989): 81-109.
216. -. "On Drawing a Bright Line for Covert Operations", 86 American Journal of International Law 2(October 1989):284-309.
217. Knott, Stephen F. "The Great Republican Transformation in Oversight", 13 International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 1(Spring 2000):49-63.
218. Laqueur, Walter. "The Future of Intelligence", 35 Society 2(January 1988):301-10.
219. Love, Richard A. "The Cyberthreat Continuum", Beyond Sovereignty: Issues for a Global Agenda. New York: Worth Publishers, 1999.
220. Manget, Fred F. "Presidential Powers and Foreign Intelligence Operations", 5 International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 2(Summer 1991):131-53.
221. O'Brien, Kevin A. "Interfering With Civil Society: CIA and KGB Covert Political Action during the Cold War", 8 International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 4(Winter 1995):431-56.
222. Onate, Benjamin F. "What Did Truman Say About CIA", Studies In Intelligence, Fall 1973 (unclassified article in an otherwise classified edition; unclassified article is in the possession of this author).
223. Peake, Hayden B. "Harry S Truman on CIA Covert Operations", 25 Studies In Intelligence 1(Spring 1980):31-41, and 97.
224. Perry, David L. "Repugnant Philosophy: Ethics, Espionage, and Covert Action", Journal of Conflict Studies (Spring 1995), at www.home.earthlink.net/~davidlperry/covert.htm (accessed on 28 December 2000).
225. Pforzheimer, Walter. "Remarks of Dr. Walter Pforzheimer", 11 Houston Journal of International Law 1(Fall 1988):143-48.
226. Pike, John. "The CIA Budget", Federation of American Scientists, at www.fas.org/irp/cia/ciabud.htm (accessed 7 August 2002).
227. Rindskopf, Elizabeth. "Intelligence Oversight in a Democracy", 11 Houston Journal of International Law 1(Fall 1988):21-30.
228. Ritchie, James. "Covert Propaganda in the Cold War", University of Wales Aberystwqyth: http://users.aber.ac.uk/scty34/50/coldprop.htm (accessed 4 July 2002).
229. Rivkin, David B., Jr. "Intelligence Oversight and Congress: Practical and Constitutional Considerations", 11 Houston Journal of International Law 1(Fall 1988):31-46.
230. Sayle, Edward F. "The Déjá Vu of American Secret Diplomacy", 2 International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 3(Fall 1998):399-406.
231. Shulsky, Abram N. "The Iran-Contra Affair and the Intelligence Oversight Process", 11 Houston Journal of International Law 1(Fall 1988):245-54.
232. Silver, Daniel B. "The Uses and Abuses of Intelligence Oversight", 11 Houston Journal of International Law 1(Fall 1988):7-20.
233. Simmons, Robert Ruhl. "Intelligence Policy and Performance in Reagan's First Term: A Good Record or Bad?" 4 International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 1(Spring 1990):1-22.
234. Snider, L. Britt. "Remarks of L. Britt Snider", 11 Houston Journal of International Law 1(Fall 1988):47-52.
235. Stafford, Thomas T. "Hidden in Plain Sight: Searching for the CIA's 'New Missions.'" 13 International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 2(Summer 2000):144-59.
236. Stern, Gary. "Covert Action and the Bush Administration", 15 First Principles 1(February 1990):4-5.
237. Strong, J. Thompson. "Covert Activities and Intelligence Operations: Congressional and Executive Roles Defined", 1 International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 2(Summer 1986):63-72.
238. Tenet, George J. "The CIA and the Security Challenges of the New Century", 3 International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 2(Summer 2000):133-44.
239. Treverton, Gregory F. "Covert Action: From 'Covert' to Overt", Daedalus 116 (Spring 1987).
240. Turner, Robert F. Coercive Covert Action and the Law", 20 Yale Journal of International Law 2(Summer 1995):427-49.
241. -. "The Constitution and the Iran-Contra Affair: Was Congress the Real Lawbreaker?" 11 Houston Journal of International Law 1(Fall 1988):83-127.
242. Tuttle, Andrew C. "Secrecy, Covert Action, and Counterespionage: Intelligence Challenges for the 1990s", 12 Harvard Journal for Law and Public Policy 2(Spring 1989):523-40.
243. Warner, Michael. "Origins of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1949-50", Studies In Intelligence (1996, Unclassified Edition). The Web version, which is full-length (and used for this work) may be accessed at www.odci.gov/csi/studies/95unclass/Warner.html.
244. Weiss, Guy W. "The Farewell Dossier", Studies In Intelligence (1996, Unclassified Edition), located at www.odci.gov/csi/studies/96unclass/ farewell.htm (accessed on 11 August 2002).
245. Willard, Richard K. "Law and the National Security Decision-Making Process in the Reagan Administration", 11 Houston Journal of International Law 1(Fall 1988):129-42.
246. Adams, James. "All the Presidents' Methods", (London) Sunday Times, Overseas News, 9 February 1997, 1.
247. -. "Clinton Considers Covert Operations Against Haiti", (London) Sunday Times, Overseas News, 3 July 1994, 1.
248. Andrew, Christopher. "Focus Espionage: Apply the Test of Shame as It Has Its Uses, but Much of America's Covert Action Has Been Immoral and Counter-Productive", (London) Sunday Telegraph, 22 October 1995, 32.
249. Arkin, William M. "The Secret War: Frustrated by Intelligence Failures, the Defense Department Is Dramatically Expanding Its 'Black World' of Covert Action", Los Angeles Times, 27 October 2002. Accessed on the World Wide Web on 23 November 2002 at http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/ 224237991.html.
250. Associated Press. "Reagan Gave CIA Agents Wide Powers; Anti-Terrorism Orders Called License to Kill", San Diego Union-Tribune, 5 October 1988, A1.
251. -. "US Grab for Noriega Was Scrapped; Plan Dropped as Coup Fizzled, Officials Say", San Diego Union-Tribune, 9 October 1989, A1.
252. Baker, Russell W. "CIA: Out of Control", The Village Voice, 10 September 1991.
253. Bamford, James. "aCIA Gets Billing Again in Nicaragua, as Covert Action Becomes the Norm", Los Angles Times, 5 October 1986, part 5, 1.
254. Barber, Lionel. "White House Puts the Blame on Congress", The Financial Times (London), Sect. 1, 3.
255. Bearden, Milt. "Lessons From Afghanistan", New York Times, 2 Mtarch 1998, A 17.
256. Berkowitz, Bruce D. "Operation Backfire: Covert Action Against Milosevic Is Neither Secret nor Smart", Washington Post, 18 July 1999, B01.
257. Blum, William, and David N. Gibbs (trs.). "Les Révé lations d'un Ancien Conseilleur de Carter", Le Nouvel Observateur, 15-21 January 1998 (located onwww.gened.arizona.edu/gibbs/brerzinski-interview.htm, accessed 18 March 2002).
258. Brauchli, Christopher. "Best Kept Secrets Found in Newspapers", Tampa Tribune, 24 February 1996, 15.
259. Carver, George A. "Covert Action: It's Necessary but It Must Be Used Precisely", San Diego Union-Tribune, 16 August 1987, C-1.
260. DeWine, Michael. "Views of the Strike Against Libya", New York Times, 23 April 1986, tA 23.
261. Dobbs, Michael. "US Advice Guided Milosevic Opposition", Washington Post, 11 December 2000, A 1.
262. Editorial. "Covert Action in Nicaragua?" Christian Science Monitor, 11 March 1982, 24.
263. -. "Change the CIA: End the Covert Action Role", USA Today, 18 September 1991, 10A.
264. -. "Let's Outlaw Covert Action Before It Destroys US, New York Times, 12 October 1989, A22.
265. -. "No Pentagon Propaganda", USA Today, 18 December 2002, A12.
266. -. "Restricting the President on Covert Action is Too Dangerous", Washington Post, 3 September 1988, A25.
267. Gerstenzang, James. "Reagan Reportedly Authorizes New Action", Los Angeles Times, 27 July 1988, Part 1, 5.
268. Getler, Michael. "Hill Panel Protests CIA Covert Plan; CIA Plan Draws Written Protest From Hill Panel", Washington Post, 25 July 1981, A1.
269. Godson, Roy. "Focus-Espionage: Dirty Tricks, Inc", (London) Sunday Telegraph, 22 October 1995, 32.
270. Goodman, Alan E. "Covert Action Is Overdue for a Cost-Benefit Analysis", Los Angeles Times, 21 October 1986, Metro 5.
271. Goodman, Melvin A. "CIA Covert Actions-An Overt Failure", Christian Science Monitor, 1 November 1996, 18.
272. Gordon, Michael. Bush and Senators Meet on Coup that Failed", New York Times, 12 October 1989, A12.
273. Grier, Peter. "US Is Beefing Up Its Covert Activities", Christian Science Monitor, 19 March 1985, 20.
274. Hoagland, Jim. "The Costs of Covert Action", Washington Post, 19 October 1989, A27.
275. Hoffman, David, and John M. Goshko. "Administration Sought Funds Last Spring for Covert Action", Washington Post, 11 October 1989, A1.
276. Horrock, Nicholas M. "Senate Intelligence Panel Calls for a Law to Curb Covert Action as Implement of Foreign Policy", New York Times, 27 April 1976 (www.nytimes.com/library/national/042276realcia.html; accessed 4 July 2002).
277. Houston, Lawrence R. "Hillenkoetter's Lawful Resort to Covert Action", New York Times, 26 July 1982, A14.
278. Ignatius, David. Innocence Abroad: The New World of Spyless Coups", Washington Post, 22 September 1991, C1.
279. Kennedy, William V. "A History of Covert Activities Backfiring", Toronto Star, 27 August 1987.
280. -. "Let's Outlaw CIA-Style Covert Action Before it Destroys US", New York Times, 27 June 1990, A22.
281. Lardner, George, Jr. "History of U. S-Greek Ties Blocked: CIA Opposes Disclosure of Proposed Covert Actions in '60s", Washington Post, 17 August 2001, A21.
282. -. "House Rejects an Effort to Cut Off Funds for Angola Rebels; Bush Administration Is Urged to Drop Secrecy Surrounding CIA's Biggest Covert Aid Programs", Washington Post, 18 October, A30.
283. -. "Restrictions Approved on Covert Action; Bush Signs Revision of CIA Oversight", Washington Post, 16 August 1991, A22.
284. -. "Tighter Rein on Covert Action Urged", Washington Post, 5 May 1992, A23.
285. Leahy, Patrick J. "CIA, Covert Action, and Congressional Oversight", Christian Science Monitor, 31 March 1988, 13.
286. Lefever, Ernest W. "Don't Reject Covert Action", USA Today, 18 September 1991, 10A.
287. Loeb, Vernon. "Whatever America's Role Was in Chile That Fateful Day in 1973, Retired CIA Spy Jack Devine Knows the Truth", Washington Post, 17 September 2000, F1.
288. Los Angeles Times. "Bush Approved Covert Action by CIA to Halt Spread of Arms; Secret Finding Noted Change in Threat to US", reprinted in the Washington Post, 21 June 1992, A20.
289. Mathias, Charles McC., and Patrick J. Leahy. "Covert Aid to Angola?" Christian Science Monitor, 14 August 1986, 14.
290. McCarthy, Colman. "The Consequences of Covert Tactics", Washington Post, 13 December 1987, f2.
291. McClory, Robert. "Covert Action is Up to the President-not Congress", Christian Science Monitor, 1 June 1983, 23.
292. McManus, Doyle, and Robin Wright. "Covert Action Fails to Oust Haiti's Rulers", Los Angles Times, 16 September 1994, A8.
293. Nelson, Jack, and Ronald J. Ostrow. "CIA Reported Got OK to Spirit Suspects to US", Los Angeles Times, 21 February 1987, Part 1, 1.
294. Newsom, David, D. "Aiding Guerrillas Cannot Be Covert", Christian Science Monitor, 4 Steptember 1987, 14.
295. -. "When Covert Action is Successful", Christian Science Monitor, 28 April 1983, 23.
296. Oberdorfer, Dan. "A Carefully Covert Plan to Oust Hussein", Washington Post (National Weekly Edition, 25-31 January 1993), 19.
297. Omang, Joanne. "Reagan Defends U. S. Right to Use Cover Activity", Washington Post, 20 October 1983, A1.
298. -, and Walter Pincus, "Security Experts Differ on Effects of CIA's Mining", Washington Post 21 April, 1984, A1.
299. Pallister, David. "US 'Abandoned Kurds to Iraq': An Inglorious Episode in American Relations With Baghdad", The Guardian, 26 October 1990 (accessed via Lexis-Nexis on 15 August 2002).
300. Phillips, David Atlee. "The CIA, Covert and Overt, Always Survives Its Critics", Los Angeles Times, 18 October 1987, Part 5, 3.
301. Pincus, Walter. "CIA Had a Hit List of 58 Guatemalans, in 1950s", Washington Post, 24 May 1997, A-4.
302. -. "CIA Proffers More Cloak, Less Dagger", The Guardian (London) 16 September 1997, 13.
303. -. "CIA Turns to Boutique Operations, Covert Action Against Terrorism, Drugs, Arms", Washington Post, 14 September 1997, A-06.
304. -. "Relaxed CIA Covert Action Rules Urged: Blue-Ribbon Panel Wants More 'Risk-Taking' Within Limits of the Law", Washington Post, 30 January 1996, A-13.
305. Risen, James. "Covert Plan Said to take Aim at Milosevic's Hold on Power", New York Times, 18 June 1999, 1.
306. -. "Documents Reveal CIA Guatemala Assassination Plots", New York Times, 24 May 1997, A11.
307. -. "Gingrich Wants Funds for Covert Action in Iran", New York Times, 10 December 1995, 1.
308. San Diego Union-Tribune. "Reagan Gave CIA Agents Wide Powers", 5 October 1988, A-1.
309. -. "U. S. Grab for Noriega was Scrapped", 9 October 1989, A-1.
310. Schorr, Daniel. "Fifty Years-Too Many?-For the CIA", Christian Science Monitor, 15 August 1997.
311. -. "How Kissinger, Nixon, and the Shah Rallied-Then Shrugged Off-An Uprising", Washington Post, 7 April 1991, D3.
312. -. "The Sad History of Covert Action Has Bred Caution", Christian Science Monitor, 25 October 1989, 19.
313. Shanker, Thom, and Eric Schmitt. "Pentagon Proposes Propaganda Push in Allied Nations", New York Times, 16 December 2002, A1.
314. Shogan, Robert. "Sizing Up the CIA in Cold War's Wake", Los Angeles Times, 19 March 1994, A-21.
315. Smith, R. Jeffery. "Critics 'Wrong', CIA Chief Says; Deutch Defends Agency's Efforts to Combat International Terrorism. Washington Post, 6 September 1996, A21.
316. -. "Expansion of Covert Action Eyed." Washington Post, 13 September 1995, A7.
317. -, and Thomas W. Lippman. "White House Agrees to Bill Allowing Covert Action Against Iran", Washington Post, 22 December 1995, A27.
318. Southerland, Daniel. "CIA Running 'Lots' of Covert Action, but Not Subversion", Christian Science Monitor, 28 February 1980, 4.
319. Stone, I. F. "Loophole for Rogue Operations; Toothless Safeguards Allow Covert Action by Outsiders", Los Angeles Times, 30 August 1987, Part 5, 5.
320. Sullivan, Dan. "Review: The Cultural Cold War." www.startribune.com/stories/385/23182.html (accessed 18 December 2002).
321. Thomas, Evan. "Shadow Struggle", Newsweek, 14 October 2002, 29-31.
322. Turner, Stansfield. "CIA Covert Action at What Price?" Christian Science Monitor, 31 May 1984, 14.
323. Walcott, John, et al. "Covert Action: Reagan Ruling to Let CIA Kidnap Terrorists Overseas is Disclosed", Wall Street Journal, 20 February 1987, Section 1, 1.
324. Washington Post. "'There Never Was a Formal NSC Meeting', on Iran Initiative: Vice President Bush's Response to Mary McGrory's Questions", Washington Post, 14 January 1988, A7.
325. Weiner, Tim. "CIA Spent Millions to Support Japanese Right in 50s and 60s", New York Times, 9 October 1994 (www.nytimes.com/library/national/ 100994real-cia.html).
326. Wicker, Tom. "'Covert' Means Fiasco", New York Times, 10 October 1989, A29.
327. -. "Not Covert, Not Smart, Not Right", New York Times, 2 August 1988, A19.
328. -. "The Price of Secrecy", New York Times, 10 September 1987, A31.
329. -. "The Trouble With Covert Action", St. Petersburg Times, 14A.
330. -. "Covert Action in Iraq: Call in the CIA and Cross Your Fingers", New York Times, 15 September 1996, Section 4, 3.
331. -. "US Plans to Oust Iran's Government Is an Open Secret", New York Times, 26 January 1996, A1.
332. Wise, David. "Another CIA Disaster", New York Times, 13 September 1996, A35.
333. -. "CIA Should Forget Covert Actions", Cleveland Plain Dealer, 16 September 1996, 9B.
334. Woodward, Bob. "Carlucci Launched CIA Operation in Yemen That Collapsed", Washington Post, 4 December 1986, A1.
335. -. "CIA Anti-Qaddafi Plan Backed; Reagan Authorizes Covert Operation to Undermine Libyan Regime", Washington Post, 3 November 1985, A1.
336. -. "U. S. Covert Influence Still Sought in Iran", Washington Post, 23 November 1986, A1.
337. -, and Vernon Loeb. "CIA's Covert War on Bin Ladin: Agency Has Had Green Light Since 1998, but Terrorist Proves Elusive", Washington Post, 14 September 2001, A1.
338. Wright, Robin. "Any Effort to Oust Iraqi President a Tall Order", Los Angeles Times, 2 March 1998, A-1.
339. -, and John M. Broder, "US Secretly Aids Anti-Terror Units", Los Angeles Times, 2 July 1989, A-1.