Euglenoid flagellates: A multifaceted biotechnology platform

Journal of Biotechnology

Volumn 202, Issue , 2015, Pages 135-145

  Krajčovič, Juraj ^a   Matej Vesteg, ^a,b   Schwartzbach, Steven D ^c  

^a Faculty of Natural Sciences   (Slovakia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OSTRAVA   (Czech Republic)

^c University of Memphis   (United States)

Author keywords

Chloroplasts; Ecotoxicology; Paramylon; Tocopherol; Wax esters

Indexed keywords

AMINO ACIDS; BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS; BIOREMEDIATION; BIOTECHNOLOGY; CARBOHYDRATES; ESTERIFICATION; ESTERS; FATTY ACIDS; GENE EXPRESSION; GENES; HEAVY METALS; POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS; TRANSCRIPTION; WATER POLLUTION;

CHLOROPLASTS; ECO-TOXICOLOGY; PARAMYLON; TOCOPHEROL; WAX ESTERS;

RISK ASSESSMENT;

ANTIMUTAGENIC AGENT; BETA 1,3 GLUCAN; CARBON DIOXIDE; CHLOROPLAST PROTEIN; ESTER DERIVATIVE; LIPID; MUTAGENIC AGENT; POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID; WAX; COSMECEUTICAL;

ARTICLE; BIOREMEDIATION; BIOTECHNOLOGY; CHLOROPLAST GENOME; ECOTOXICOLOGY; EUGLENA GRACILIS; EUGLENIDA; FLAGELLATE; GENE EXPRESSION; MICROBIAL BIOMASS; MOLECULE; NONHUMAN; PLASTID; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTIST; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCREENING; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CELL NUCLEUS; CHLOROPLAST; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; EUGLENA; GENETICS; GENOME; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; METABOLISM; PHYLOGENY;

ALGAE; ANIMALIA; EUGLENA; EUGLENA GRACILIS; EUGLENIDA; MASTIGOPHORA (FLAGELLATES); PROTISTA;

BIODEGRADATION, ENVIRONMENTAL; BIOTECHNOLOGY; CELL NUCLEUS; CHLOROPLASTS; COSMECEUTICALS; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; EUGLENA; GENOME, PROTOZOAN; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PHYLOGENY;

EID: 84927559046     PISSN: 01681656     EISSN: 18734863     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.11.035     Document Type: Article

References (199)

1. Ahmadinejad N., Dagan T., Martin W. Genome history in the symbiotic hybrid Euglena gracilis. Gene 2007, 402:35-39.
2. Ahmed H., Häder D.-P. Rapid ecotoxicological bioassay of nickel and cadmium using motility and photosynthetic parameters of Euglena gracilis. Environ. Exp. Bot. 2010, 69:68-75.
3. Ahmed H., Häder D.-P. Monitoring of waste water samples using the ECOTOX biosystem and the flagellate alga Euglena gracilis. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2011, 216:547-560.
4. Aviles C., Torres-Marquez M.E., Mendoza-Cozatl D., Moreno-Sanchez R. Timecourse development of the Cd2+ hyper-accumulating phenotype in Euglena gracilis. Arch. Microbiol. 2005, 184:83-92.
5. Azizullah A., Richter P., Häder D.-P. Photosynthesis and photosynthetic pigments in the flagellate Euglena gracilis - as sensitive endpoints for toxicity evaluation of liquid detergents. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. 2014, 133:18-26.
6. Azizullah A., Jamil M., Richter P., Häder D.-P. Fast bioassessment of wastewater and surface water quality using freshwater flagellate Euglena gracilis - a case study from Pakistan. J. Appl. Phycol. 2014, 26:421-431.
7. Barras D.R., Stone B.A. Carbohydrate composition and metabolism. The Biology of Euglena 1968, vol. II:149-187. Academic Press, New York.
8. Barsanti L., Vismara R., Passarelli V., Gualtieri P. Paramylon (b-1,3-glucan) content in wild type and WZSL mutant of Euglena gracilis. Effects of growth conditions. J. Appl. Phycol. 2001, 13:59-65.
9. Bauer, J., Qiu, X., Vrinten, P., Elongases and methods for producing polyunsaturated fatty acids in transgenic organisms. 2012. Patent Number: US 08318914.
10. Belicová A., Ebringer L., Krajčovič J., Hromádková Z., Ebringerová A. Antimutagenic effect of heteroxylans, arabinogalactans, pectins and mannans in the Euglena assay. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2001, 17:293-299.
11. Blatti J.L., Beld J., Behnke C.A., Mendez M., Mayfield S.P., Burkart M.D. Manipulating fatty acid biosynthesis in microalgae for biofuel through protein-protein interactions. PLoS ONE 2012, 7:e42949.
12. Bonen L. Trans-splicing of pre-mRNA in plants, animals, and protists. FASEB J. 1993, 7:40-46.
13. Borowitzka M.A. High-value products from microalgae-their development and commercialisation. J. Appl. Phycol. 2013, 25:743-756.
14. Borowitzka M.A., Moheimani N.R. Sustainable biofuels from algae. Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Change 2013, 18:13-25.
15. Brake S.S., Hasiotis S.T. Eukaryote-dominated biofilms and their significance in acidic environments. Geomicrobiol. J. 2010, 27:534-558.
16. Brake S.S., Hasiotis S.T., Dannelly H.K., Connors K.A. Eukaryotic stromatolite builders in acid mine drainage: implications for Precambrian iron formations and oxygenation of the atmosphere?. Geology 2002, 30:599-602.
17. Breglia S.A., Yubuki N., Hoppenrath M., Leander B.S. Ultrastructure and molecular phylogenetic position of a novel euglenozoan with extrusive episymbiotic bacteria: Bihospites bacati n. gen. et sp. (Symbiontida). BMC Microbiol. 2010, 10:145.
18. Brennan L., Owende P. Biofuels from microalgae. A review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions biofuels and co-products. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2010, 14:557-577.
19. Buetow D.E. The mitochondrion. The Biology of Euglena 1989, vol. IV:247-314. Academic Press, New York.
20. Camacho F.G., Rodríquez J.G., Mirón A.S., García M.C., Belarbi E.H., Christi Y., Grima E.M. Biotechnological significance of toxic marine dinoflagellates. Biotechnol. Adv. 2007, 25:176-194.
21. Cavalier-Smith T. The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and the phylogenetic classification of Protozoa. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2002, 52:297-354.
22. Cavalier-Smith T. Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree. Biol. Lett. 2010, 6:342-345.
23. Chae S.R., Hwang E.J., Shin H.S. Single cell protein production of Euglena gracilis and carbon dioxide fixation in an innovative photo-bioreactor. Bioresour. Technol. 2006, 97:322-329.
24. Chan G.C., Chan W.K., Sze D.M. The effects of b-glucan on human immune and cancer cells. J. Hematol. Oncol. 2009, 2:1-11.
25. Chan R.L., Keller M., Canaday J., Weil J.H., Imbault P. Eight small subunits of Euglena ribulose 1-5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase are translated from a large mRNA as a polyprotein. EMBO J. 1990, 9:333-338.
26. Chisti Y. Constraints to commercialization of algal fuels. J. Biotechnol. 2013, 167:201-214.
27. Chisti Y., Yan J. Energy from algae: current status and future trends algal biofuels - a status report. Appl. Energy 2011, 88:3277-3279.
28. Choi J.A., Oh T.H., Choi J.S., Chang D.J., Joo C.K. Impact of beta-1,3-glucan isolated from Euglena gracilis on corneal epithelial cell migration and on wound healing in a rat alkali burn model. Curr. Eye Res. 2013, 38:1207-1213.
29. Coleman L.W., Rosen B.H., Schwartzbach S.D. Environmental-control of carbohydrate and lipid-synthesis in Euglena. Plant Cell Physiol. 1988, 29:423-432.
30. Courchesne N.M.D., Parisien A., Wang B., Lan C.Q. Enhancement of lipid production using biochemical, genetic and transcription factor engineering approaches. J. Biotechnol. 2009, 141:31-41.
31. Cramer M., Myers J. Growth and photosynthetic characteristics of Euglena gracilis. Arch. Microbiol. 1952, 17:384-402.
32. Das B.K., Pradhan J., Sahu S. The effect of Euglena viridis on immune response of rohu Labeo rohita (Ham.). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2009, 26:871-876.
33. Dasgupta S., Fang J., Brake S.S., Hasiotis S.T., Zhang L. Biosynthesis of sterols and wax esters by Euglena of acid mine drainage biofilms: implications for eukaryotic evolution and the early Earth. Chem. Geol. 2012, 306-307:139-145.
34. Dasgupta S., Fang J., Brake S.S., Hasiotis S.T., Zhang L. Stable carbon isotopic composition of lipids in Euglena-dominated biofilms from an acid mine drainage site: implications of carbon limitation, microbial physiology, and biosynthetic pathways. Chem. Geol. 2013, 354:15-21.
35. Disch A., Schwender J., Müller C., Lichtenthaler H.K., Rohmer M. Distribution of the mevalonate and glyceraldehyde phosphate/pyruvate pathways for isoprenoid biosynthesis in unicellular algae and the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6714. Biochem. J. 1998, 333:381-388.
36. Dooijes D., Chaves I., Kieft R.A., Dirks-Mulder A., Martin W., Borst P. Base J originally found in kinetoplastida is also a minor constituent of nuclear DNA of Euglena gracilis. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000, 28:3017-3021.
37. Durnford D.G., Gray M.W. Analysis of Euglena gracilis plastid-targeted proteins reveals different classes of transit sequences. Eukaryot. Cell 2006, 5:2079-2091.
38. Ebringer L. Die erythromycinwirkung auf die flagellaten Euglena gracilis Klebs. Naturwissenschaften 1961, 48:606-607.
39. Ebringer L. Are plastids derived from prokaryotic micro-organisms? Action of antibiotics on chloroplasts of Euglena gracilis. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1972, 71:35-52.
40. Ebringer L. Effects of drugs on chloroplasts. Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology 1978, Vol. 6:271-350. Springer Verlag, New York.
41. Ebringer L. Interaction of drugs with extranuclear genetic elements and its consequences. Teratog. Carcinog. Mutagen. 1990, 10:477-501.
42. Ebringer L., Krajčovič J. Are chloroplasts and mitochondria the remnants of prokaryotic endosymbionts. Folia Microbiol. 1986, 31:228-254.
43. Ebringer L., Krajčovič J. Cell Origin and Evolution 1994, Veda Publishing House, Bratislava.
44. Ebringer L., Mego J.L., Jurášek A. Mitomycins and the bleaching of Euglena gracilis. Arch. Mikrobiol. 1969, 64:229-234.
45. Ebringer L., Dobias J., Krajčovič J., Polónyi J., Križková L., Lahitová N. Antimutagens reduce ofloxacin-induced bleaching in Euglena gracilis. Mutation Res. - Environ. Mutagen. 1996, 359:85-93.
46. Ebringer L., Polónyi J., Krajčovič J., Dobias J. Influence of tetracyclines or cetylpyridinium bromide on activity of fluoroquinolones in Euglena gracilis. Drug Res. 1997, 47:683-687.
47. Enomoto T., Sulli C., Schwartzbach S.D. A soluble chloroplast protease processes the Euglena polyprotein precursor to the light harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein of Photosystem II. Plant Cell Physiol. 1997, 38:743-746.
48. Erwin J.A. Lipid metabolism. The Biology of Euglena: Physiology 1982, vol. II:133-148. Academic Press, New York.
49. Ferreira V.D., Rocchette I., Conforti V., Bench S., Feldman R., Levin M.J. Gene expression patterns in Euglena gracilis: insight into the cellular response to environmental stress. Gene 2007, 389:136-145.
50. Fujita T., Aoyagi H., Ogbonna J.C., Tanaka H. Effect of mixed organic substrate on α-tocopherol production by Euglena gracilis in photoheterotrophic culture. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2008, 79:371-378.
51. Fujita T., Ogbonna J.C., Tanaka H., Aoyagi H. Effects of reactive oxygen species on alpha-tocopherol production in mitochondria and chloroplasts of Euglena gracilis. J. Appl. Phycol. 2009, 21:185-191.
52. Gallardo-Rodríquez J., Sánchez-Mirón A., García-Camacho L., Christi Y., Molina-Grima E. Bioactives from microalgal dinoflagellates. Biotechnol. Adv. 2012, 30:1673-1684.
53. Garcia-Garcia J.D., Girard L., Hernandez G., Saavedra E., Pardo J.P., Rodriguez-Zavala J.S., Encalada R., Reyes-Prieto A., Mendoza-Cozatl D.G., Moreno-Sanchez R. Zn-bis-glutathionate is the best co-substrate of the monomeric phytochelatin synthase from the photosynthetic heavy metal-hyperaccumulator Euglena gracilis. Metallomics 2014, 6:604-616.
54. Geimer S., Belicová A., Legen J., Sláviková S., Herrmann R.G., Krajčovič J. Transcriptome analysis of the Euglena gracilis plastid chromosome. Curr. Genet. 2009, 55:425-438.
55. Gibbs S.P. The chloroplasts of Euglena may have evolved from symbiotic green algae. Can. J. Bot. 1978, 56:2883-2889.
56. Gillham N.W. Organelle Heredity 1978, Raven Press, New York.
57. Gill I., Valivety R. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, Part I: Occurrence, biological activities and applications. Trends Biotechnol. 1997, 15:401-409.
58. Gonzáles-Moreno S., Gómez-Barrera J., Perales H., Moreno-Sánchez R. Multiple effects of salinity on photosynthesis of the protist Euglena gracilis. Physiol. Plant. 1997, 101:777-786.
59. Guschina I.A., Harwood J.L. The versatility of algae and their lipid metabolism. Biochimie 2009, 91:679-684.
60. Hallick R.B., Hong L., Drager R.G., Favreau M.R., Monfort A., Orsat B., Spielmann A., Stutz E. Complete sequence of Euglena gracilis chloroplast DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1993, 21:3537-3544.
61. Hampl V., Hug L., Leigh J.W., Dacks J.B., Lang B.F., Simpson A.G., Roger A.J. Phylogenomic analyses support the monophyly of Excavata and resolve relationships among eukaryotic "supergroups". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2009, 106:3859-3864.
62. Hashimoto H., Murakami S. Chloroplast replication and loss of chloroplast DNA induced by nalidixic-acid in Euglena gracilis. Cell Struct. Funct. 1982, 7:111-120.
63. Hayashi H., Wada S., Funayama T., Narumi I., Kobayashi Y., Watanabe H., Furuta M., Uehara K. Evaluation of the resistance of Euglena gracilis to ion beam radiation. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 2004, 51:321-324.
64. Heizmann P., Hussein Y., Nicolas P., Nigon V. Modifications of chloroplast DNA during streptomycin induced mutagenesis in Euglena gracilis. Curr. Genet. 1982, 5:9-15.
65. Heizmann P.H., Salvador G.F., Nigon V. Occurrence of plastidial rRNAs and plastidial structures in bleached mutants of Euglena gracilis. Exp. Cell Res. 1976, 99:253-260.
66. Hoffmeister M., van der Klei A., Rotte C., van Grinsven K.W.A., van Hellemond J.J., Henze K., Tielens A.G.M., Martin W. Euglena gracilis rhodoquinone:ubiquinone ratio and mitochondrial proteome differ under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:22422-22429.
67. Hoffmeister M., Piotrowski M., Nowitzki U., Martin W. Mitochondrial trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase of wax ester fermentation from Euglena gracilis defines a new family of enzymes involved in lipid synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 280:4329-4338.
68. Hu Q., Sommerfeld M., Jarvis E., Ghirardi M., Posewitz M., Seibert M., Darzins A. Microalgal triacyglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances. Plant J. 2008, 54:621-639.
69. Hutner S.H., Bach M.K., Ross G.T.M. A sugar-containing basal medium for vitamin B-12 assay with Euglena: application to body fluids. J. Protozool. 1956, 3:101-105.
70. Inui H., Miyatake K., Nakano Y., Kitaoka S. Wax ester fermentation in Euglena gracilis. FEBS Lett. 1982, 150:89-93.
71. Inui H., Miyatake K., Nakano Y., Kitaoka S. Fatty acid synthesis in mitochondria of Euglena gracilis. Eur. J. Biochem. 1984, 142:121-126.
72. Jung S., Lee D.S., Kim Y.O., Joshi C.P., Bae H.J. Improved recombinant cellulase expression in chloroplast of tobacco through promoter engineering and 5' amplification promoting sequence. Plant Mol. Biol. 2013, 83:317-328.
73. Kamal-Eldin A., Appelqvist L.A. The chemistry and antioxidant properties of tocopherols and tocotrienols. Lipids 1996, 31:671-701.
74. Kataoka K., Muta T., Yamazaki S., Takeshige K. Activation of macrophages by linear (1right-arrow3)-beta-d-glucans Implications for the recognition of fungi by innate immunity. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277:36825-36831.
75. Kawabata A., Inui H., Miyatake K., Nakano Y., Kitaoka S. Production and composition of Euglena wax esters at high temperature. Agric. Biol. Chem. 1990, 54:811-812.
76. Keller M., Chan R.L., Tessier L.H., Weil J.H., Imbault P. Post-transcriptional regulation by light of the biosynthesis of Euglena ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase small subunit. Plant Mol. Biol. 1991, 17:73-82.
77. Kempner E.S. Stimulation and inhibition of metabolism and growth of Euglena gracilis. The Biology of Euglena 1982, III:197-252. Academic Press, New York.
78. Khozin-Goldberg I., Cohen Z. Unraveling algal lipid metabolism: recent advances in gene identification. Biochimie 2011, 93:91-100.
79. Kishore R., Schwartzbach S.D. Photo and nutritional regulation of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding protein of photosystem II mRNA levels in Euglena. Plant Physiol. 1992, 98:808-812.
80. Kishore R., Schwartzbach S.D. Translational control of the synthesis of the Euglena light harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein of photosystem II. Plant Sci. 1992, 85:79-89.
81. Kishore R., Muchhal U.S., Schwartzbach S.D. The presequence of Euglena LHCPII, a cytoplasmically synthesized chloroplast protein, contains a functional endoplasmic reticulum targeting domain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1993, 90:11845-11849.
82. Kitaya Y., Kibe S., Oguchi M., Tanaka H., Miyatake K., Nakano Y. Effects of CO2, and O2, concentrations and light intensity on growth of microalgae (Euglena gracilis) in CELSS. Life Support Biosph. Sci. 1998, 5:243-247.
83. Kitaya Y., Azuma H., Kiyota M. Effects of temperature, CO2/O2 concentrations and light intensity on cellular multiplication of microalgae, Euglena gracilis. Adv. Space Res. 2005, 35:1584-1588.
84. Kogan G., Skorik Y.A., Žitňanová I., Križková L., Ďuračková Z., Gomes C.A.R., Yatluk Y.G., Krajčovič J. Antioxidant and antimutagenic activity of N-(2-carboxyethyl)chitosan. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2004, 201:303-310.
85. Koritala S. Microbiological synthesis of wax esters by Euglena gracilis. J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 1989, 66:133-134.
86. Korn E.D. The fatty acids of Euglena gracilis. J. Lipid Res. 1964, 5:352-364.
87. Koziol G.A., Durnford D.G. Euglena light-harvesting complexes are encoded by multifarious polyprotein mRNAs that evolve in concert. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2008, 25:92-100.
88. Križková L., Nagy M., Polónyi J., Dobias J., Belicová A., Grančai D., Krajčovič J. Phenolic acids inhibit chloroplast mutagenesis in Euglena gracilis. Mutat. Res. - Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. 2000, 469:107-114.
89. Križková L., Ďuračková Z., Šandula J., Sasinková V., Krajčovič J. Antioxidative and antimutagenic activity of yeast cell wall mannans in vitro. Mutat. Res. - Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. 2001, 497:213-222.
90. Križková L., Ďuračková Z., Šandula J., Slameňová D., Sasinková V., Sivonová M., Krajčovič J. Fungal beta-(1-3)-d-glucan derivatives exhibit high antioxidative and antimutagenic activity in vitro. Anticancer Res. 2003, 23:2751-2756.
91. Križková L., Žitňanová I., Mislovičová D., Masárová J., Sasinková V., Ďuračková Z., Krajčovič J. Antioxidant and antimutagenic activity of mannan neoglycoconjugates: mannan-human serum albumine and mannan-penicillin G acylase. Mutat. Res. - Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. 2006, 606:72-79.
92. Krajčovič J., Ebringer L., Polonyi J. Quinolones and coumarins eliminate chloroplasts from Euglena gracilis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1989, 33:1883-1889.
93. Krajčovič J., Ebringer L., Schwartzbach S.D. Reversion of endosymbiosis? The case of bleaching in Euglena. Symbiosis: Mechanisms and Models. Cellular Origin in Extreme Habitats 4 2002, 185-206. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. J. Seckbach (Ed.).
94. Lefort-Tran M., Pouphile M., Freyssinet G., Pineau B. Structural and functional significance of the chloroplast envelope of Euglena, immunocytological and freeze fracture study. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 1980, 73:44-63.
95. Levasseur P.J., Meng Q., Bouck G.B. Tubulin genes in the algal protist Euglena gracilis. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 1994, 41:468-477.
96. Li M., Gao X.Y., Wu B., Qian X., Giesy J.P., Cui Y.B. Microalga Euglena as a bioindicator for testing genotoxic potentials of organic pollutants in Taihu Lake, China. Ecotoxicology 2014, 23:633-640.
97. Liang X.H., Haritan A., Uliel S., Michaeli S. Trans and cis splicing in trypanosomatids: mechanism, factors, and regulation. Eukaryot. Cell 2003, 2:830-840.
98. Lira-Silva E., Ramirez-Lima I.S., Olin-Sandoval V., Garcia-Garcia J.D., Garcia-Contreras R., Moreno-Sanchez R., Jasso-Chavez R. Removal, accumulation and resistance to chromium in heterotrophic Euglena gracilis. J. Hazard. Mater. 2011, 193:216-224.
99. Lyman H., Epstein H.T., Schiff J.A. Ultraviolet inactivation and photoreactivation of chloroplast development in Euglena without cell death. J. Protozool. 1959, 6:264-265.
100. Madhusudhan R., Ishikawa T., Sawa Y., Shigeoka S., Shibata H. Post-transcriptional regulation of ascorbate peroxidase during light adaptation of Euglena gracilis. Plant Sci. 2003, 165:233-238.
101. Mayfield S.P., Manuell A.L., Chen S., Wu J., Tran M., Siefker D., Muto M., Marin-Navarro J. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplasts as protein factories. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2007, 18:126-133.
102. Mahapatra D.M., Chanakya H.N., Ramachandra T.V. Euglena sp. as a suitable source of lipids for potential use as biofuel and sustainable wastewater treatment. J. Appl. Phycol. 2013, 25:855-865.
103. Malcata F.X. Microalgae and biofuels: a promising partnership?. Trends Biotechnol. 2011, 29:542-549.
104. Marin B. Origin and fate of chloroplasts in the euglenoida. Protist 2004, 155:13-14.
105. Marin B., Palm A., Klingberg M., Melkonian M. Phylogeny and taxonomic revision of plastid-containing euglenophytes based on SSU rDNA sequence comparison and synapomorphic signatures in the SSU rRNA secondary structure. Protist 2003, 154:45-99.
106. Markou G., Nerantzis E. Microalgae for high-value compounds and biofuels production: a review with focus on cultivation under stress conditions. Biotechnol. Adv. 2013, 31:1532-1542.
107. Mata T.M., Martins A.A., Caetano N.S. Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: a review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2010, 14:217-232.
108. Matsuda F., Hayashi M., Kondo A. Comparative profiling analysis of central metabolites in Euglena gracilis under various cultivation conditions. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2011, 75:2253-2256.
109. Mego J.L. Inhibitors of the chloroplast system in Euglena. The Biology of Euglena 1968, vol. II:351-381. Academic Press, New York.
110. Meyer A., Cirpus P., Ott C., Schlecker R., Zähringer U., Heinz E. Biosynthesis of docosahexaenoic acid in Euglena gracilis: biochemical and molecular evidence for the involvement of a δ4-fatty acyl group desaturase. Biochemistry 2003, 42:9779-9788.
111. Mendoza-Cozatl D., Rangel-Gonzalez E., Moreno-Sanchez R. Simultaneous Cd2+, Zn2+ and Pb2+ uptake and accumulation by photosynthetic Euglena gracilis. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2006, 51:521-528.
112. Miyatake K., Nakano Y. Effective algal biomass production for multi-utilizable resource from waste carbon dioxide under sunlight. Jpn. J. CELSS 1998, 10:13-23.
113. Monroy A.F., Schwartzbach S.D. Catabolite repression of chloroplast development in Euglena. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1984, 81:2786-2790.
114. Monroy A.F., McCarthy S.A., Schwartzbach S.D. Evidence for translational regulation of chloroplast and mitochondrial biogenesis in Euglena. Plant Sci. 1987, 51:61-76.
115. Muchhal U.S., Schwartzbach S.D. Characterization of a Euglena gene encoding a polyprotein precursor to the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding protein of photosystem II. Plant Mol. Biol. 1992, 18:287-299.
116. Mulders K.J.M., Lamers P.P., Martens D.E., Wijffels R.H. Phototrophic pigment production with microalgae: biological constraints and opportunities. J. Phycol. 2014, 50:229-242.
117. Nakano Y., Miyatake K., Yamaji R., Nishizwa A., Shigeoka S., Hosotani K., Inui H., Watanabe F., Enomoto T., Takenaka S. A protist, Euglena gracilis Z, functions as a sole nutrient source in a closed ecosystem. Jpn. J. CELSS 1995, 8:7-12.
118. Nagy M., Križková L., Múčaji P., Kontseková Z., Seršen F., Krajčovič J. Antimutagenic activity and radical scavenging activity of water infusions and phenolics from Ligustrum plants leaves. Molecules 2009, 14:509-518.
119. Nausch H., Mikschofsky H., Koslowski R., Meyer U., Broer I., Huckauf J. High-level transient expression of ER-targeted human interleukin 6 in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLoS ONE 2012, 7:e48938.
120. Nowitzki U., Gelius-Dietrich G., Schwieger M., Henze K., Martin W. Chloroplast phosphoglycerate kinase from Euglena gracilis: endosymbiotic gene replacement going against the tide. Eur. J. Biochem. 2004, 271:4123-4131.
121. Oda Y., Nakano Y., Kitaoka S. Utilization and toxicity of exogenous amino acids in Euglena gracilis. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1982, 128:853-858.
122. Ogawa T., Furuhashi T., Okazawa A., Nakai R., Nakazawa M., Kind T., Fiehn O., Kanaya S., Arita M., Ohta D. Exploration of polar lipid accumulation profiles in Euglena gracilis using LipidBlast, an MS/MS spectral library constructed in silico. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2014, 78:14-18.
123. Ogbonna J.C. Microbiological production of tocopherols: current state and prospects. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2009, 84:217-225.
124. Ogbonna J.C., Tomiyama S., Tanaka H. Heterotrophic cultivation of Euglena gracilis Z for efficient production of α-tocopherol. J. Appl. Phycol. 1998, 10:67-74.
125. Ogbonna J.C., Tomiyama S., Tanaka H. Production of α-tocopherol by sequential heterotrophic-photoautotrophic cultivation of Euglena gracilis. J. Biotechnol. 1999, 70:213-221.
126. Osafune T., Schiff J.A. Events surrounding the early development of Euglena chloroplasts. Light-induced changes in a proplastid remnant in mutant W3BUL. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 1980, 73:64-76.
127. Osafune T., Schiff J.A. W10BSmL, a mutant of Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris lacking plastids. Exp. Cell Res. 1983, 148:530-535.
128. Osafune T., Schiff J.A., Hase E. Light-independent and dependent phases of proplastid development in Euglena gracilis W3BUL. Cell Struct. Funct. 1987, 12:453-461.
129. Osafune T., Sumida S., Schiff J.A., Hase E. Immunolocalization of LHCPII apoprotein in the Golgi during light-induced chloroplast development in non-dividing Euglena cells. J. Electron. Microsc. 1991, 40:41-47.
130. Peng C., Arthur D.M., Sichani H.T., Xia Q., Ng J.C. Assessing benzene-induced toxicity on wild type Euglena gracilis Z and its mutant strain SMZ. Chemosphere 2013, 93:2381-2389.
131. Pettersson M., Ekelund N.G.A. Effects of the herbicides roundup and Avans on Euglena gracilis. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2006, 50:175-181.
132. Pollak D.W., Bostick M.W., Yoon H., Wang J.M., Hollerbach D.H., He H.X., Damude H.G., Zhang H.X., Yadav N.S., Hong S.P., Sharpe P., Xue Z., Quinn Zhu Q. Isolation of a delta 5 desaturase gene from Euglena gracilis and functional dissection of its HPGG and HDASH motifs. Lipids 2012, 47:913-926.
133. Polónyi J., Ebringer L., Dobias J., Krajčovič J. Giant mitochondria in chloroplast-deprived Euglena gracilis late after N-succinimidylofloxacin treatment. Folia Microbiol. 1998, 43:661-666.
134. Poulos A. Very long chain fatty acids in higher animals - a review. Lipids 1995, 30:1-14.
135. Pringsheim E.G., Pringsheim O. Experimental elimination of chromatophores and eye spot in Euglena gracilis. New Phytol. 1952, 51:65-76.
136. Provasoli L., Hutner S.H., Schatz A. Streptomycin-induced chlorophyll-less races of Euglena. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1948, 69:279-282.
137. Ratha S.K., Prasanna R., Rachapudi B.N., Prasad R.B.N., Sarika C., Dhar D.W., Saxena A.K. Modulating lipid accumulation and composition in microalgae by biphasic nitrogen supplementation. Aquaculture 2013, 392-395:69-76.
138. Regnault A., Chervin D., Chammai A., Piton F., Calvayrac R., Mazliak P. Lipid composition of Euglena gracilis in relation to carbon-nitrogen balance. Phytochemistry 1995, 40:725-733.
139. Richter P., Helbling W., Streb C., Häder D.-P. PAR and UV effects on vertical migration and photosynthesis in Euglena gracilis. Photochem. Photobiol. 2007, 83:818-823.
140. Rikin A., Schwartzbach S.D. Translational regulation of the synthesis of Euglena fumarase by light and ethanol. Plant Physiol. 1989, 90:63-69.
141. Rikin A., Schwartzbach S.D. Regulation by light and ethanol of the synthesis of the light harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein of photosystem II in Euglena. Planta 1989, 178:76-83.
142. Rodriguez-Zavala J.S., Ortiz-Cruz M.A., Moreno Saanchez R. Characterization of an aldehyde dehydrogenase from Euglena gracilis. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 2006, 53:36-42.
143. Rodriguez-Zavala J.S., Garcia-Garcia J.D., Ortiz-Cruz M.A., Moreno-Sanchez R. Molecular mechanisms of resistance to heavy metals in the protist Euglena gracilis. J. Environ. Sci. Health A: Toxicol. Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng. 2007, 42:1365-1378.
144. Rodriguez-Zavala J.S., Ortiz-Cruz M.A., Mendoza-Hernandez G., Moreno-Sanchez R. Increased synthesis of α-tocopherol, paramylon and tyrosine by Euglena gracilis under conditions of high biomass production. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2010, 109:2160-2172.
145. Rosenberg A. A comparison of lipid patterns in photosynthesizing and non-hotosynthesizing cells of Euglena gracilis. Biochemistry 1963, 2:1148-1154.
146. Rotte C., Stejskal F., Zhu G., Keithly J.S., Martin W. Pyruvate:NADP+ oxidoreductase from the mitochondrion of Euglena gracilis and from the apicomplexan Cryptosporidium parvum: a biochemical relic linking pyruvate metabolism in mitochondriate and amitochondriate protists. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2001, 18:710-720.
147. Saint-Guily A., Schantz M.L., Schantz R. Structure and expression of a cDNA encoding a histone H2A from Euglena gracilis. Plant Mol. Biol. 1994, 24:941-948.
148. Santek B., Felski M., Friehs K., Lotz M., Flaschel E. Production of paramylon, a beta-1,3-glucan, by heterotrophic cultivation of Euglena gracilis on a synthetic medium. Eng. Life Sci. 2009, 9:23-28.
149. Santek B., Felski M., Friehs K., Lotz M., Flaschel E. Production of paramylon, a beta-1,3-glucan, by heterotrophic cultivation of Euglena gracilis on potato liquor. Eng. Life Sci. 2010, 10:165-170.
150. Santek B., Friehs K., Lotz M., Flaschel E. Production of paramylon, a ss-1,3-glucan, by heterotrophic growth of Euglena gracilis on potato liquor in fed-batch and repeated-batch mode of cultivation. Eng. Life Sci. 2012, 12:89-94.
151. Schiff J.A., Epstein H.T. The continuity of the chloroplast in Euglena. The Biology of Euglena 1968, vol. II:285-333. Academic Press, New York.
152. Schiff J.A., Schwartzbach S.D. Photocontrol of chloroplast development in Euglena. The Biology of Euglena: Physiology 1982, vol. II:313-352. Academic Press, New York.
153. Schiff J.A., Lyman H., Russell G.K. Isolation of mutants of Euglena gracilis. Methods in Enzymology 1971, vol. 23 (Part A):143-162. Academic Press, New York.
154. Schiff J.A., Lyman H., Russell G.K. Isolation of mutants from Euglena gracilis: an addendum. Methods Enzymol. 1980, 69:23-29.
155. Schwartzbach S.D. Photocontrol of organelle biogenesis in Euglena. Photochem. Photobiol. 1990, 51:231-254.
156. Schneider T., Betz A. Waxmonoester fermentation in Euglena gracilis T factors favouring the synthesis of odd-numbered fatty acids and alcohols. Planta 1985, 166:67-73.
157. Shibakami M., Sohma M., Hayashi M. Fabrication of doughnut-shaped particles from spheroidal paramylon granules of Euglena gracilis using acetylation reaction. Carbohydr. Polym. 2012, 87:452-456.
158. Shibakami M., Tsubouchi G., Nakamura M., Hayashi M. Polysaccharide nanofiber made from euglenoid alga. Carbohydr. Polym. 2013, 93:499-505.
159. Shibakami M., Tsubouchi G., Nakamura M., Hayashi M. Preparation of carboxylic acid-bearing polysaccharide nanofiber made from euglenoid beta-1,3-glucans. Carbohydr. Polym. 2013, 98:95-101.
160. Shibakami M., Tsubouchi G., Hayashi M. Thermoplasticization of euglenoid β-1,3-glucans by mixed esterification. Carbohydr. Polym. 2014, 105:90-96.
161. Shigeoka S., Onishi T., Nakano Y., Kitaoka S. The contents and sub-cellular distribution of tocopherols in Euglena gracilis. Agric. Biol. Chem. 1986, 50:1063-1065.
162. Simpson A.G.B. The identity and composition of the Euglenozoa. Arch. Protistenkd. 1997, 148:318-328.
163. Simpson A.G.B., Roger A.J. Protein phylogenies robustly resolve the deep-level relationships within Euglenozoa. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2004, 30:201-212.
164. Singh B., Guldhe A., Rawat I., Bux F. Towards a sustainable approach for development of biodiesel from plant and microalgae. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2014, 29:216-245.
165. Skov J., Kania P.W., Holten-Andersen L., Fouz B., Buchmann K. Immunomodulatory effects of dietary β-1,3-glucan from Euglena gracilis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) immersion vaccinated against Yersinia ruckeri. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2012, 33:111-120.
166. Sláviková S., Vacula R., Fang Z., Ehara T., Osafune T., Schwartzbach S.D. Homologous and heterologous reconstitution of Golgi to chloroplast transport and protein import into the complex chloroplasts of Euglena. J. Cell Sci. 2005, 118:1651-1661.
167. Sugiyama A., Suzuki K., Mitra S., Arashida R., Yoshida E., Nakano R., Yabuta Y., Takeuchi T. Hepatoprotective effects of paramylon, a beta-1, 3-d-glucan isolated from Euglena gracilis Z, on acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 2009, 71:885-890.
168. Sugiyama A., Hata S., Suzuki K., Yoshida E., Nakano R., Mitra S., Arashid R., Asayama Y., et al. Oral administration of paramylon, a β-1, 3-d-glucan isolated from Euglena gracilis Z inhibits development of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 2010, 72:756-763.
169. Sulli C., Schwartzbach S.D. The polyprotein precursor to the Euglena light harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding protein is transported to the Golgi apparatus prior to chloroplast import and polyprotein processing. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270:13084-13090.
170. Sulli C., Schwartzbach S.D. A soluble protein is imported into Euglena chloroplasts as a membrane-bound precursor. Plant Cell 1996, 8:43-53.
171. Sulli C., Fang Z.W., Muchhal U., Schwartzbach S.D. Topology of Euglena chloroplast protein precursors within endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi to chloroplast transport vesicles. J. Biol. Chem. 1999, 274:457-463.
172. Tahedl H., Häder D.-P. Fast examination of water quality using the automatic biotest ECOTOX based on the movement behavior of a freshwater flagellate. Water Res. 1999, 33:426-432.
173. Tahedl H., Häder D.-P. Automated biomonitoring using real time movement analysis of Euglena gracilis. Ecotox. Environ. Saf. 2001, 48:161-169.
174. Takeyama H., Kanamaru A., Yoshino Y., Kakuta H., Kawamura Y., Matsunaga T. Production of antioxidant vitamins, b-carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E, by two-step culture of Euglena gracilis Z. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1997, 53:185-190.
175. Tani Y., Okumura M., Li S. Liquid wax ester production by Euglena gracilis. Agric. Biol. Chem. 1987, 51:225-230.
176. Teerawanichpan P., Qiu X. Fatty acyl-CoA reductase and wax synthase from Euglena gracilis in the biosynthesis of medium-chain wax esters. Lipids 2010, 45:263-273.
177. Ternetz C. Beiträge zur morphologie und physiologie von Euglena gracilis. Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. 1912, 51:435.
178. Tielens A.G.M., Rotte C., Van Hellemond J.J., Martin W. Mitochondria as we don't know them. Trends Biochem. Sci. 2002, 27:545-592.
179. Tolivia A., Conforti V., Cordoba O., Flores L. Chemical constituents and biological activity of Euglena gracilis extracts. J. Pharm. Res. 2013, 7:209-214.
180. Tran M., Van C., Barrera D.J., Pettersson P.L., Peinado C.D., Bui J., Mayfield S.P. Production of unique immunotoxin cancer therapeutics in algal chloroplasts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2013, 110:E15-E22.
181. Trenfield M.A., Ng J.C., Noller B., Markich S.J., van Dam R.A. Dissolved organic carbon reduces uranium toxicity to the unicellular eukaryote Euglena gracilis. Ecotoxicology 2012, 21:1013-1023.
182. Triemer R.E., Farmer M.A. An ultrastructural comparison of the mitotic apparatus, feeding apparatus, flagellar apparatus and cytoskeleton in euglenoids and kinetoplastids. Protoplasma 1991, 164:91-104.
183. Tucci S., Vacula R., Krajcovic J., Proksch P., Martin W. Variability of waxester fermentation in natural and bleached Euglena gracilis strains in response to oxygen and the elongase inhibitor flufenacet. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 2010, 57:63-69.
184. Turmel M., Gagnon M.-C., O'Kelly C.J., Lemieux C. The chloroplast genomes of the green algae Pyramimonas Monomastix, and Pycnococcus shed new light on the evolutionary history of prasinophytes and the origin of the secondary chloroplasts of euglenids. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2009, 26:631-648.
185. Vacula R., Steiner J.M., Krajčovič J., Ebringer L., Löffelhardt W. Nucleus-encoded precursors to thylakoid lumen proteins of Euglena gracilis possess tripartite presequences. DNA Res. 1999, 6:45-49.
186. Vacula R., Steiner J.M., Krajčovič J., Ebringer L., Löffelhardt W. Plastid state- and light-dependent regulation of the expression of nucleus-encoded genes for chloroplast proteins in the flagellate Euglena gracilis. Folia Microbiol. 2001, 46:433-441.
187. Vesteg M., Vacula R., Burey S., Löffelhardt W., Drahovská H., Martin W., Krajčovič J. Expression of nucleus-encoded genes for chloroplast proteins in the flagellate Euglena gracilis. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 2009, 56:159-166.
188. Vesteg M., Vacula R., Steiner J.M., Mateášiková B., Löffelhardt W., Brejová B., Krajčovič J. A possible role for short introns in the acquisition of stroma-targeting peptides in the flagellate Euglena gracilis. DNA Res. 2010, 17:223-231.
189. Vismara R., Vestri S., Kusmic C., Barsanti L., Gualtieri P. Natural vitamin E enrichment of Artemia salina fed freshwater and marine microalgae. J. Appl. Phycol. 2003, 15:75-80.
190. Wallis J.G., Browse J. The Delta8-desaturase of Euglena gracilis: an alternate pathway for synthesis of 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1999, 365:307-316.
191. Wang W.L., Li M., Cui Y.B., Gao X.Y., Chen K., Qian X. Potential health impact and genotoxicity analysis of drinking source water from Liuxihe Reservoir (PR China). Ecotoxicology 2014, 23:647-656.
192. Watanabe T., Shimada R., Matsuyama A., Yuasa M., Sawamura H., Yoshida E., Suzuki K. Antitumor activity of the beta-glucan paramylon from Euglena against preneoplastic colonic aberrant crypt foci in mice. Food Funct. 2013, 4:1685-1690.
193. Wen Z.-Y., Chen F. Heterotrophic production of eicosapentaenoic acid by microalgae. Biotechnol. Adv. 2003, 21:273-294.
194. Wilburn E.E., Mahan D.C., Hill D.A., Shipp T.E., Yang H. An evaluation of natural (RRR-{alpha}-tocopheryl acetate) and synthetic (all-rac-{alpha}-tocopheryl acetate) vitamin E fortification in the diet or drinking water of weanling pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 2008, 86:584-591.
195. Wu Y.-H., Hu H.-Y., Yu Y., Zhang T.-Y., Zhu S.F., Zhuang L.-L., Zhang X., Lu Y. Microalgal species for sustainable biomass/lipid production using wastewater as resource: a review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2014, 33:675-688.
196. Yubuki N., Edgcomb V.P., Bernhardt J.M., Leander B.S. Ultrastructure and molecular phylogeny of Calkinsia aureus: cellular identity of a novel clade of deep-sea euglenozoans with epibiotic bacteria. BMC Microbiol. 2009, 9:16.
197. Yang Q., Xing H., Cao Y., Su B., Yang Y., Ren Q. Selective separation of tocopherol homologues by liquid-liquid extraction using ionic liquids. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2009, 48:6417-6422.
198. Záhonová K., Hadariová L., Vacula R., Yurchenko V., Eliáš M., Krajčovič J., Vesteg M. A small portion of plastid transcripts is polyadenylated in the flagellate Euglena gracilis. FEBS Lett. 2014, 588:783-788.
199. Zhao B.T., Su Y.X. Process effect of microalgal-carbon dioxide fixation and biomass production: a review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2014, 31:121-132.