Ecology of Wildfire Residuals in Boreal Forests

Ecology of Wildfire Residuals in Boreal Forests

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 1-251

  Perera, Ajith H ^a   Buse, Lisa J ^a  

^a ONTARIO FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84927687327     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781118870488     Document Type: Book

References (447)

1. Ahern, F.J., Epp, H., Cahoon, D.R. Jr, French, N.H.F., Kasischke, E.S., and Michalek, J.L. (2000) Using visible and near-infrared satellite imagery to monitor boreal forests. In Kasischke, E.S. and Stocks, B.J. (eds) Fire, Climate Change, and Carbon Cycling in the Boreal Forest. Springer, New York, Ecological Studies 138. pp. 312-330.
2. Alexeyev, V.A., Birdsey, R.A., Stakanov, V.D., and Korotkov, I. A. (2000) Carbon storage in the Asian boreal forest of Russia. In Kasischke, E.S. and Stocks, B.J. (eds) Fire, Climate Change, and Carbon Cycling in the Boreal Forest. Springer, New York, Ecological Studies 138. pp. 239-257.
3. Apps, M.J., Kurz, W.A., Luxmoore, R.J. et al. (1993) Boreal forests and tundra. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 70, 39-53.
4. Bonan, G.B. and Shugart, H.H. (1989) Environmental factors and ecological processes in boreal forests. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 20, 1-28.
5. Bourgeau-Chavez, L.L., Alexander, M.E., Stocks, B.J., and Kasischke, E.S. (2000) Distribution of forest ecosystems and the role of fire in the North American boreal region. In Kasischke, E.S. and Stocks, B.J. (eds) Fire, Climate Change, and Carbon Cycling in the Boreal Forest. Springer, New York, Ecological Studies 138. pp. 111-131.
6. Brandt, J.P. (2009) The extent of the North American boreal zone. Environmental Reviews 17, 101-161.
7. Bryson, R.A. (1966) Air masses, streamlines, and the boreal forest. Geographical Bulletin 8, 228-269. (Cited in Bonan and Shugart 1989.)
8. Conard, S.G. and Ivanova, G.A. (1997) Wildfire in Russian boreal forests - potential impacts of fire regime characteristics on emissions and global carbon balance estimates. Environmental Pollution 98, 305-313.
9. Crutzen, P.J., Heidt, L.E., Krasnec, J.P., Pollock, W.H., and Seiler, W. (1979) Biomass burning as a source of atmospheric gases CO, H2, N2O, CH3Cl and COS. Nature 282, 253-256.
10. de Groot, W.J., Cantin, A.S., Flannigan, M.D., Soja, A.J., Gowman, L.M., and Newberry, A. (2013) A comparison of Canadian and Russian boreal forest fire regimes. Forest Ecology and Management 294, 23-34.
11. Dixon, R.K. and Krankina, O.N. (1993) Forest fires in Russia, carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, 700-705.
12. Esseen, P.-A., Ehnström, B., Ericson, L., and Sjöberg, K. (1997) Boreal forests. Ecological Bulletins 46, 16-47.
13. FAO (2001). Global forest resource assessment 2000. Main Report. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. FAO For. Paper 140. Available from http://www.fao .org/docrep/004/y1997e/y1997e00.htm (accessed May 2013).
14. Fox, J.F. (1983) Post-fire succession of small mammal and bird communities. In Wein, R.W. and MacLean, D.A. (eds) The Role of Fire in Northern Circumpolar Ecosystems. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, New York, Scope 18. pp. 155-180.
15. Goldammer, J.G. and Furyaev, V.V. (eds) (1996a) Fire in Ecosystems of Boreal Eurasia. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Forestry Sciences Vol. 48.
16. Goldammer, J.G. and Furyaev, V.V. (1996b) Fire in ecosystems of boreal Eurasia: ecological impacts and links to the global system. In Goldammer, J.G. and Furyaev, V.V. (eds) Fire in Ecosystems of Boreal Eurasia. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Forestry Sciences Vol. 48. pp. 1-20.
17. Grissom, P., Alexander, M.E., Cella, B. et al. (2000) Effects of climate change on management and policy: mitigation options in the North American boreal forest. In Kasischke, E.S. and Stocks, B.J. (eds) Fire, Climate Change, and Carbon Cycling in the Boreal Forest. Springer, New York, Ecological Studies 138. pp. 85-103.
18. Gromtsev, A. (2002) Natural disturbance dynamics in the boreal forests of European Russia:a review. Silva Fennica 36, 41-55.
19. Hytteborn, H., Maslov, A.A., Nazimova, D.J., and Rysin, L.R. (2005) Boreal forests of Eurasia. In Andersson, F. (ed.) Coniferous Forests. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Ecosystems of the World 6. pp. 23-99.
20. Johnson, E.A. (1992) Fire and Vegetation Dynamics: Studies from the North American Boreal Forest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
21. Kasischke, E.S. (2000) Boreal ecosystems in the global carbon cycle. In Kasischke, E.S. and Stocks, B.J. (eds) Fire, Climate Change, and Carbon Cycling in the Boreal Forest. Springer, New York, Ecological Studies 138. pp. 19-30.
22. Kasischke, E.S., Christensen, N.L. Jr, and Stocks, B.J. (1995) Fire, global warming, and the carbon balance of boreal forests. Ecological Applications 5, 437-451.
23. Kasischke, E.S., French, N.H.F., Harrell, P., Christensen, N.L. Jr, Ustin, S.L., and Barry, D. (1993) Monitoring of wildfires in boreal forests using large area AVHRR NDVI composite image data. Remote Sensing of Environment 45, 61-71.
24. Kasischke, E.S. and Stocks, B.J. (eds) (2000a) Fire, Climate Change, and Carbon Cycling in the Boreal Forest. Springer, New York, NY. Ecological Studies 138.
25. Kasischke, E.S. and Stocks, B.J. (2000b) Introduction. In Kasischke, E.S. and Stocks, B.J. (eds) Fire, Climate Change, and Carbon Cycling in the Boreal Forest. Springer, New York, Ecological Studies 138. pp. 1-6.
26. Krebs, J.S. and Barry, R.G. (1970) The Arctic front and the tundra-taiga boundary in Eurasia. Geographical Reviews 60, 548-554.
27. Kuusela, K. (1992) The boreal forests: an overview. Unasylva 43(170). Available from http://www.fao.org/docrep/u6850e/u6850e00.htm (accessed May 2013).
28. Larsen, J.A. (1980) The Boreal Ecosystem (Physiological Ecology). Academic Press, New York, NY.
29. Levine, J.S. and Cofer, W.R. (2000) Boreal forest fire emission and the chemistry of the atmosphere. In Kasischke, E.S. and Stocks, B.J. (eds) Fire, Climate Change, and Carbon Cycling in the Boreal Forest. Springer, New York, Ecological Studies 138. pp. 31-48.
30. MacLean, D.A., Woodley, S.J., Weber, M.G., and Wein, R.W. (1983) Fire and nutrient cycling. In Wein, R. W. and MacLean, D. A. (eds) The Role of Fire in Northern Circumpolar Ecosystems. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, New York, Scope 18. pp. 111-134.
31. Nappi, A. and Drapeau, P. (2009) Reproductive success of the black-backed woodpecker (Picoides arcticus) in burned boreal forests: are burns source habitats? Biological Conservation 142, 1381-1391.
32. NRDC (2004) The boreal forest: Earth's green crown. Natural Resources Defense Council, New York. Available from http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/boreal/intro.asp (accessed May 2013).
33. Parviainen, J. (1996). The impact of fire on Finnish forests in the past and today. In Goldammer, J.G. and Furyaev, V.V. (eds) Fire in Ecosystems of Boreal Eurasia. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Forestry Sciences Vol. 48. pp. 55-64.
34. Payette, S. (1992) Fire as a controlling process in the North American boreal forest. In Shugart, H.H., Leemans, R., and Bonan, G.B. (eds) A Systems Analysis of the Global Boreal Forest. Cambridge University Press, New York. pp. 144-169.
35. Pyne, S.J. (1996) Wild hearth: a prolegomenon to the cultural fire history of northern Eurasia. In Goldammer, J.G. and Furyaev, V.V. (eds) Fire in Ecosystems of Boreal Eurasia. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Forestry Sciences Vol. 48. pp. 21-44.
36. Rumney, G.R. (1968) Climatology and the World's Climates. MacMillan, New York. (Cited in Bonan and Shugart 1989.)
37. Scotter, G.W. (1972) Fire as an ecological factor in boreal forest ecosystems of Canada. In Fire in the Environment: Symposium Proceedings. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, UT. Report No. FS-276. pp. 15-25.
38. Shivedenko, A.Z. and Nilsson, S. (2000) Fire and the carbon budget of Russian forests. In Kasischke, E.S. and Stocks, B.J. (eds) Fire, Climate Change, and Carbon Cycling in the Boreal Forest. Springer, New York, Ecological Studies 138. pp. 289-311.
39. Shorohova, E., Kuuluvainen, T., Kangur, A., and Jogiste, K. (2009) Natural stand structures, disturbance regimes and successional dynamics in the Eurasian boreal forests: a review with special reference to Russian studies. Annals of Forest Science 66, 1-20.
40. Stocks, B.J. (2004) Forest fires in the boreal zone: climate change and carbon implications. UNECE Timber Committee/FAO European Forestry Commission. International Forest Fire News 31, 122-131.
41. Stocks, B.J., Mason, J.A., Todd, J.B. et al. (2003) Large forest fires in Canada, 1959-1997. Journal of Geophysical Research 108(DI), 1-12.
42. Sukhinin, A.I., French, N.H.F., Kasischke, E.S. et al. (2004) AVHRR-based mapping of fires in Russia: new products for fire management and carbon cycle studies. Remote Sensing of Environment 93, 546-564.
43. UNECE (2000) Forest Resources of Europe, CIS, North America, Australia, Japan and New Zealand. Main Report. UNECE Contribution to the Global Forest Resource Assessment. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Geneva.
44. Van Cleve, K. and Dyrness, C.T. 1983. Introduction and overview of a multidisciplinary research project: the structure and function of a black spruce, Picea mariana, forest in relation to other fire-affected taiga ecosystems. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 13, 695-702.
45. van der Werf, G.R., Randerson, J.T., Giglio, L. et al. (2010) Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural, and peat fires (1997-2009). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, 11707-11735.
46. Ward, P.C. and Mawdsley, W. (2000) Fire management in the boreal forests of Canada. In Kasischke, E.S. and Stocks, B.J. (eds) Fire, Climate Change, and Carbon Cycling in the Boreal Forest. Springer, New York, Ecological Studies 138. pp. 66-84.
47. Wein, R.W. and MacLean, D.A. (eds) (1983a) The Role of Fire in Northern Circumpolar Ecosystems. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, New York, Scope 18.
48. Wein, R.W. and MacLean, D.A. (1983b) An overview of fire in northern ecosystems. In Wein, R.W. and McLean, D.A. (eds) The Role of Fire in Northern Circumpolar Ecosystems. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, New York, Scope 18. pp. 1-18.
49. Alexander, M.E., Lawson, B.D., Stocks, B.J., and van Wagner, C.E. (1984) User Guide to the Canadian Forest Fire Behaviour Prediction System: Rate of Spread Relationships. Interim Edition. Environment Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Fire Danger Group, Chalk River, ON.
50. Angers, V.A., Gauthier, S., Drapeau, P., Jayen, K., and Bergeron, Y. (2011) Tree mortality and snag dynamics in North American boreal tree species after a wildfire: a long-term study. International Journal of Wildland Fire 20, 751-763.
51. Arseneault, D. (2001) Impact of fire behavior on post-fire forest development in a homogeneous boreal landscape. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, 1367-1374.
52. Beck, J.A., Alexander, M.E, Harvey, S.D., and Beaver, A.K. (2002) Forecasting diurnal variations in fire intensity to enhance wildland firefighter safety. International Journal of Wildland Fire 11, 173-182.
53. Butler, B.W. and Dickinson, M.B. (2010) Tree injury and mortality in fires: developing process-based models. Fire Ecology 6, 55-79.
54. Chandler, C., Cheney, P., Thomas, P., Trabaud, L., and Williams, D. (1983) Fire in Forestry:Volume II. Forest Fire Management. Wiley-Interscience, New York, NY.
55. CIIFFC (2003) The 2003 glossary of forest fire management terms. Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre, Winnipeg, MB. http://bcwildfire.ca/mediaroom/Backgrounders/2003_Fire _Glossary.pdf
56. Dalziel, B.D. and Perera, A.H. (2009) Tree mortality following boreal forest fires reveals scale-dependant interactions between community structure and fire intensity. Ecosystems 12, 973-981.
57. de Groot, W.J., Pritchard, J., and Lynham, T.J. (2009) Forest floor fuel consumption and carbon emissions in Canadian boreal forest fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39, 367-382.
58. Dickinson, M.B. and Johnson, E.A. (2001) Fire effects on trees. In Johnson, E.A. and Miyanishi, K. (eds) Forest Fires: Behavior and Ecological Effects. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. pp. 477-525.
59. Dickinson, M.B. and Johnson, E.A. (2004) Temperature-dependent rate models of vascular cambium necrosis. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, 546-559.
60. Esseen, P.-A., Ehnström, B., Ericson, L., and Sjöberg, K. (1997) Boreal forests. Ecological Bulletins 46, 16-47.
61. Fendell, F.E. and Wolff, M.F. (2001) Wind-aided fire spread, forest fires, behavior and ecological effects. In Johnson, E.A. and Miyanishi, K. (eds) Forest Fires: Behavior and Ecological Effects. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. pp. 171-223.
62. Forthofer, J.M. and Goodrick, S.L. (2011) Review of vortices in wildland fire. Journal of Combustion doi:10.1155/2011/984363.
63. Goldammer, J.G. and Furyaev, V.V. (1996) Fire in Ecosystems of Boreal Eurasia. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Forestry Sciences Vol. 48.
64. Gutsell, S.L. and Johnson, E.A. (1996) How fire scars are formed: coupling a disturbance process to its ecological effect. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, 166-174.
65. Haines, D.A. (1982) Horizontal roll vortices and crown fires. Journal of Applied Meteorology 21, 751-763.
66. Hirsch, K.G. (1996) Canadian Forest Fire Behavior Prediction (FBP) System: User's Guide. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, AB. Special Report 7.
67. Hytteborn, H., Maslov, A.A., Nazimova, D.J., and Rysin, L.R. (2005) Boreal forests of Eurasia. In Andersson, F. (ed.) Coniferous Forests. Ecosystems of the World 6. Elsevier, Amsterdam. pp. 23-99.
68. Jenkins, M.A., Clark, T., and Coen, J. (2001) Coupling atmospheric and fire models. In Johnson, E.A. and Miyanishi, K. (eds) Forest Fires: Behavior and Ecological Effects. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. pp. 259-303.
69. Johnson, E.A. (1992) Fire and Vegetation Dynamics: Studies from the North American Boreal Forest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
70. Johnson, E.A. and Miyanishi, K. (eds) (2001) Forest Fires: Behavior and Ecological Effects. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
71. Kafka, V., Gauthier, S., and Bergeron, Y. (2001) Fire impacts and crowning in the boreal forest:study of a large wildfire in western Quebec. International Journal of Wildland Fire 10, 119-127.
72. Keeley, J.E. (2009) Fire intensity, fire severity and burn severity: a brief review and suggested usage. International Journal of Wildland Fire 18, 116-126.
73. Larsen, J.A. (1980) The Boreal Ecosystem (Physiological Ecology). Academic Press, New York, NY.
74. Lutz, H.J. (1956) Ecological effects of forest fires in the interior of Alaska. USDA Forest Service, Alaska Forest Research Center, Juneau, AK. Technical Bulletin 1133.
75. McRae, D.J. and Flannigan, M.D. (1990) Development of large vortices on prescribed fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, 1878-1887.
76. Mercer, G.N. and Weber, R.O. (2001) Fire plumes. In Johnson, E.A. and Miyanishi, K. (eds) Forest Fires: Behavior and Ecological Effects. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. pp. 225-257.
77. Meyn, A., White, P.S., Buhk, C., and Jentsch, A. (2007) Environmental drivers of large, infrequent wildfires: the emerging conceptual model. Progress in Physical Geography 31, 287-312.
78. Michaletz, S.T. and Johnson, E.A. (2007) How forest fires kill trees: a review of the fundamental biophysical processes. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 22, 500-515.
79. Michaletz, S.T. and Johnson, E.A. (2008) A biophysical process model of tree mortality in surface fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, 2013-2029.
80. Miyanishi, K. (2001) Duff consumption. In Johnson, E.A. and Miyanishi, K. (ed., Forest Fires:Behavior and Ecological Effects. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. pp. 437-476.
81. NWCG (2012) Glossary of wildland fire terminology. National Wildfire Coordinating Group, National Interagency Fire Center, Boise, ID. Available from http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/glossary/index.htm (accessed January 2013).
82. Perera, A.H., Dalziel, B.D., Buse, L.J., and Routledge, R.G. (2009) Spatial variability of stand-scale residuals in Ontario's boreal forest fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39(5), 945-961.
83. Perera, A.H., Dalziel, B.D., Buse, L.J., Routledge, R.G., and Brienesse, M. (2011) What happens to tree residuals in boreal forest fires and what causes the changes? Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario Forest Research Institute, Sault Ste. Marie, ON. Forest Research Report No. 174.
84. Rothermel, R.C. (1972) A mathematical model for predicting fire spread in wildland fuels. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, UT. Research Paper INT-116.
85. Rowe, J.S. (1983) Concepts of fire effects on plant individuals and species. In Wein, R.W. and MacLean, D.A. (eds) The Role of Fire in Northern Circumpolar Ecosystems. Scope 18. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, New York, NY. pp. 135-154.
86. Rowe. J.S. and Scotter, G.W. (1973) Fire in the boreal forest. Quaternary Research 3(3), 444-464.
87. Scott, G.A.J. (1995) Canada's Vegetation: A World Perspective. McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal, QC.
88. Scotter, G.W. (1972) Fire as an ecological factor in boreal forest ecosystems of Canada. In Fire in the Environment: Symposium Proceedings. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, UT. Report No. FS-276. pp. 15-25.
89. Shugart, H.H., Leemans, R. and Bonan, G.B. (eds) (1992) A Systems Analysis of the Global Boreal Forest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
90. Simard, A.J., Haines, D.A., Blank, R.W., and Frost, J.S. (1983) The Mack Lake Fire. USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN. General Technical Report NC-83.
91. Stacey, R. (2012) European glossary for wildfires and forest fires. European Forest Fires Network, Interregional Cooperation Program INTERREG IVC. Available from http://www.fire .uni-freiburg.de/literature/EUFOFINET-Fire-Glossary.pdf (accessed January 2013).
92. Taylor, S.W., Pike, R.G., and Alexander, M.E. (1997) Field guide to the Canadian Forest Fire Behavior Prediction (FBP) syste. Fire Management Network, Northern Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Edmonton, AB. Special Report 11.
93. van Wagner, C.E. (1969) A simple fire-growth model. Forestry Chronicle 45, 103-104.
94. van Wagner, C.E. (1973) Height of crown scorch in forest fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 3(3), 373-378.
95. van Wagner, C.E. (1977) Conditions for the start and spread of crown fire. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 7, 23-31.
96. van Wagner, C.E. (1983) Fire behavior in northern conifer forests and shrublands. In Wein, R.W. and MacLean, D.A. (eds) The Role of Fire in Northern Circumpolar Ecosystems. Scope 18. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, New York, NY. pp. 65-80.
97. van Wagner, C.E. (1987) Development and structure of the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System. Canadian Forestry Service, Ottawa, ON. Forestry Technical Report 35.
98. van Wagner, C.E. and Pickett, T.L. (1985) Equations and FORTRAN program for the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System. Canadian Forest Service, Petawawa National Forestry Institute, Chalk River, ON. Forestry Technical Report 33.
99. Weber, M.G. and van Cleve, K. (2005) The boreal forests of North America. In Andersson, F. (ed.) Coniferous Forests. Ecosystems of the World 6. Elsevier, Amsterdam. pp. 101-130.
100. Wein, R.W. and MacLean, D.A. (1983) An overview of fire in northern ecosystems. In Wein, R.W. and McLean, D.A. (eds) The Role of Fire in Northern Circumpolar Ecosystems. Scope 18. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, New York, NY. pp. 1-18.
101. Whelan, R.J. (1995) The Ecology of Fire. Cambridge Studies in Ecology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
102. Zoltai, S.C., Morrissey, L.A., Livingston, G.P., and de Groot, W.J. (1998) Effects of fire on carbon cycling in North American boreal peatlands. Environmental Reviews 6, 13-24.
103. Andison, D.W. (2012) The influence of wildfire boundary delineation on our understanding of burning patterns in the Alberta foothills. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, 1253-1263.
104. Angers, V.A., Gauthier, S., Drapeau, P., Jayen, K., and Bergeron, Y. (2011) Tree mortality and snag dynamics in North American boreal tree species after a wildfire: a long-term study. International Journal of Wildland Fire 20, 751-763.
105. Apfelbaum, S.I. and Haney, A. (1981) Bird populations before and after wildfire in a Great Lakes pine forest. Condor 83, 347-354.
106. Apfelbaum, S.I. and Haney, A. (1986) Changes in bird populations during succession following fire in the northern Great Lakes wilderness. In Lucas, R.C. (ed.) Proceedings - National Wilderness Research Conference: Current Research. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, UT. General Technical Report INT-212. pp. 10-16.
107. Arseneault, D. (2001) Impact of fire behavior on post-fire forest development in a homogeneous boreal landscape. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, 1367-1374.
108. Awada, T., Henebry, G.M., Redmann, R.E., and Sulistiyowati, H. (2004) Picea glauca dynamics and spatial pattern of seedling regeneration along a chronosequence in the mixedwood section of the boreal forest. Annals of Forest Science 61, 789-794.
109. Bergeron, Y., Leduc, A., Harvey, B.D., and Gauthier, S. 2002. Natural fire regime: a guide for sustainable management of the Canadian boreal forest. Silva Fennica 36, 81-95.
110. Beverley, J.L. and Martell, D.L. (2003) Modeling Pinus strobus mortality following prescribed fire in Quetico Provincial Park, northwestern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, 740-751.
111. Bond-Lamberty, B.P., Wang, C., and Gower, S.T. (2003) Annual carbon flux from woody debris for a boreal black spruce fire chronosequence. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 108(D23), 8220-8230.
112. Boulanger, Y., Sirois, L., and Hébert, C. (2011) Fire severity as a determinant factor of the decomposition rate of fire-killed black spruce in the northern boreal forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, 370-379.
113. Bradbury, S.M. (2006) Response of the post-fire bryophyte community to salvage logging in boreal mixedwood forests of northeastern Alberta, Canada. Forest Ecology and Management 234, 313-322.
114. Buech, R.R., Siderits, K., Radtke, R.E., Sheldon, H.L., and Elsing, D. (1977) Small mammal populations after a wildfire in northeast Minnesota. USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN. Research Paper NC-151.
115. Carlson, D.J., Reich, P.B., and Frelich, L.E. (2011) Fine-scale heterogeneity in overstory composition contributes to heterogeneity of wildfire severity in southern boreal forest. Journal of Forest Research 16, 203-214.
116. Dalziel, B.D. and Perera, A.H. (2009) Tree mortality following boreal forest fires reveals scaledependent interactions between community structure and fire intensity. Ecosystems 12, 973-981.
117. D'Amato, A.W., Fraver, S., Palik, B.J., Bradford, J.B., and Patty, L. (2011) Singular and interactive effects of blowdown, salvage logging, and wildfire in sub-boreal pine systems. Forest Ecology and Management 262, 2070-2078.
118. DeLong, S.C. and Kessler, W.B. (2000) Ecological characteristics of mature forest remnants left by wildfire. Forest Ecology and Management 131, 93-106.
119. Dragotescu, I. and Kneeshaw, D.D. (2012) A comparison of residual forest following fires and harvesting in boreal forests in Quebec, Canada. Silva Fennica 46(3), 365-376.
120. Eberhardt, K.E. and Woodard, P.M. (1987) Distribution of residual vegetation associated with large fires in Alberta. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, 1207-1212.
121. Epting, J. and Verbyla, D. (2005) Landscape-level interactions of prefire vegetation, burn severity, and postfire vegetation over a 16-year period in interior Alaska. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, 1367-1377.
122. Ferguson, S.H. and Elkie, P.C. 2003. Comparing snag abundance 20, 30, and 40 years following fire and harvesting disturbance in a boreal forest. Forestry Chronicle 79, 1-9.
123. Fisher, J.T. and Wilkinson, L. (2005) The response of mammals to forest fire and timber harvest in the North American boreal forest. Mammal Review 35, 51-81.
124. French, H.H.F., Kasischke, E.S., Hall, R.J. et al. (2008) Using Landsat data to assess fire and burn severity in the North American boreal forest region: an overview and summary of results. International Journal of Wildland Fire 17, 443-462.
125. Gandhi, K.J.K., Spence, J.R., Langor, D.W. et al. (2001) Fire residuals as habitat reserves for epigaeic beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae and Staphylinidae). Biological Conservation 102, 131-141.
126. Gardiner, L.M. (1957) Deterioration of fire-killed pine in Ontario and the causal wood-boring beetles. The Canadian Entomologist 89, 241-263.
127. Gluck, M.J. and Rempel, R.S. (1996) Structural characteristics of post-wildfire and clearcut landscapes. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 39, 435-450.
128. Graf, R., Bradley, M., Kearey, L., and Ellesworth, T. (2000) Successional responses of a black spruce ecosystem to wildfire in the Northwest Territories. Government of Northwest Territories, Department of Resources, Wildlife and Economic Development, Fort Smith, NWT. File Report No. 127.
129. Greene, D.F. and Johnson, E.A. (2000) Tree recruitment from burn edges. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30(8), 1264-1274.
130. Haeussler, S. and Bergeron, Y. (2004) Range of variability in boreal aspen plant communities after wildfire and clear-cutting. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, 274-288.
131. Haines, D.A. (1982) Horizontal roll vortices and crown fires. Journal of Applied Meteorology 21, 751-763.
132. Harper, K.A., Bergeron, Y., Drapeau, P., Gauthier, S., and DeGrandpré, L. (2005) Structural development following fire in coniferous eastern boreal forest. Forest Ecology and Management 206, 293-306.
133. Harper, K.A., Lesieur, D., Bergeron, Y., and Drapeau, P. (2004) Forest structure and composition at young fire and cut edges in black spruce boreal forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, 289-302.
134. Hebblewhite, M., Munro, R.H., and Merrill, E.H. (2009) Trophic consequences of postfire logging in a wolf-ungulate system. Forest Ecology and Management 257, 1053-1062.
135. Hely, C., Bergeron, Y., and Flannigan, M.D. (2000) Coarse woody debris in the southeastern Canadian boreal forest: composition and load variations in relation to stand replacement. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 30, 674-687.
136. Hely, C., Flannigan, M., and Bergeron, Y. (2003) Modeling tree mortality following wildfire in the southeastern Canadian mixed-wood boreal forest. Forest Science 49, 566-576.
137. Hobson, K. and Schieck, J. (1999) Changes in bird communities in boreal mixedwood forest:harvest and wildfire effects over 30 years. Ecological Applications 9, 849-863.
138. Hutto, R.L. (2006) Toward meaningful snag-management guidelines for postfire salvage logging in North American conifer forests. Conservation Biology 20, 984-993.
139. Imbeau, L., Savard, J.-P.L., and Gagnon, R. (1999) Comparing bird assemblages in successional black-spruce stands originating from fire and logging. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, 1850-1860.
140. Kafka, V., Gauthier, S., and Bergeron, Y. (2001) Fire impacts and crowning in the boreal forest:study of a large wildfire in western Quebec. International Journal of Wildland Fire 10, 119-127.
141. Keeley, J.E. (2009) Fire intensity, fire severity and burn severity: a brief review and suggested usage. International Journal of Wildland Fire 18, 116-126.
142. Larsen, J.A. (1962) Major vegetation types of western Ontario and Manitoba from aerial photographs. University of Wisconsin, Department of Meteorology, Madison, WI. Technical Report No. 7.
143. Le Goff, H. and Sirois, L. (2004) Black spruce and jack pine dynamics simulated under varying fire cycles in northern boreal forest of Quebec, Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, 2399-2409.
144. Lutz, H.J. (1956) Ecological effects of forest fires in the interior of Alaska. USDA Forest Service, Alaska Forest Research Center, Juneau, AK. Technical Bulletin 1133.
145. Madoui, A., Leduc, A., Gauthier, S., and Bergeron, Y. (2010) Spatial pattern analyses of post-fire residual stands in the black spruce boreal forest of western Quebec. International Journal of Wildland Fire 19, 1110-1126.
146. Manies, K.L., Harden, J.W., Bond-Lamberty, B.P., and O'Neill, K.P. (2005) Woody debris along an upland chronosequence in boreal Manitoba and its impact on long-term carbon storage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, 472-482.
147. McIver, J.D. and Starr, L. (2001) A literature review on the environmental effects of postfire logging. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 16, 159-168.
148. Methven, I.R., vanWagner, C.E., and Stocks, B.J. (1975) The vegetation of four burned areas in northwestern Ontario. Canadian Forestry Service, Petawawa Forest Experiment Station, Chalk River, ON. Information Report PS-X-60.
149. Miyanishi, K. and Johnson, E.A. (2002) Process and patterns of duff consumption in the mixedwood boreal forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, 1285-1295.
150. Morissette, J.L., Cobb, T.P., Brigham, R.M., and James, P.C. (2002) The response of boreal forest songbird communities to fire and post-fire harvesting. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, 2169-2183.
151. Murphy, E.C. and Lehnhausen, W.A. (1998) Density and foraging ecology of woodpeckers following a stand-replacement fire. Journal of Wildlife Management 62, 1359-1372.
152. Nalder, I.A. and Wein, R.W. (1999) Long-term forest floor carbon dynamics after fire in upland boreal forests of western Canada. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13, 951-969.
153. Nappi, A. and Drapeau, P. (2011) Pre-fire forest conditions and fire severity as determinants of the quality of burned forests for deadwood-dependent species: the case of the black-backed woodpecker. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, 994-1003.
154. Nappi, A., Drapeau, P., Giroux, J.-F. et al. (2003) Snag use by foraging black-backed woodpeckers (Picoides arcticus) in a recently burned eastern boreal forest. Auk 120, 505-511.
155. Nappi, A., Drapeau, P., Saint-Germain, M., and Angers, V.A. (2010) Effect of fire severity on long-term occupancy of burned boreal conifer forests by saproxylic insects and wood-foraging birds. International Journal of Wildland Fire 19, 500-511.
156. Nordin, J.O. and Grigal, D.F. (1976) Vegetation, site, and fire relationships within the area of the Little Sioux fire, northeastern Minnesota. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 6, 78-85.
157. Nowak, S., Kershaw, G.P. and Kershaw, L. (2002) Plant diversity and cover after wildfire on anthropogenically disturbed and undisturbed sites in subarctic upland Picea mariana forest. Arctic 55, 269-280.
158. Ohmann, L.F. and Grigal, D.F. (1979) Early revegetation and nutrient dynamics following the 1971 Little Sioux forest fire in northeastern Minnesota. Forest Science 25(4 Suppl.).
159. Perera, A.H., Buse, L.J., Routledge, R.G., Dalziel, B.D., and Smith, T. (2008). An assessment of tree, snag, and downed wood residuals in boreal fires in relation to Ontario's policy directions for emulating natural forest disturbance. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario Forest Research Institute, Sault Ste. Marie, ON. Forest Research Report No. 168.
160. Perera, A.H., Dalziel, B.D., Buse, L.J., and Routledge, R.G. (2009a) Spatial variability of stand-scale residuals in Ontario's boreal forest fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39, 945-961.
161. Perera, A.H., Dalziel, B.D., Buse, L.J., Routledge, R.G., and Brienesse, M. (2011) What happens to tree residuals in boreal forest fires and what causes the changes? Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario Forest Research Institute, Sault Ste. Marie, ON. Forest Research Report No. 174.
162. Perera, A.H., Remmel, T.K., Buse, L.J., and Ouellette, M.R. (2009b) An assessment of residual patches in boreal fire in relation to Ontario's policy directions for emulating natural forest disturbance. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario Forest Research Institute, Sault Ste. Marie, ON. Forest Research Report No. 169.
163. Pohl, G., Langor, D., Klimaszewski, J., Work, T., and Paquin, P. (2008) Rove beetles (Coleoptera:Staphylinidae) in northern Nearctic forests. The Canadian Entomologist 140, 415-436.
164. Rees, D.C. and Juday, G.P. (2002) Plant species diversity on logged versus burned sites in central Alaska. Forest Ecology and Management 155, 291-302.
165. Remmel, T.K. and Perera, A.H. (2009) Mapping natural phenomena: boreal forest fires with non-discrete boundaries. Cartographica 44, 275-289.
166. Richmond, H.A. and Lejeune, R.R. (1945) The deterioration of fire-killed white spruce by wood-boring insects in Northern Saskatchewan. Forestry Chronicle 21, 168-192.
167. Ross, D.A. (1960) Damage by long-horned wood borers in fire-killed white spruce, central British Columbia. Forestry Chronicle 36, 355-361.
168. Rowe, J.S. (1983) Concepts of fire effects on plant individuals and species. In Wein, R.W. and MacLean, D.A. (eds) The Role of Fire in Northern Circumpolar Ecosystems. Scope 18. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, New York, NY. pp. 135-154.
169. Saint-Germain, M., Drapeau, P., and Hebert, C. (2004) Comparison of Coleoptera assemblages from a recently burned and unburned black spruce forests of northeastern North America. Biological Conservation 118, 583-592.
170. Saint-Germain, M. and Greene, D.F. (2009) Salvage logging in the boreal and cordilleran forests of Canada: integrating industrial and ecological concerns in management plans. Forestry Chronicle 85, 120-134.
171. Schaeffer, J.A. and Pruitt, W.O. (1991) Fire and woodland caribou in southeastern Manitoba. Wildlife Monographs 116, 1-39.
172. Schieck, J. and Hobson, K.A. (2000) Bird communities associated with live residual tree patches within cut blocks and burned habitat in mixedwood boreal forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, 1281-1295.
173. Schmiegelow, F.K.A., Stepnisky, D.P., Stambaugh, C.A., and Koivula, M. (2006) Reconciling salvage logging of boreal forests with a natural-disturbance management model. Conservation Biology 20, 971-983.
174. Schulte, L.A. and Niemi, G.J. (1998) Bird communities of early successional burned and logged forest. Journal of Wildlife Management 62, 1418-1429.
175. Schwab, F.E., Simon, N.P.P., Stryde, S.W., and Forbes, G.J. (2006) Effects of post-fire snag removal on breeding birds of western Labrador. Journal of Wildlife Management 70(5), 1464-1469.
176. Scotter, G.W. (1972) Fire as an ecological factor in boreal forest ecosystems of Canada. In Fire in the Environment: Symposium Proceedings. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, UT. Report No. FS-276. pp. 15-25.
177. Simard, A.J., Haines, D.A., Blank, R.W., and Frost, J.S. (1983) The Mack Lake Fire. USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN. General Technical Report NC-83.
178. Simon, N.P.P., Stratton, C.B., Forbes, G.J., and Schwab, F.E. (2002) Similarity of small mammal abundance in post-fire and clearcut forests. Forest Ecology and Management 165, 163-172.
179. Slaughter, K.W., Grigal, D.F., and Ohmann, L.F. (1998) Carbon storage in southern boreal forests following fire. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 13, 119-127.
180. Stuart-Smith, K., Adams, I.T., and Larsen, K.W. (2002) Songbird communities in a pyrogenic habitat mosaic. International Journal of Wildland Fire 11, 75-84.
181. van Wagner, C.E. (1973) Height of crown scorch in forest fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 3, 373-378.
182. Viereck, L.A. and Dyrness, C.T. (1979) Ecological effects of the Wickersham Dome Fire near Fairbanks, Alaska. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Portland, OR. General Technical Report PNW-90.
183. Wikars, L.-O. (2001) The wood-decaying fungus Daldinia loculata (Xylariaceae) as an indicator of fire-dependent insects. Ecological Bulletins 49, 263-268.
184. Ahlgren, C.E. (1959) Some effects of fire on forest reproduction in northeastern Minnesota. Journal of Forestry 57, 194-200.
185. Ahlgren, C.E. (1974) Effect of fires on temperate forests: north central United States. In:Kozlowski, T.T. (ed.) Fires and Ecosystems. Academic Press, New York, NY. pp. 195-219.
186. Ahnlund, H. and Lindhe, A. (1992) Endangered wood-living insects in coniferous forests - some thoughts from studies of forest-fire sites, our crops and clearing in the province of Sörmland, Sweden. Enromologisk Tidskrift 113, 13-23 (in Swedish).
187. Alexander, M.E. and Hawksworth, F.G. (1976) Fire and dwarf mistletoes in North American coniferous forests. Journal of Forestry 74, 446-449.
188. Amiro, B.D., Todd, J.B., Wotton, B.M. et al. (2001) Direct carbon emissions from Canadian forest fires, 1959-1999. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, 512-525.
189. Angelståm, P. and Mikusinski, G. (1994) Woodpecker assemblages in natural and managed boreal and hemiboreal forest - a review. Annales Zoologici Fennici 31, 157-172.
190. Arseneault, D. (2001) Impact of fire behavior on postfire forest development in a homogeneous boreal landscape. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, 1367-1374.
191. Auclair, A.N.D. (1985) Postfire regeneration of plant and soil organic pools in a Picea mariana-Cladonia stellaris ecosystem. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15, 279-291.
192. Axtell, H.H. (1957) The three-toed woodpecker invasion. Audobon Outlook 6, 13-14.
193. Baldwin, P.H. (1968) Predator-prey relationships of birds and spruce beetles. In Proceedings of the North Central Branch, Entomological Society of America, Denver, CO, Vol. 23. pp. 90-99.
194. Balshi, M.S., McGuire, A.D., Duffy, P., Flannigan, M. Kicklighter, D.W., and Melillo, J. (2009) Vulnerability of carbon storage in North American boreal forests to wildfires during the 21st century. Global Change Biology 15, 1491-1510.
195. Bayley, S.E., Schindler, D.W., Parker, B.R., Stainton, M.P., and Beaty, K.G. (1992) Effects of forest fire and drought on acidity of a base-poor boreal forest stream: Similarities between climatic warming and acidic precipitation. Biogeochemistry 17, 191-204.
196. Beaty, K.G. (1994) Sediment transport in a small stream following two successive forest fires. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, 2723-2733.
197. Beaufait, W. (1960) Some effects of high temperatures on cones and seeds of jack pine. Forest Science 6(3), 194-199.
198. Blackford, J.L. (1955) Woodpecker concentration in burned forest. The Condor 57, 28-30.
199. Bock, C.E. and Lynch, J.F. (1970) Breeding bird populations of burned and unburned conifer forest in the Sierra Nevada. The Condor 72, 182-189.
200. Bonan, G.B. and Shugart, H.H. (1989) Environmental factors and ecological processes in boreal forests. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 20, 1-28.
201. Bond-Lamberty, B.P., Peckham, S.D., Ahl, D.E., and Gower, S.T. (2007) Fire as the dominant driver of central Canadian boreal forest carbon balance. Nature 450(7166), 89-89.
202. Bond-Lamberty, B., Wang, C., and Gower, S.T. (2003) Annual carbon flux from woody debris for a boreal black spruce fire chronosequence. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 108(D23), 8220-8230.
203. Bonnot, T.W., Rumble, M.A., and Millspaugh, J.J. (2008) Nest success of black-backed woodpeckers in forests with mountain pine beetle outbreaks in the Black Hills, South Dakota. The Condor 110, 450-457.
204. Boulanger, Y. and Sirois, L. (2006) Postfire dynamics of black spruce coarse woody debris in northern boreal forest of Quebec. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, 1770-1780.
205. Boulanger, Y. and Sirois, L. (2007) Postfire succession of saproxylic arthropods, with emphasis on Coleoptera, in the north boreal forest of Quebec. Environmental Entomology 36, 128-141.
206. Boulanger, Y., Sirois, L., and Hebert, C. (2011) Fire severity as a determinant factor of the decomposition rate of fire-killed black spruce in the northern boreal forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, 370-379.
207. Bradbury, S.M. (2006) Response of the post-fire bryophyte community to salvage logging in boreal mixedwood forests of northeastern Alberta, Canada. Forest Ecology and Management 234, 313-322.
208. Brown, C.D. and Johnstone, J.F. (2011) How does increased fire frequency affect carbon loss from fire? A case study in the northern boreal forest. International Journal of Wildland Fire 20, 829-837.
209. Buddle, C.M., Spence, J.R., and Langor, D.W. (2000) Succession of boreal forest spider assemblages following wildfire and harvesting. Ecography 23, 424-436.
210. Buech, R.R., Siderits, K., Radtke, R.E., Sheldon, H.L., and Elsing, D. (1977) Small mammal populations after a wildfire in northeast Minnesota. USDA Forest Service, North Central Research Station, St. Paul, MN. Research Paper NC-151.
211. Cayford, J.H. and McRae, D.J. (1983) The ecological role of fire in jack pine forests. In Wein, R.W. and MacLean, D.A. (eds) The Role of Fire in Northern Circumpolar Ecosystems. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, New York, NY. pp. 183-199.
212. Certini, G. (2005) Effects of fire on properties of forest soils: a review. Oecologia 143, 1-10.
213. Chandler, C., Cheney, P., Thomas, P., Trabaud, L., and Williams, D. (1983) Fire in Forestry:Volume I. Forest Fire Behaviour and Effects. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, New York, NY.
214. Cobb, T.P., Hannam, K.D., Kishchuk, B.E., Langor, D.W., Quideau, S.A., and Spence, J.R. (2010) Wood-feeding beetles and soil nutrient cycling in burned forests: Implications of post-fire salvage logging. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 12, 9-18.
215. Cobb, T.P., Langor, D.W., and Spence, J.R. (2007) Biodiversity and multiple disturbances:boreal forest ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) responses to wildfire, harvesting, and herbicide. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, 1310-1323.
216. Cott, P.A., Zaidlik, B.A., Bourassa, K., Lange, M., and Gordon, A.M. (2010) Effects of forest fire on young-of-the-year northern pike, Esox lucius, in the Northwest Territories. Canadian Field-Naturalist 124, 104-112.
217. Dahlberg, A. (2002) Effects of fire on ectomycorrhizal fungi in Fennoscandian boreal forests. Silva Fennica 36, 69-80.
218. Dahlberg, A., Schimmel, J., Taylor, A.F.S., and Johannesson, H. (2001) Post-fire legacy of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in the Swedish boreal forest in relation to fire severity and logging intensity. Biological Conservation 100, 151-161.
219. DeBano, L.F., Neary, D.G., and Ffolliott, P.F. (1998) Fire's Effects on Ecosystems. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, New York, NY.
220. de Chantal, M. and Granström, A. (2007) Aggregations of dead wood after wildfire act as browsing refugia for seedlings of Populus tremula and Salix caprea. Forest Ecology and Management 250, 3-8.
221. DeLong, S.C. and Kessler, W.B. (2000) Ecological characteristics of mature forest remnants left by wildfire. Forest Ecology and Management 131, 93-106.
222. Dettki, H., Klintberg, P., and Esseen, P.A. (2000) Are epiphytic lichens in young forests limited by local dispersal? Ecoscience 7, 317-325.
223. Dix, R.L. and Swan, J.M.A. (1971) The roles of disturbance and succession in upland forest at Candle Lake, Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Botany 49, 657-676.
224. Edmonds, R.L. and Eglitis, A. (1989) The role of the Douglas-fir beetle and wood borers in the decomposition of and nutrient release from Douglas-fir logs. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, 853-859.
225. Ellison, L.N. (1975) Density of Alaskan spruce grouse before and after fire. Journal of Wildlife Management 39, 468-471.
226. Engelmark, O. (1993) Early post-fire tree regeneration in a Picea-Vaccinium forest in northern Sweden. Journal of Vegetation Science 4, 791-794.
227. Evans, W.G. (1964) Infra-red receptors in Melanophila acuminata De Geer. Nature 202(492), 211.
228. Evans, W.G. (1966) Perception of infrared radiation from forest fires by Melanophila acuminata De Geer (Buprestidae, Coleoptera). Ecology 47, 1061-1065.
229. Eyre, F.H. (1938) Can jack pine be regenerated without fire? Journal of Forestry 36, 1067-1072.
230. Eyre, F.H. and LeBarron, R.K. (1944) Management of jack pine stands in the Lake States. USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC. Technical Bulletin No. 863.
231. Fayt, P. (2003) Insect prey population changes in habitats with declining vs. stable three-toed woodpecker Picoides tridactylus populations. Ornis Fennica 80, 182-192.
232. Fayt, P., Machmer, M.M., and Steeger, C. (2005) Regulation of spruce bark beetles by woodpeckers - a literature review. Forest Ecology and Management 206, 1-14.
233. Fisher, J.T. and Wilkinson, L. (2005) The response of mammals to forest fire and timber harvest in the North American boreal forest. Mammal Review 35, 51-81.
234. Foster, D.R. (1985) Vegetation development following fire in Picea mariana (black spruce)- Pleurozium forests of south-eastern Labrador, Canada. Journal of Ecology 73, 517-534.
235. France, R. (1997) Land-water linkages: influences of riparian deforestation on lake thermocline depth and possible consequences for cold stenotherms. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54, 1299-1305.
236. Franklin, J.F., Lindemeyer, D., MacMahon, J.A. et al. (2000) Threads of continuity. Conservation Biology in Practice 1, 8-16.
237. French, N.H.F., Kasischke, E.S., Hall, R.J. et al. (2008) Using Landsat data to assess fire and burn severity in the North American boreal forest region: an overview and summary of results. International Journal of Wildland Fire 17, 443-462.
238. Galipeau, C., Kneeshaw, D., and Bergeron, Y. (1997) Postfire regeneration of white spruce and balsam fir in relation to seedbed and distance from seed sources. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 27, 139-147.
239. Gandhi, K.J.K. (1999) The importance of fire-skips as biotic refugia and the influence of forest heterogeneity on epigaeic beetles in pyrogenic stands of the northern Rocky Mountains. MScThesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB.
240. Gandhi, K.J.K., Spence, J.R., Langor, D.W. et al. (2001) Fire residuals as habitat reserves for epigaeic beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae and Staphylinidae). Biological Conservation 102, 131-141.
241. Gardiner, L.M. (1957) Deterioration of fire-killed pine in Ontario and the causal wood-boring beetles. The Canadian Entomologist 89, 241-263.
242. Gasaway, W.C. and Dubois, S.D. (1985) Initial response of moose, Alces alces, to a wildfire in interior Alaska. Canadian Field-Naturalist 99, 135-140.
243. Gentry, D.J. and Vierling, K.T. (2008) Reuse of woodpecker cavities in the breeding and non-breeding seasons in old burn habitats in the Black Hills, South Dakota. American Midland Naturalist 160, 413-469.
244. Goldammer, J.G. and Furyaev, V.V. (1996) Fire in Ecosystems of Boreal Eurasia. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Forestry Sciences Vol. 48.
245. Greene, D.F. and Johnson, E.A. (1999) Modelling recruitment of Populus tremuloides, Pinus banksiana, and Picea mariana following fire in the mixedwood boreal forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, 462-473.
246. Greene, D.F. and Johnson, E.A. (2000) Tree recruitment from burn edges. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, 1264-1274.
247. Greene, D.F., Noël, J., and Bergeron, Y. (2004) Recruitment of Picea mariana, Pinus banksiana, and Populus tremuloides across a burn severity gradient following wildfire in the southern boreal forest of Quebec. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, 1845-1857.
248. Grove, S.J. (2002) Saproxylic insect ecology and the sustainable management of forests. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 33, 1-23.
249. Haney, A., Apfelbaum, S., and Burris, J.M. (2008) Thirty years of post-fire succession in a southern boreal forest bird community. American Midland Naturalist 159, 421-433.
250. Hanks, L.M. (1999) Influence of the larval host plant on reproductive strategies of cerambycid beetles. Annual Review of Entomology 44, 483-505.
251. Hannah, K.C. and Hoyt, J.S. (2004) Northern hawk owls and recent burns: Does burn age matter? The Condor 106, 420-423.
252. Hannon, S.J. and Drapeau, P. (2005) Bird responses to burning and logging in the boreal forest of Canada. Studies in Avian Biology 30, 97-115.
253. Harden, J.W., Trumbore, S.E., Stocks, B.J. et al. (2000) The role of fire in the boreal carbon budget. Global Change Biology 6(Suppl. 1), 174-184.
254. Hawksworth, F.G. and Wiens, D. (1996) Dwarf mistletoes: Biology, pathology and systematics. USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC. Agriculture Handbook 709.
255. Hebblewhite, M., Munro, R.H., and Merrill, E.H. (2009) Trophic consequences of postfire logging in a wolf-ungulate system. Forest Ecology and Management 257, 1053-1062.
256. Heinselman, M.L. (1957) Silvical characteristics of black spruce. USDA Forest Service, Lake States Forest Experiment Station, St Paul, MN. Station Paper 45.
257. Heinselman, M.L. (1981) Fire and succession in the conifer forests of northern North America. In West, D.C., Shugart, H.H., and Botkin, D.B. (eds) Forest Succession: Concepts and Applications. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY. pp. 374-405.
258. Hobson, K.A. and Schieck, J. (1999) Changes in bird communities in boreal mixedwood forest:Harvest and wildfire effects over 30 years. Ecological Applications 9, 849-863.
259. Hooven, E.F. (1969) The influence of forest succession on populations of small animals in western Oregon. In Black, H.C. (ed.) Wildlife and Reforestation in the Pacific Northwest, Symposium Proceedings. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. pp. 30-34.
260. Hossack, B.R. and Corn, P.S. (2007) Responses of pond-breeding amphibians to wildfire:Short-term patterns in occupancy and colonization. Ecological Applications 17, 1403-1410.
261. Hossack, B.R., Corn, P.S., and Fagre, D.B. (2006) Divergent patterns of abundance and age-class structure of headwater stream tadpoles in burned and unburned watersheds. Canadian Journal of Zoology 84, 1482-1488.
262. Hoyt, J.S. and Hannon, S.J. (2002) Habitat associations of black-backed and three-toed woodpeckers in the boreal forest of Alberta. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, 1881-1888.
263. Hutto, R.L. (1995) Composition of bird communities following stand-replacement fires in Northern Rocky Mountain (U.S.A.) conifer forests. Conservation Biology 9, 1041-1058.
264. Ibarzabal, J. and Desmeules, P. (2006) Black-backed woodpecker (Picoides arcticus) detectability in unburned and recently burned mature conifer forests in north-eastern North America. Annales Zoologici Fennici 43, 228-234.
265. Imbeau, L., Savard, J.-P.L., and Gagnon, R. (1999). Comparing bird assemblages in successional black spruce stands originating from fire and logging. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, 1850-1860.
266. Jayen, K., Leduc, A., and Bergeron, Y. (2006) Effect of fire severity on regeneration success in the boreal forest of northwest Québec, Canada. Ecoscience 13, 143-151.
267. Johansson, P. (2008) Consequences of disturbance on epiphytic lichens in boreal and near boreal forests. Biological Conservation 141, 1933-1944.
268. Johansson, T., Hjältén, J., Stenbacka, F., and Dynesius, M. (2010) Responses of eight boreal flat bug (Heteroptera: Aradidae) species to clear-cutting and forest fire. Journal of Insect Conservation 14, 3-9.
269. Johansson, P., Wetmore, C.M., Carlson, D.J., Reich, P.B., and Thor, G. (2006) Habitat preference, growth form, vegetative dispersal and population size of lichens along a wildfire severity gradient. The Bryologist 109, 527-540.
270. Johnson, E.A. (1992) Fire and Vegetation Dynamics: Studies from the North American Boreal Forest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
271. Johnstone, J.F., Chapin, F.S. III, Foote, J., Kemmett, S., Price, K., and Viereck, L.A. (2004) Decadal observations of tree regeneration following fire in boreal forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, 267-273.
272. Jonsson, L., Dahlberg, A., Nilsson, M.C. Zackrisson, O., and Karen, O. (1999) Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in late-successional Swedish boreal forests, and their composition following wildfire. Molecular Ecology 8, 205-215.
273. Kasischke, E.S. (2000) Processes influencing carbon cycling in the North American boreal forest. In Kasischke, E.S. and Stocks, B.J. (eds) Fire, Climate Change and Carbon Cycling in the Boreal Forest. Springer, New York, NY. Ecological Studies 138. pp. 103-110.
274. Kasischke, E.S., Christensen, N.L. Jr, and Stocks, B.J. (1995) Fire, global warming, and the carbon balance of boreal forests. Ecological Applications 5, 437-451.
275. Kasischke, E.S. and Hoy, E.E. (2012) Controls on carbon consumption during Alaskan wildland fires. Global Change Biology 18, 685-699.
276. Kasischke, E.S. and Stocks, B.J. (2000) Fire, Climate Change, and Carbon Cycling in the Boreal Forest. Springer, New York, NY. Ecological Studies 138.
277. Kelsall, J.P, Telfer, E.S., and Wright, T.D. (1977) The effect of fire on the ecology of the boreal forest, with particular reference to the Canadian north: a review and selected bibliography. Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa, ON. Occasional Paper #32. CW 69-1/32.
278. Kotliar, N.B., Reynolds, E.W., and Deutschman, D.H. (2008) American three-toed woodpecker response to burn severity and prey availability at multiple spatial scales. Fire Ecology 4, 26-45.
279. Krefting, L.W. and Ahlgren, C.E. (1974) Small mammals and vegetation changes after fire in a mixed conifer-hardwood forest. Ecology 55, 1391-1398.
280. Laiho, R. and Prescott, C.E. (2004) Decay and nutrient dynamics of coarse woody debris in northern coniferous forests: a synthesis. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, 763-777.
281. Langor, D.W., Spence, J.R., Hammond, H.E.J., Jacobs, J., and Cobb, T.P. (2006) Maintaining saproxylic insects in Canada's extensively managed boreal forests: a review. In Grove, S. and Hanula, J. (eds) Insect Biodiversity and Dead Wood: Proceedings of a Symposium for the 22nd International Congress of Entomology. USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Asheville, NC. General Technical Report GTR-SRS-93. pp. 83-97.
282. LeBarron, R.K. (1939) The role of forest fires in the reproduction of black spruce. Minnesota Academy of Science Proceedings 7, 11-14.
283. Lester, N.P., Dextrase, A.J., Kushneriuk, R.S., Rawson, M.R., and Ryan, P.A. (2004) Light and temperature: key factors affecting walleye abundance and production. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 133, 588-605.
284. Lindgren, B.S. and Miller, D.R. (2002) Effect of verbenone on attraction of predatory and woodboring beetles (Coleoptera) to kairomones in lodgepole pine forests. Environmental Entomology 31, 766-773.
285. Lutz, H.J. (1956) Ecological effects of forest fires in the interior of Alaska. USDA Forest Service, Alaska Forest Research Center, Juneau, AK. Technical Bulletin 1133.
286. Manies, K.L., Harden, J.W., Bond-Lamberty, B.P., and O'Neill, K.P. (2005) Woody debris along an upland chronosequence in boreal Manitoba and its impact on long-term carbon storage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, 472-482.
287. Maser, C., Trappe, J.M., and Nussbaum, R.A. (1978) Fungal-small mammal interrelationships with emphasis on Oregon coniferous forests. Ecology 59, 799-809.
288. Moore, R.D. and Richardson, J.S. (2012) Natural disturbance and forest management in riparian zones: comparison of effects at reach, catchment, and landscape scales. Freshwater Science 31, 239-247.
289. Morissette, J.L., Cobb, T.P., Brigham, R.M. and James, P.C. (2002) The response of boreal forest songbird communities to fire and post-fire harvesting. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, 2169-2183.
290. Morneault, C. and Payette, S. (1989) Postfire lichen-spruce woodland recovery at the limit of the boreal forest in northern Quebec. Canadian Journal of Botany 67, 2770-2782.
291. Muona, J. and Rutanen, I. (1994) The short-term impact of fire on the beetle fauna in boreal coniferous forest. Annales Zoologici Fennici 31, 109-121.
292. Murphy, E.C. and Lehnhausen, W.A. (1998) Density and foraging ecology of woodpeckers following a stand-replacement fire. Journal of Wildlife Management 62, 1359-1372.
293. Nappi, A. and Drapeau, P. (2009) Reproductive success of the black-backed woodpecker (Picoides arcticus) in burned boreal forests: are burns source habitats? Biological Conservation 142, 1381-1391.
294. Nappi, A. and Drapeau, P. (2011) Pre-fire forest conditions and fire severity as determinants of the quality of burned forests for deadwood-dependent species: the case of the black-backed woodpecker. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, 994-1003.
295. Nappi, A., Drapeau, P., Giroux, J.-F. et al. (2003) Snag use by foraging black-backed woodpeckers (Picoides arcticus) in a recently burned eastern boreal forest. Auk 120, 505-511.
296. Nappi, A., Drapeau, P., Saint-Germain, M., and Angers, V.A. (2010) Effect of fire severity on long-term occupancy of burned boreal conifer forests by saproxylic insects and wood-foraging birds. International Journal of Wildland Fire 19, 500-511.
297. Nappi, A., Drapeau, P., and Savard (2004) Salvage logging after wildfire in the boreal forest:Is it becoming a hot issue for wildfire? Forestry Chronicle 80, 67-74.
298. Nave, L.E., Vance, E.D., Swanston, C.W., and Curtis, P.S. (2011) Fire effects on temperate forest soil C and N storage. Ecological Applications 21, 1189-1201.
299. Nelson, J.L., Zavaleta, E.S., and Chapin, F.S. III, (2008) Boreal fire effects on subsistence resources in Alaska and adjacent Canada. Ecosystems 11, 156-171.
300. Niemi, G.J. (1978) Breeding birds of burned and unburned areas in northern Minnesota. The Loon 50, 73-84.
301. Noël, J. (2001) Régénération forestière après feu et coupe de recuperation dans le secteur de Val-Paradis, Abitibi. Thèse MSc, Université du Québec à Montréal, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Montréal, QC.
302. Ohmann, L.F. and Grigal, D.F. (1979) Early revegetation and nutrient dynamics following the 1971 Little Sioux forest fire in northeastern Minnesota. Forest Science 25(4 Suppl.).
303. Paine, T.D., Raffa, K.F., and Harrington, T.C. (1997) Interactions among scolytid bark beetles, their associated fungi, and live host conifers. Annual Review of Entomology 42, 179-206.
304. Pakkala, T., Hanski, I., and Tomppo, E. (2002) Spatial ecology of the three-toed woodpecker in managed forest landscapes. Silva Fennica 36, 279-288.
305. Pan, Y., Birdsey, R.A., Fang, J. et al. (2011) A large and persistent carbon sink in the world's forests. Science 333(6045), 988-993.
306. Paquin, P. (2008) Carabid beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) diversity in the black spruce succession of eastern Canada. Biological Conservation 141, 261-275.
307. Paragi, T.F., Johnson, W.N., Katnik, D.D. et al. (1996) Marten selection of postfire seres in the Alaskan taiga. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74, 2226-2237.
308. Perera, A.H., Dalziel, B.D., Buse, L.J., Routledge, R.G., and Brienesse, M. (2011) What happens to tree residuals in boreal forest fires and what causes the changes? Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario Forest Research Institute, Sault Ste. Marie, ON. Forest Research Report No. 174.
309. Perera, A.H., Remmel, T.K., Buse, L.J., and Ouellette, M.R. (2009) An assessment of residual patches in boreal fire in relation to Ontario's policy directions for emulating natural forest disturbance. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario Forest Research Institute, Sault Ste. Marie, ON. Forest Research Information Paper No. 169.
310. Pettit, N.E. and Naiman, R.J. (2007) Fire in the riparian zone: Characteristics and ecological consequences. Ecosystems 10, 673-687.
311. Pierson, J.C. (2009) Genetic population structure and dispersal of two North American woodpeckers in ephemeral habitats. PhD Thesis, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. Available from http://avianscience.dbs.umt.edu/projects/documents/Pierson_BBWO _dissertation.pdf (accessed August 2012).
312. Pilliod, D.S., Bury, R.B., Hyde, E.J., Pearl, C.A., and Corn, P.S. (2003) Fire and amphibians in North America. Forest Ecology and Management 178, 163-181.
313. Pinel-Alloul, B., Prepas, E., Planas, D., Steedman, R., and Charette, T. (2002) Watershed impacts of logging and wildfire: Case studies in Canada. Lake and Reservoir Management 18, 307-318.
314. Planas, D., Desrosiers, M., Groulx, S.R., Paquin, S., and Carignan, R. (2000) Pelagic and benthic algal responses in eastern Canadian Boreal Shield lakes following harvesting and wildfires. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57, 136-145.
315. Pohl, G., Langor, D., Klimaszewski, J., Work, T., and Paquin, P. (2008) Rove beetles (Coleoptera:Staphylinidae) in northern Nearctic forests. The Canadian Entomologist 140, 415-436.
316. Popescu, V.D. and Hunter, M.L. Jr, (2011) Clear-cutting affects habitat connectivity for a forest amphibian by decreasing permeability to juvenile movements. Ecological Applications 21, 1283-1295.
317. Rayner, A.D.M. and Boddy, L. (1988) Fungal Decomposition ofWood: Its Biology and Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, New York, NY.
318. Richmond, H.A. and Lejeune, R.R. (1945) The deterioration of fire-killed white spruce by wood-boring insects in Northern Saskatchewan. Forestry Chronicle 21, 168-192.
319. Ripple, W.J. and Larsen, E.J. (2001) The role of postfire coarse woody debris in aspen regeneration. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 16, 61-64.
320. Rose, A.H. (1957) Some notes on the biology of Monochamus scutellatus (Say) (Coleoptera:Cerambycidae). The Canadian Entomologist 89, 547-553.
321. Ross, D.A. (1960) Damage by long-horned wood borers in fire-killed white spruce, central British Columbia. Forestry Chronicle 36, 355-361.
322. Rowe, J.S. (1983) Concepts of fire effects on plant individuals and species. In Wein, R.W. and MacLean, D.A. (eds) The Role of Fire in Northern Circumpolar Ecosystems. Scope 18. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, New York, NY. pp. 135-154.
323. Rowe, J.S. and Scotter, G.W. (1973) Fire in the boreal forest. Quaternary Research 3, 444-464.
324. Ryoma, R. and Laaka-Lindberg, S. (2005) Bryophyte recolonization on burnt soil and logs. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 20(Suppl. 6), 5-16.
325. Saab, V.A., Dudley, J., and Thompson, W.L. (2004) Factors influencing occupancy of nest cavities in recently burned forests. The Condor 106, 20-36.
326. Saab, V.A., Powell, H.D. W., Kotliar, N.B. et al. (2005) Variation in fire regimes of the Rocky Mountains: implications for avian communities and fire management. Studies in Avian Biology 30, 76-96.
327. Saab, V.A., Russell, R.E., and Dudley, J.G. (2009) Nest-site selection by cavity-nesting birds in relation to postfire salvage logging. Forest Ecology and Management 257, 151-159.
328. Saint-Germain, M., Drapeau, P., and Buddle, C.M. (2007) Host-use patterns of saproxylic phloeophagous and xylophagous Coleoptera adults and larvae along the decay gradient in standing dead black spruce and aspen. Ecography 30, 737-748.
329. Saint-Germain, M., Drapeau, P., and Buddle, C.M. (2008) Persistence of pyrophilous insects in fire-driven boreal forests: population dynamics in burned and unburned habitats. Diversity and Distributions 14, 713-720.
330. Saint-Germain, M., Drapeau, P., and Hebert, C. (2004a) Comparison of Coleoptera assemblages from a recently burned and unburned black spruce forests of northeastern North America. Biological Conservation 118, 583-592.
331. Saint-Germain, M., Drapeau, P., and Hebert, C. (2004b) Landscape-scale habitat selection patterns of Monochamus scutellatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in a recently burned black spruce forest. Environmental Entomology 33, 1703-1710.
332. Saint-Germain, M., Drapeau, P., and Hebert, C. (2004c) Xylophagous insect species composition and patterns of substratum use on fire-killed black spruce in central Quebec. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, 677-685.
333. Saint-Germain, M. and Greene, D.F. (2009) Salvage logging in the boreal and cordilleran forests of Canada: Integrating industrial and ecological concerns in management plans. Forestry Chronicle 85, 120-132.
334. Saint-Germain, M., Larivee, M., Drapeau, P., Fahrig, L., and Buddle, C.M. (2005) Short-term response of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) to fire and logging in a spruce-dominated boreal landscape. Forest Ecology and Management 212, 118-126.
335. Sauvard, D. (2004) General biology of bark beetles. In Lieutier, F.E.A. (ed.) Bark andWood Boring Insects in Living Trees in Europe: A Synthesis. Kluwer Academic Publishers, London, UK. pp. 63-88.
336. Schieck, J. and Hobson, K.A. (2000) Bird communities associated with live residual tree patches within cut blocks and burned habitat in mixedwood boreal forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, 1281-1295.
337. Schindler, D.W., Newbury, R.W., Beaty, K.G., Prokopowich, J., Ruszcynski, T., and Dalton, J.A. (1980) Effects of a windstorm and forest fire on chemical losses from forested watersheds and on the quality of receiving streams. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37, 328-334.
338. Schütz, S., Weissbecker, B., Hummel, H.E., Apel, K.H., and Schmitz, H. (1999) Insect antenna as a smoke detector. Nature 398(6725), 298-299.
339. Seip, D. and Parker, K. (1997) Use of wildlife tree patches by forest birds in the sub-boreal spruce (SBS) zone. British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Prince George, BC. Research Note #PG-08.
340. Simila, M., Kouki, J., Martikainen, P., and Uotila, A. (2002) Conservation of beetles in boreal pine forests: the effects of forest age and naturalness on species assemblages. Biological Conservation 106, 19-27.
341. Sirois, L. (1993) Impact of fire on Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings in subarctic lichen woodlands. Journal of Vegetation Science 4, 795-802.
342. Sirois, L. (1995) Initial phase of postfire forest regeneration in two lichen woodlands of northern Quebec. Ecoscience 2, 177-183.
343. Slaughter, K.W., Grigal, D.F., and Ohmann, L.F. (1998) Carbon storage in southern boreal forests following fire. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 13, 119-127.
344. Smith, T.M., Cramer, W.P., Dixon, R.K., Leemans, R., Neilson, R.P., and Solomon, A.M. (1993) The global terrestrial carbon-cycle. Water Air and Soil Pollution 70, 19-37.
345. St-Onge, I. and Magnan, P. (2000) Impact of logging and natural fires on fish communities of Laurentian Shield lakes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57(Suppl. 2), 165-174.
346. Stuart-Smith, K., Adams, I.T., and Larsen, K.W. (2002) Songbird communities in a pyrogenic habitat mosaic. International Journal of Wildland Fire 11, 75-84.
347. Taylor, D.L. and Barmore, W.J. (1980) Post-fire succession of avifauna in coniferous forests of Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks, Wyoming. In De Graf, R.M. and Tilghman, N.G. (eds) Management of western forests and grassland for non game birds. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, UT. General Technical Report GTR-INT-86. pp 130-140.
348. Thompson, I.D. and Angleståm, P. (1999) Special species. In Hunter, M.L. Jr, (ed.) Maintaining Biodiversity in Managed Forests. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. pp. 434-459.
349. Toivanen, T. and Kotiaho, J.S. (2007) Mimicking natural disturbances of boreal forests: the effects of controlled burning and creating dead wood on beetle diversity. Biodiversity and Conservation 16, 3193-3211.
350. Tremblay, J.A., Ibarzabal, J., and Savard, J.L. (2009) Foraging ecology of black-backed woodpeckers (Picoides arcticus) in unburned eastern boreal forest stands. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40, 991-999.
351. Treseder, K.K., Mack, M.C., and Cross, A. (2004) Relationships among fires, fungi, and soil dynamics in Alaskan Boreal Forests. Ecological Applications 14, 1826-1838.
352. van Balen, J.H. (1980) Population fluctuations in the great tit and feeding conditions in winter. Ardea 68, 143-164.
353. van Wilgenburg, S.L. and Hobson, K.A. (2008) Landscape-scale disturbance and boreal forest birds: Can large single-pass harvest approximate fires? Forest Ecology and Management 256, 136-146.
354. Viereck, L.A. (1983) The effects of fire in black spruce ecosystems of Alaska and northern Canada. In Wein, R.W. and MacLean, D.A. (eds) The Role of Fire in Northern Circumpolar Ecosystems. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, New York, NY. pp. 201-220.
355. Viereck, L.A., Foote, J., Dyrness, C.T., van Cleve, K., Kane, D., and Siefert, R. (1979) Preliminary results of experimental fires in the black spruce type of interior Alaska. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR. Research Note PNW 332.
356. Villard, M. and Schieck, J. (1996) Immediate post-fire nesting by black-backed woodpeckers, Picoides arcticus, in northern Alberta. Canadian Field-Naturalist 111, 478-479.
357. Visser, S. (1995) Ectomycorrhizal fungal succession in jack pine stands following wildfire. New Phytologist 129, 389-401.
358. Visser, S. and Parkinson, D. (1999) Wildfire vs. clearcutting: impacts on ectomycorrhizal and decomposer fungi. In Meurisse, R.T., Ypsilantis, W.G., and Seybold, C. (eds) Proceedings of the Pacific Northwest Forest and Rangeland Soil Organism Symposium. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-461. pp. 114-123.
359. Webb, E.T. (1998) Survival, persistence, and regeneration of the reindeer lichens, Cladina stellaris, C. rangiferina, and C. mitis following clearcut logging and forest fire in northwestern Ontario. Rangifer 10, 41-47.
360. Whelan, R.J. (1995) The Ecology of Fire. Cambridge Studies in Ecology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
361. Wikars, L.-O. (1997) Effects of forest fire and the ecology of fire-adapted insects. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Uppsala, Sweden. Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations, Faculty of Science and Technology 272.
362. Wikars, L.-O. (2001) The wood-decaying fungus Daldinia loculata (Xylariaceae) as an indicator of fire-dependent insects. Ecological Bulletins 49, 263-268.
363. Wikars, L.-O. (2002) Dependence on fire in wood-living insects: An experiment with burned and unburned spruce and birch logs. Journal of Insect Conservation 6, 1-12.
364. Yunick, R.P. (1985) A review of recent irruptions of the black-backed woodpecker and 3-toed woodpecker in eastern North America. Journal of Field Ornithology 56, 138-152.
365. Zasada, J.C. and Gregory, R.A. (1969) Regeneration of white spruce with reference to interior Alaska: a literature review. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Portland, OR. Research Paper PNW-79.
366. Angelståm, P.K. (1998) Maintaining and restoring biodiversity in European boreal forests by developing natural disturbance regimes. Journal of Vegetation Science 9, 593-602.
367. Angelståm, P., Andersson, K., Axelsson, R., Elbakidze, M., Jonsson, B.G., and Roberge, J.M. (2011) Protecting forest areas for biodiversity in Sweden 1991-2010: the policy implementation process and outcomes on the ground. Silva Fennica 45, 1111-1133.
368. ASRD (2008) Alberta sustainable timber harvest planning and operational ground rules framework for renewal. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, Public Lands and Forests Division, Forest Management Branch, Edmonton, AB.
369. BCMF (1995) Biodiversity guidebook. British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Vancouver, BC.
370. Bergeron, Y. and Harvey, B. (1997) Basing silviculture on natural ecosystem dynamics: an approach applied to the southern boreal mixedwood forest of Quebec. Forest Ecology and Management 92, 235-242.
371. Bradbury, S.M. (2006) Response of the post-fire bryophyte community to salvage logging in boreal mixedwood forests of northeastern Alberta, Canada. Forest Ecology and Management 234, 313-322.
372. Brais, S., David, P., and Ouimet, R. (2000) Impacts of wild fire severity and salvage harvesting on the nutrient balance of jack pine and black spruce boreal stands. Forest Ecology and Management 137, 231-243.
373. Cobb, T.P., Langor, D.W., and Spence, J.R. (2007). Biodiversity and multiple disturbances:boreal forest ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) responses to wildfire, harvesting, and herbicide. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, 1310-1323.
374. D'Amato, A.W., Fraver, S., Palik, B.J., Bradford, J.B., and Patty, L. (2011) Singular and interactive effects of blowdown, salvage logging, and wildfire in sub-boreal pine systems. Forest Ecology and Management 262, 2070-2078.
375. Dellasala, D.A., Karr, J.R., Schoennagel, T. et al. (2006) Post-fire logging debate ignores many issues. Science 314: 51.
376. Donato, D.C., Fontaine, J.B., Campbell, J.L., Robinson, W.D., Kauffman, J.B., and Law, B.E. (2006) Post-wildfire logging hinders regeneration and increases fire risk. Science 311, 352.
377. Ehnström, B. (2001) Leaving dead wood for insects in boreal forests - suggestions for the future. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 16(Suppl. 3), 91-98.
378. Esseen, P.-A., Ehnström, B., Ericson, L., and Sjöberg, K. (1997) Boreal forests. Ecological Bulletins 46, 16-47.
379. Foster, D.R. and Orwig, D.A. (2006) Preemptive and salvage harvesting of New England forests: when doing nothing is a viable alternative. Conservation Biology 20, 959-970.
380. Fraser, E., Landhausser, S., and Lieffers, V. 2004. The effect of fire severity and salvage logging traffic on regeneration and early growth of aspen suckers in north-central Alberta. Forestry Chronicle 80, 251-256.
381. Granström, A. (2001) Fire management for biodiversity in the European boreal forest. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 16(Suppl. 3), 62-69.
382. Greene, D.F., Gauthier, S., Noel, J., Rousseau, M., and Bergeron, Y. (2006) A field experiment to determine the effect of post-fire salvage on seedbeds and tree regeneration. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 4, 69-74.
383. Greene, D.F., Splawinski, T.B., Gauthier, S., and Bergeron, Y. (2013) Seed abscission schedules and the timing of post-fire salvage logging. Forest Ecology and Management 303, 20-24.
384. Gustafsson, L., Baker, S.C., and Bauhus, J. (2012) Retention forestry to maintain multifunctional forests: A world perspective. BioScience 62, 633-645.
385. Harrison, R.B., Schmiegelow, F., and Naidoo, R. (2005) Stand-level response of breeding forest songbirds to multiple levels of partial-cut harvest in four boreal forest types. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, 1553-1567.
386. Hebblewhite, M., Munro, R.H., and Merrill, E.H. (2009) Trophic consequences of postfire logging in a wolf-ungulate system. Forest Ecology and Management 257, 1053-1062.
387. Hogberg, L.K., Patriquin, K.J., and Barclay, R.M.R. (2002) Use by bats of patches of residual trees in logged areas of the boreal forest. American Midland Naturalist 148(2), 282-288.
388. Holling, C.S. (1973) Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4, 1-23.
389. Hunter, M.L. (1990) Wildlife, Forests, and Forestry: Principles of Managing Forests for Biodiversity. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
390. Hunter, M.L. (1993) Natural fire regimes as spatial models for managing boreal forests. Biological Conservation 65, 115-120.
391. Hutto, R.L. (1995) Composition of bird communities following stand-replacement fires in Northern Rocky Mountain (U.S.A.) conifer forests. Conservation Biology 9, 1041-1058.
392. Hutto, R.L. (2006) Toward meaningful snag-management guidelines for postfire salvage logging in North American conifer forests. Conservation Biology 20, 984-993.
393. Hutto, R.L. and Gallo, S.M. (2006) The effects of postfire salvage logging on cavity-nesting birds. The Condor 108, 817-831.
394. Karr, J.R., Rhodes, J.J., Minshall, G.W. et al. (2004) The effects of postfire salvage logging on aquatic ecosystems in the American West. BioScience 54, 1029-1033.
395. Koivula, M.J. and Schmiegelow, F.K.A. (2007) Boreal woodpecker assemblages in recently burned forested landscapes in Alberta, Canada: effects of post-fire harvesting and burn severity. Forest Ecology and Management 242, 606-618.
396. Kotliar, N.B., Hejl, S.J., Hutto, R.L., Saab, V.A., Melcher, C.P., and McFadzen, M.E. (2002) Effects of fire and post-fire salvage logging on avian communities in conifer-dominated forests of the western United States. Studies in Avian Biology 25, 49-64.
397. Kurulok, S.E. and MacDonald, S.E. (2007). Impacts of postfire salvage logging on understory plant communities of the boreal mixedwood forest 2 and 34 years after disturbance. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, 2637-2651.
398. Kuuluvainen, T. (2002) Natural variability of forests as a reference for restoring and managing biological diversity in boreal Fennoscandia. Silva Fennica 36, 97-125.
399. Kuuluvainen, T., Aapala, K., Ahlroth, P. et al. (2002). Principles of ecological restoration of boreal forested ecosystems: Finland as an example. Silva Fennica, 36, 409-422.
400. Kuuluvainen, T. and Grenfell, R. (2012) Natural disturbance emulation in boreal forest ecosystem management - theories, strategies, and a comparison with conventional even-aged management. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, 1185-1203.
401. Landres, P.B., Morgan, P., and Swanson, F.J. (1999) Overview of the use of natural variability concepts in management ecological systems. Ecological Applications 9, 1179-1188.
402. Lindenmayer, D.B., Burton, P.J., and Franklin, J.F. (2008) Salvage Logging and its Ecological Consequences. Island Press, Washington, DC.
403. Lindenmayer, D.B., Foster, D.R., Franklin, J.F. et al. (2004) Salvage harvesting policies after natural disturbance. Science 303, 1303.
404. Lindenmayer, D.B. and Noss, R.F. (2006) Salvage logging, ecosystem processes, and biodiversity conservation. Conservation Biology 20, 949-958.
405. Linder, P., Jonsson, P. and Niklasson, M. (1998) Tree mortality after prescribed burning in an old-growth Scots pine forest in northern Sweden. Silva Fennica, 32, 339-349.
406. Liu, Z., He, H.S., and Yang, J. (2012) Emulating natural fire effects using harvesting in an eastern boreal forest landscape of northeast China. Journal of Vegetation Science 23, 782-795.
407. McCullough, D.G., Werner, R.A., and Neumann, D. (1998) Fire and insects in northern and boreal forest ecosystems of North America. Annual Review of Entomology 43, 107-127.
408. McIver, J.D. and Starr, L. (2001) A literature review on the environmental effects of postfire logging. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 16, 159-168.
409. Minshall, G.W. (2003) Responses of stream benthic macroinvertebrates to fire. Forest Ecology and Management 178, 155-161.
410. Moore, R.D. and Richardson, J.S. (2012) Natural disturbance and forest management in riparian zones: comparison of effects at reach, catchment, and landscape scales. Freshwater Science 31, 239-247.
411. Morissette, J.L., Cobb, T.P., Brigham, R.M., and James, P.C. (2002) The response of boreal forest songbird communities to fire and post-fire harvesting. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, 2169-2183.
412. Murphy, E.C. and Lehnhausen, W.A. (1998) Density and foraging ecology of woodpeckers following a stand-replacement fire. Journal of Wildlife Management 62, 1359-1372.
413. Nappi, A., Déry, S., Bujold, F. et al. (2011) Harvesting in burned forests - Issues and orientations for ecosystem-based management. Québec, Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune, Direction de l'environnement et de la protection des forêts, Québec, QC.
414. Nappi, A. and Drapeau, P. (2009) Reproductive success of the black-backed woodpecker (Picoides arcticus) in burned boreal forests: are burns source habitats? Biological Conservation 142, 1381-1391.
415. Nappi, A. and Drapeau, P. (2011) Pre-fire forest conditions and fire severity as determinants of the quality of burned forests for deadwood-dependent species: the case of the black-backed woodpecker. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, 994-1003.
416. Nappi, A., Drapeau, P., and Savard, J.P.L. (2004) Salvage logging after wildfire in the boreal forest: is it becoming a hot issue for wildlife? Forestry Chronicle 80, 67-74.
417. Niemelä, J. (1999) Management in relation to disturbance in the boreal forest. Forest Ecology and Management 115, 127-134.
418. Noss, R.F. (1987) From plant communities to landscapes in conservation inventories: a look at the Nature Conservancy (USA). Biological Conservation 41, 11-37.
419. Omnibus Public Land Management Act (2009) Title IV (Pub. L. 111-11, H.R. 146).
420. OMNR (2001) Forest management guide for natural disturbance pattern emulation, Version 3.1. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Forest Management Branch, Toronto, ON.
421. OMNR (2010) Forest management guide for conserving biodiversity at the stand and site scales. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Forest Management Branch, Toronto, ON.
422. Parker, T.J., Clancy, K.M., and Mathiasen, R.L. (2006) Interactions among fire, insects and pathogens in coniferous forests of the interior western United States and Canada. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 8, 167-189.
423. Parviainen, J. (1996) The impact of fire on Finnish forests in the past and today. In Goldammer, J.G. and Furyaev, V.V. (eds) Fire in Ecosystems of Boreal Eurasia. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Forestry Sciences Vol. 48. pp. 55-64.
424. Perera, A.H. and Buse, L.J. (2004) Emulating natural disturbance in forest management: An overview. In Perera, A.H., Buse, L.J. andWeber, M.G. (eds) Emulating Natural Forest Landscape Disturbances: Concepts and Applications. Columbia University Press, New York, NY. pp. 3-7.
425. Perera, A.H., Buse, L.J., and Weber, M.G. (eds) (2004a) Emulating Natural Forest Landscape Disturbances: Concepts and Applications. Columbia University Press, New York, NY.
426. Perera, A.H., Buse, L.J., Weber, M.G., and Crow, T.R. (2004b) Emulating natural forest landscape disturbances: a synthesis. In Perera, A.H., Buse, L.J., and Weber, M.G. (eds) Emulating Natural Forest Landscape Disturbances: Concepts and Applications. Columbia University Press, New York, NY. pp. 265-274.
427. Perera, A.H. and Cui, W. (2010) Emulating natural disturbances as a forest management goal:lessons from fire regime simulations. Forest Ecology and Management 259, 1328-1337.
428. Peterson, D.L., Agree, J.K., and Aplet, G.H. (2009) Effects of timber harvest following wildfire in western North America. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-776.
429. Phillips, I.D., Cobb, T.P., Spence, J.R., and Brigham, R.M. (2006) Salvage logging, edge effects, and carabid beetles: connections to conservation and sustainable forest management. Environmental Entomology 35, 950-957.
430. Pilliod, D.S., Bury, R.B., Hyde, E.J., Pearl, C.A., and Corn, P.S. (2003) Fire and amphibians in North America. Forest Ecology and Management 178, 163-181.
431. Purdon, M., Brais, S. and Bergeron, Y. (2004) Initial response of understorey vegetation to fire severity and salvage-logging in the southern boreal forest of Québec. Applied Vegetation Science 7, 49-60.
432. Pyne, S.J. (1996) Wild hearth: a prolegomenon to the cultural fire history of northern Eurasia. In Goldammer, J.G. and Furyaev, V.V. (eds) Fire in Ecosystems of Boreal Eurasia. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Forestry Sciences Vol. 48. pp. 21-44.
433. Reeves, G.H., Bisson, P.A., Rieman, B.E., and Benda, L.E. (2006) Postfire logging in riparian areas. Conservation Biology 20, 994-1004.
434. Saab, V.A., Russell, R.E., and Dudley, J.G. (2009) Nest-site selection by cavity-nesting birds in relation to postfire salvage logging. Forest Ecology and Management 257, 151-159.
435. Saab, V.A., Russell, R.E., Rotella, J.J., and Dudley, J. (2011) Modeling nest survival of cavity-nesting birds in relation to post-fire salvage logging. Journal of Wildlife Management 75, 794-804.
436. Saint-Germain, M. and Greene, D.F. (2009) Salvage logging in the boreal and cordilleran forests of Canada: integrating industrial and ecological concerns in management plans. Forestry Chronicle 85, 120-134.
437. Schmiegelow, F.K.A., Stepnisky, D.P., Stambaugh, C.A., and Koivula, M. (2006) Reconciling salvage logging of boreal forests with a natural-disturbance management model. Conservation Biology 20, 971-983.
438. Sibley, P.K., Kreutzweiser, D.P., Naylor, B.J., Richardson, J.S., and Gordon, A.M (2012) Emulation of natural disturbance (END) for riparian forest management: synthesis and recommendations. Freshwater Science 31, 258-264.
439. Silins, U., Stone, M., Emelko, M.B., and Bladon, K.D. (2009) Sediment production following severe wildfire and post-fire salvage logging in the Rocky Mountain headwaters of the Oldman River Basin, Alberta. Catena 79, 189-197.
440. Similä, M. and Junninen, K. (2012) Ecological restoration and management in boreal forests - best practices from Finland. Metshallitus Natural Heritage Services, Helsinki, Finland. Available from http://julkaisut.metsa.fi/assets/pdf/lp/Muut/ecological -restoration.pdf (accessed August 2012).
441. Toivanen, T. and Kotiaho, J.S. (2007) Mimicking natural disturbances of boreal forests: the effects of controlled burning and creating dead wood on beetle diversity. Biodiversity and Conservation 16, 3193-3211.
442. Toivanen, T. and Kotiaho, J.S. (2010) The preferences of saproxylic beetle species for different dead wood types created in forest restoration treatments. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40, 445-464.
443. Vanha-Majamaa, I., Lilja, S., Ryoma, R. et al. (2007) Rehabilitating boreal forest structure and species composition in Finland through logging, dead wood creation and fire: the EVO experiment. Forest Ecology and Management 250, 77-88.
444. Van Wilgenburg, S.L., and Hobson, K.A. (2008) Landscape-scale disturbance and boreal forest birds: can large single-pass harvest approximate fires? Forest Ecology and Management 256, 136-146.
445. Virkkala, R., Alanko, T., Laine, T., and Tiainen, J. (1993) Population contraction of the white-backed woodpecker (Dendrocopos leucotos) in Finland as a consequence of habitat alteration. Biological Conservation 66, 47-53.
446. Wallenius, T. (2011) Major decline in fires in coniferous forests - reconstructing the phenomenon and seeking for the cause. Silva Fennica 45, 139-155.
447. Wikars, L.-O. (2002) Dependence on fire in wood-living insects: An experiment with burned and unburned spruce and birch logs. Journal of Insect Conservation 6, 1-12.