Neurobiology of l-DOPA induced dyskinesia and the novel therapeutic strategies

Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy

Volumn 70, Issue C, 2015, Pages 283-293

  Sharma, Sabeena ^a   Singh, Samardeep ^a   Sharma, Vishavdeep ^a   Singh, Vijay Pal ^a   Deshmukh, Rahul ^a  

^a ISF COLLEGE OF PHARMACY   (India)

Author keywords

Dopamine agonists; Dyskinesia; Levodopa; Levodopa induced dyskinesias; Parkinson's disease

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE RECEPTOR; CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHODIESTERASE; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR; ENDOCANNABINOID; GLUTAMIC ACID; IONOTROPIC RECEPTOR; LEVODOPA; METABOTROPIC RECEPTOR;

BASAL GANGLION; BRAIN FUNCTION; DOPAMINERGIC NERVE CELL; DRUG MECHANISM; DYSKINESIA; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; HUMAN; LEVODOPA INDUCED DYSKINESIA; NONHUMAN; PARKINSON DISEASE; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SUBSTANTIA NIGRA; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; ANIMAL; CORPUS STRIATUM; DRUG EFFECTS; DYSKINESIA, DRUG-INDUCED; METABOLISM;

ANIMALS; CORPUS STRIATUM; DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS; DYSKINESIA, DRUG-INDUCED; HUMANS; LEVODOPA; PARKINSON DISEASE;

EID: 84927520855     PISSN: 07533322     EISSN: 19506007     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.01.029     Document Type: Review

References (155)

1. Kim T. A guide to neurotoxic animal models of Parkinson's disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2011, 1:a009316.
2. Goetz C.G., Poewe W., Rascol O., Sampaio C. Evidence-based medical review update: pharmacological and surgical treatments of Parkinson's disease: 2001 to 2004. Mov Disord 2005, 20:523-539.
3. Factor S.A. Levodopa. Handbook of Parkinson's disease 2007, 309-334. Informa Healthcare, New York. 4th ed. R. Pahwa, K.E. Lyons (Eds.).
4. Hornykiewicz O. l-DOPA: from a biologically inactive amino acid to a successful therapeutic agent. Amino Acids 2002, 23:65-70.
5. Muenter M.D., Sharpless N.S., Tyce G.M., et al. Patterns of dystonia ("I-D-I" and "D-I-D") in response to l-DOPA therapy of Parkinson's disease. Mayo Clin Proc 1977, 52:163-174.
6. Luquin M.R., Scipioni O., Vaamonde J., et al. Levodopa induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease. Clinical and pharmacological classification. Mov Disord 1992, 7:117-124.
7. Obeso J.A., Grandas F., Vaamonde J., et al. Motor complications associated with chronic levodopa therapy in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1989, 39(Suppl. 2):11-18.
8. Bezard E., Brotchie J.M., Gross C.E. Pathophysiology of levodopa-induced dyskinesia: potential for new therapies. Nat Rev Neurosci 2001, 2:577-588.
9. Cenci M.A. Transcription factors involved in the pathogenesis of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesias in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Amino Acids 2002, 23:105-109.
10. Jenner P. Molecular mechanisms of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Nat Rev Neurosci 2008, 9:665-677.
11. Fahn S. The history of dopamine and levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2008, 23(Suppl. 3):S497-S508.
12. Cotzias G.C., Papavasiliou P.S., Gellene R. Modification of Parkinsonism-chronic treatment with l-DOPA. N Engl J Med 1969, 280:337-345.
13. Eusebio A., Brown P. Oscillatory activity in the basal ganglia. Parkinson Relat Disord 2007, 13(Suppl. 3):S434-S436.
14. Hammond C., Bergman H., Brown P. Pathological synchronization in Parkinson's disease: networks, models and treatments. Trends Neurosci 2007, 30:357-364.
15. Parent A., Sato F., Wu Y., Gauthier J., Lévesque M., Parent M. Organization of the basal ganglia: the importance of axonal collateralization. Trends Neurosci 2000, 23(10 Suppl.):S20-S27.
16. Nambu A., Tokuno H., Takada M. Functional significance of the corticosubthalamo-pallidal 'hyperdirect' pathway. Neurosci Res 2002, 43:111-117.
17. Koprich J.B., Johnston T.H., Huot P., Fox S.H., Brotchie J.M. New insights into the organization of the basal ganglia. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2009, 9:298-304.
18. Crossman A.R. A hypothesis on the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie levodopa- or dopamine-agonist induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease: implications for future strategies in treatment. Mov Disord 1990, 5:100-108.
19. Gerfen C.R., Engber T.M., Mahan L.C., Susel Z., Chase T.N., Monsma F.J., et al. D1 and D2 dopamine receptor regulated gene expression of striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons. Science 1990, 250:1429-1432.
20. Nash J.E., Brotchie J.M. A common signaling pathway for striatal NMDA and adenosine A2a receptors: implications for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci 2000, 20:7782-7789.
21. Boyce S., Rupniak N.M., Steventon M.J., Iversen S.D. Nigrostriatal damage is required for induction of dyskinesias by l-DOPA in squirrel monkeys. Clin Neuropharmacol 1990, 13:448-458.
22. Santini E., Valjent E., Fisone G. Parkinson's disease: levodopa-induced dyskinesia and signal transduction. FEBS J 2008, 275:1392-1399.
23. Lopez A., Munoz A., Guerra M.J., Labandeira-Garcia J.L. Mechanisms of the effects of exogenous levodopa on the dopamine-denervated striatum. Neuroscience 2001, 103:639-651.
24. Brown W.D., Taylor M.D., Roberts A.D., Oakes T.R., Schueller M.J., Holden J.E., et al. Fluoro DOPA PET shows the nondopaminergic as well as dopaminergic destinations of levodopa. Neurology 1999, 53:1212-1218.
25. Metman L.V., Konitsiotis S., Chase T.N. Pathophysiology of motor response complications in Parkinson's disease: hypothesis on the why, where, and what. Mov Disord 2000, 15:3-8.
26. Gerfen C.R. Dopamine-receptor function in the basal ganglia. Clin Neuropharmacol 1995, 18:S162-S177.
27. Gerfen C.R., Miyachi S., Paletzki R., Brown P. D1 dopamine receptor supersensitivity in the dopamine-depleted striatum results from a switch in the regulation of ERK1/2/MAP kinase. J Neurosci 2002, 22:5042-5054.
28. Hauser R.A., McDermott M.P., Messing S. Factors associated with the development of motor fluctuations and dyskinesias in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 2006, 63:1756-1760.
29. Kawaguchi Y., Wilson C.J., Augood S.J., Emson P.C. Striatal interneurons: chemical, physiological and morphological characterization. Trends Neurosci 1995, 18:527-535.
30. Missale C., Nash S.R., Robinson S.W., Jaber M., Caron M.G. Dopamine receptors: from structure to function. Physiol Rev 1998, 78:189-225.
31. Corvol J.C., Muriel M.P., Valjent E., Féger J., Hanoun N., Girault J.A., et al. Persistent increase in olfactory type G-protein alpha subunit levels may underlie D1 receptor functional hypersensitivity in Parkinson disease. J Neurosci 2004, 24:7007-7014.
32. Fienberg A.A., Hiroi N., Mermelstein P.G., Song W., Snyder G.L., Nishi A., et al. DARPP-32: regulator of the efficacy of dopaminergic neurotransmission. Science 1998, 281:838-842.
33. Greengard P. The neurobiology of slow synaptic transmission. Science 2001, 294:1024-1030.
34. Calabresi P., Pisani A., Mercuri N.B., Bernardi G. Long-term potentiation in the striatum unmasked by removing the voltage-dependent magnesium block of NMDA receptor channels. Eur J Neurosci 1992, 4:929-935.
35. Centonze D., Gubellini P., Picconi B., Calabresi P., Giacomini P., Bernardi G. Unilateral dopamine denervation blocks corticostriatal LTP. J Neurophysiol 1999, 82:3575-3579.
36. Picconi B., Centonze D., Hakansson K., Bernardi G., Greengard P., Fisone G., et al. Loss of bidirectional striatal synaptic plasticity in l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Nat Neurosci 2003, 6:501-506.
37. Picconi B., Paille V., Ghiglieri V., Bagetta V., Barone I., Lindgren H.S., et al. l-DOPA dosage is critically involved in dyskinesia via loss of synaptic depotentiation. Neurobiol Dis 2008, 29:327-335.
38. Calabresi P., Di Filippo M., Ghiglieri V., Tambasco N., Picconi B. Levodopa-induced dyskinesias in patients with Parkinson's disease: filling the bench-to-bedside gap. Lancet Neurol 2010, 9:1106-1117.
39. Thomas G.M., Huganir R.L. MAPK cascade signalling and synaptic plasticity. Nat Rev Neurosci 2004, 5:173-183.
40. Costa-Mattioli M., Sossin W.S., Klann E., Sonenberg N. Translational control of long-lasting synaptic plasticity and memory. Neuron 2009, 61:10-26.
41. Xie G.Q., Wang S.J., Li J., Cui S.Z., Zhou R., Chen L., et al. Ethanol attenuates the HFS-induced, ERK-mediated LTP in a dose-dependent manner in rat striatum. Aging Clin Exp Res 2009, 33:121-128.
42. Santini E., Valjent E., Usiello A., Carta M., Borgkvist A., Girault J.A., et al. Critical involvement of cAMP/DARPP-32 and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase signaling in l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. J Neurosci 2007, 27:6995-7005.
43. Mendola C.E., Backer J.M. Lovastatin blocks N-ras on cogene-induced neuronal differentiation. Cell Growth Differ 1990, 1:499-502.
44. Sebti S.M., Tkalcevic G.T., Jani J.P. Lovastatin, a cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor, inhibits the growth of human H-ras oncogene transformed cells in nude mice. Cancer Commun 1991, 3:141-147.
45. Schuster S., Nadjar A., Guo J.T., Li Q., Ittrich C., Hengerer B., et al. The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor lovastatin reduces severity of l-DOPA-induced abnormal involuntary movements in experimental Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci 2008, 28:4311-4316.
46. Tekumalla P.K., Calon F., Rahman Z., Birdi S., Rajput A.H., Hornykiewicz O., et al. Elevated levels of Delta FosB and RGS9 in striatum in Parkinson's disease. Biol Psychiatry 2001, 50:813-816.
47. Jones M.W., Errington M.L., French P.J., Fine A., Bliss T.V., Garel S., et al. A requirement for the immediate early gene Zif268 in the expression of late LTP and long-term memories. Nat Neurosci 2001, 4:289-296.
48. Li L., Carter J., Gao X., Whitehead J., Tourtellotte W.G. The neuroplasticity-associated arc gene is a direct transcriptional target of early growth response (Egr) transcription factors. Mol Cell Biol 2005, 25:10286-10300.
49. Sgambato-Faure V., Buggia V., Gilbert F., Levesque D., Benabid A.L., Berger F. Coordinated and spatial upregulation of arc instriatonigral neurons correlates with l-DOPA-induced behavioral sensitization in dyskinetic rats. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2005, 64:936-947.
50. Oshiro N., Yoshino K., Hidayat S., Tokunaga C., Hara K., Eguchi E., et al. Dissociation of raptor from mTOR is a mechanism of rapamycin-induced inhibition of mTOR function. Genes Cells 2004, 9:359-366.
51. Fredholm B.B., Lindstrom K., Wallman-Johansson A. Propentofylline and other adenosine transport inhibitors increase the efflux of adenosine following electrical stimulation or metabolic stimulation of rat hippocampal slices. J Neurochem 1994, 62:563-573.
52. Fastbom J., Pazos A., Probst A., Palacios J.M. Adenosine A1 receptors in the human brain: a quantitative autoradiographic study. Neuroscience 1987, 22:827-839.
53. Ferre S., O'Connor W.T., Svenningsson P., Bjorklund L., Lindberg J., Tinner B., et al. Dopamine D1 receptor-mediated facilitation of GABAergic neurotransmission in the rat strioentopenduncular pathway and its modulation by adenosine A1 receptor-mediated mechanisms. Eur J Neurosci 1996, 8:1545-1553.
54. Johansson B., Georgiev V., Lindstrom K., Fredholm B.B. A1 and A2A adenosine receptors and A1 mRNA in mouse brain: effect of long-term caffeine treatment. Brain Res 1997, 762:153-164.
55. Tohyama M., Takatsuji K. Atlas of neuroactive substances and their receptors in the rat 1998, Oxford University Press, New York.
56. Ferre S., Fredholm B.B., Morelli M., Popoli P., Fuxe K. Adenosine-dopamine receptor-receptor interactions as an integrative mechanism in the basal ganglia. Trends Neurosci 1997, 20:482-487.
57. Van Calker D., Muller M., Hamprecht B. Adenosine regulates via two different types of receptors, the accumulation of cyclic AMP in cultured brain cells. J Neurochem 1979, 33:999-1005.
58. Olah M.E., Stiles G.L. Adenosine receptor subtypes: characterization and therapeutic regulation. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1995, 35:581-606.
59. Dunwiddie T.V., Masino S.A. The role and regulation of adenosine in the central nervous system. Annu Rev Neurosci 2001, 24:31-55.
60. Fredholm B.B., Chen J.F., Cunha R.A., Svenningsson P., Vaugeois J.M. Adenosine and brain function. Int Rev Neurobiol 2005, 63:191-270.
61. Ciruela F., Casado V., Rodrigues R.J., Lujan R., Burgueno J., Canals M., et al. Presynaptic control of striatal glutamatergic neurotransmission by adenosine A1-A2A receptor heteromers. J Neurosci 2006, 26:2080-2087.
62. Fink J.S., Weaver D.R., Rivkees S.A., Peterfreund R.A., Pollack A.E., Adler E.M., et al. Molecular cloning of the rat A2 adenosine receptor: selective co-expression with D2 dopamine receptor in rat striatum. Mol Brain Res 1992, 14:186-195.
63. Morelli M., Di Paolo T., Wardas J., Calon F., Xiao D., Schwarzschild M.A. Role of adenosine A2A receptors in parkinsonian motor impairment and l-DOPA-induced motor complications. Prog Neurobiol 2007, 83:293-309.
64. Corvol J.C., Studler J.M., Schonn J.S., Girault J.A., Herve D. Galpha (olf) is necessary for coupling D1 and A2a receptors to adenylyl cyclase in the striatum. J Neurochem 2001, 76:1585-1588.
65. Fredholm B.B. Activation of adenylate cyclase from rat striatum and tuberculum olfactorium by adenosine. Med Biol 1977, 55:262-267.
66. Xiao D., Bastia E., Xu Y.H., Benn C.L., Cha J.H., Peterson T.S., et al. Forebrain adenosine A2A receptors contribute to l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine induced dyskinesia in hemiparkinsonian mice. J Neurosci 2006, 26:13548-13555.
67. Lundblad M., Vaudano E., Cenci M.A. Cellular and behavioural effects of the adenosine A2a receptor antagonist KW-6002 in a rat model of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. J Neurochem 2003, 84:1398-2141.
68. Fox S.H., Chuang R., Brotchie J.M. Serotonin and Parkinson's disease: on movement, mood, and madness. Mov Disord 2009, 24:1255-1266.
69. Ng K.Y., Chase T.N., Colburn R.W., Kopin I.J. l-DOPA-induced release of cerebral monoamines. Science 1970, 170:76-77.
70. Ng K.Y., Colburn R.W., Kopin I.J. Effects of l-DOPA on efflux of cerebral monoamines from synaptosomes. Nature 1971, 230:331-332.
71. Hollister A.S., Breese G.R., Mueller R.A. Role of monoamine neural systems in l-dihydroxyphenylalanine stimulated activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1979, 208:37-43.
72. Lavoie B., Parent A. Immunohistochemical study of the serotoninergic innervation of the basal ganglia in the squirrel monkey. J Comp Neurol 1990, 299:1-16.
73. Arai R., Karasawa N., Geffard M., Nagatsu T., Nagatsu I. Immunohistochemical evidence that central serotonin neurons produce dopamine from exogenous l-DOPA in the rat, with reference to the involvement of aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase. Brain Res 1994, 667:295-299.
74. Arai R., Karasawa N., Geffard M., Nagatsu I. l-DOPA is converted to dopamine in serotonergic fibers of the striatum of the rat: a double-labeling immunofluorescence study. Neurosci Lett 1995, 195:195-198.
75. Arai R., Karasawa N., Nagatsu I. Aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase is present in serotonergic fibers of the striatum of the rat. A double-labeling immunofluorescence study. Brain Res 1996, 706:177-179.
76. Nicholson S.L., Brotchie J.M. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) and Parkinson's disease-opportunities for novel therapeutics to reduce the problems of levodopa therapy. Eur J Neurol 2002, 9(Suppl. 3):1-6.
77. Maeda T., Nagata K., Yoshida Y., Kannari K. Serotonergic hyper innervation into the dopaminergic denervated striatum compensates for dopamine conversion from exogenously administered l-DOPA. Brain Res 2005, 1046:230-233.
78. Tanaka H., Kannari K., Maeda T., Tomiyama M., Suda T., Matsunaga M. Role of serotonergic neuron in l-DOPA-derived extracellular dopamine in the striatum of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Neuroreport 1990, 10(3):631-634.
79. Carta M., Carlsson T., Kirik D., Bjorklund A. Dopamine released from 5-HT terminals is the cause of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in parkinsonian rats. Brain 2007, 130:1819-1833.
80. Eskow K.L., Dupre K.B., Barnum C.J., Dickinson S.O., Park J.Y., Bishop C. The role of the dorsal raphe nucleus in the development, expression, and treatment of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in hemiparkinsonian rats. Synapse 2009, 63(7):610-620.
81. Chalmers D.T., Watson S.J. Comparative anatomical distribution of 5-HT1A receptor mRNA and 5-HT1A binding in rat brain-a combined in situ hybridisation/in vitro receptor autoradiographic study. Brain Res 1991, 561:51-60.
82. Riad M., Garcia S., Watkins K.C., Jodoin N., Doucet E., Langlois X., et al. Somatodendritic localization of 5-HT1A and preterminal axonal localization of 5-HT1B serotonin receptors in adult rat brain. J Comp Neurol 2000, 417:181-194.
83. Sari Y., Miquel M.C., Brisorgueil M.J., Ruiz G., Doucet E., Hamon M., et al. Cellular and subcellular localization of 5-hydroxytryptamine1B receptors in the rat central nervous system: immunocytochemical, autoradiographic and lesion studies. Neuroscience 1999, 88:899-915.
84. Knobelman D.A., Kung H.F., Lucki I. Regulation of extracellular concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in mouse striatum by 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(1B) receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000, 292:1111-1117.
85. Adell A., Celada P., Artigas F. The role of 5-HT1B receptors in the regulation of serotonin cell firing and release in the rat brain. J Neurochem 2001, 79:172-182.
86. Sprouse J.S., Aghajanian G.K. Electrophysiological responses of serotoninergic dorsal raphe neurons to 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B agonists. Synapse 1987, 1:3-9.
87. Zhang X., Andren P.E., Greengard P., Svenningsson P. Evidence for a role of the 5-HT1B receptor and its adaptor protein, p11, in L-DOPA treatment of an animal model of Parkinsonism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008, 105:2163-2168.
88. Carta M., Carlsson T., Munoz A., Kirik D., Bjorklund A. Serotonin dopamine interaction in the induction and maintenance of l-DOPA induced dyskinesias. Prog Brain Res 2008, 172:465-478.
89. Munoz A., Li Q., Gardoni F., et al. Combined 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptor agonists for the treatment of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Brain 2008, 131:3380-3394.
90. Munoz A., Carlsson T., Tronci E., Kirik D., Bjorklund A., Carta M. Serotonin neuron-dependent and -independent reduction of dyskinesia by 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptor agonists in the rat Parkinson model. Exp Neurol 2009, 219:298-307.
91. Gregoire L., Samadi P., Graham J., Bedard P.J., Bartoszyk G.D., Di Paolo T. Low doses of sarizotan reduce dyskinesias and maintain antiparkinsonian efficacy of l-DOPA in parkinsonian monkeys. Parkinson Relat Disord 2009, 15:445-452.
92. Marin C., Aguilar E., Rodriguez-Oroz M.C., Bartoszyk G.D., Obeso J.A. Local administration of sarizotan into the subthalamic nucleus attenuates levodopa-induced dyskinesias in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009, 204:241-250.
93. Chase T.N., Oh J.D. Striatal dopamine- and glutamate mediated dysregulation in experimental parkinsonism. Trends Neurosci 2000, 23:S86-S91.
94. Chase T.N. The significance of continuous dopaminergic stimulation in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Drugs 1998, 55(Suppl. 1):1-9.
95. Calon F., Rajput A.H., Hornykiewicz O., Bedard P.J., Di Paolo T. Levodopa induced motor complications are associated with alterations of glutamate receptors in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2003, 14:404-416.
96. Mela F., Marti M., Dekundy A., Danysz W., Morari M., Cenci M.A. Antagonism of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 attenuates l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia and its molecular and neurochemical correlates in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2007, 101:483-497.
97. Conn P.J., Battaglia G., Marino M.J., Nicoletti F. Metabotropic glutamate receptors in the basal ganglia motor circuit. Nat Rev Neurosci 2005, 6:787-798.
98. Dekundy A., Pietraszek M., Schaefer D., Cenci M.A., Danysz W. Effects of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors blockade in experimental models of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res Bull 2006, 69:318-326.
99. Johnston T.H., Fox S.H., McIldowie M.J., Piggott M.J., Brotchie J.M. Reduction of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia by the selective metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonist 3-[(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl] pyridine in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-lesioned macaque model of Parkinson's disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010, 333:865-873.
100. Levandis G., Bazzini E., Armentero M.T., Nappi G., Blandini F. Systemic administration of an mGluR5 antagonist, but not unilateral subthalamic lesion, counteracts l-DOPA-induced dyskinesias in a rodent model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2008, 29:161-168.
101. Morin N., Gregoire L., Gomez-Mancilla B., Gasparini F., Di Paolo T. Effect of the metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 antagonists MPEP and MTEP in parkinsonian monkeys. Neuropharmacology 2010, 58:981-986.
102. Rylander D., Iderberg H., Li Q., Dekundy A., Zhang J., Li H., et al. A mGluR5 antagonist under clinical development improves l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in parkinsonian rats and monkeys. Neurobiol Dis 2010, 39:352-361.
103. Yamamoto N., Soghomonian J.J. Metabotropic glutamate mGluR5 receptor blockade opposes abnormal involuntary movements and the increases in glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA levels induced by l-DOPA in striatal neurons of 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. Neuroscience 2009, 163:1171-1180.
104. Dekundy A., Gravius A., Hechenberger M., Pietraszek M., Nagel J., Tober C., et al. Pharmacological characterization of MRZ-8676, a novel negative allosteric modulator of subtype 5 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR5): focus on l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. J Neural Transm 2011, 118:1703-1716.
105. Gregoire L., Morin N., Ouattara B., Gasparini F., Bilbe G., Johns D., et al. The acute antiparkinsonian and antidyskinetic effect of AFQ056, a novel metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 antagonist, in l-DOPA-treated parkinsonian monkeys. Parkinson Relat Disord 2011, 17:270-276.
106. Hill M.P., Girard F., Keywood C., Poli S.M., Crossman A.R., Ravenscroft P., et al. ADX48621, a novel mGlu5 negative allosteric modulator alleviates l-DOPA-induced chorea and dystonia in the MPTP-lesioned macaque model of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2010, 25(Suppl. 2):S281-S282. [Abstract].
107. Johnston T.H., Fox S.H., McIldowie M.J., Piggott M.J., Brotchie J.M. Reduction of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia by the selective metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonist 3-[(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl]pyridine in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-lesioned macaque model of Parkinson's disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010, 333:865-873.
108. Samadi P., Gregoire L., Morissette M., et al. Basal ganglia group II metabotropic glutamate receptors specific binding in non-human primate model of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesias. Neuropharmacology 2008, 54:258-268.
109. Fiorentini C., Busi C., Spano P., Missale C. Role of receptor heterodimers in the development of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesias in the 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of Parkinson's disease. Parkinson Relat Disord 2008, 14(Suppl. 2):S159-S164.
110. Laube B., Hirai H., Sturgess M., et al. Molecular determination of agonist discrimination by NMDA receptor subunits analysis of the glutamate binding site on the NR2B subunit. Neuron 1997, 18:493-503.
111. Gardoni F., Picconi B., Ghiglieri V. A critical interaction between NR2B and MAGUK in l-DOPA induced dyskinesia. J Neurosci 2006, 26:2914-2922.
112. Fox S.H., Katzenschlager R., Lim S.Y., Ravina B., Seppi K., Coelho M., et al. The movement disorder society evidence-based medicine review update: treatments for the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2011, 26:S2-S41.
113. Nutt J.G., Gunzler S.A., Kirchhoff T., et al. Effects of a NR2B selective NMDA glutamate antagonist, CP-101,606, on dyskinesia and parkinsonism. Mov Disord 2008, 23:1860-1866.
114. Howlett A.C., Barth F., Bonner T.I., Cabral G., Casellas P., Devane W.A., et al. International Union of Pharmacology XXVII. Classification of cannabinoid receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2002, 54:161-202.
115. Croxford J.L. Therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in CNS disease. CNS Drugs 2003, 17:179-202.
116. Munro S., Thomas K.L., Abu-Shaar M. Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids. Nature 1993, 365:61-65.
117. Cabral G.A., Raborn E.S., Griffin L., Dennis J., Marciano-Cabral F. CB2 receptors in the brain: role in central immune function. Br J Pharmacol 2008, 153:240-251.
118. Di Marzo V., Lastres-Becker I., Bisogno T., De Petrocellis L., Milone A., Davis J.B., et al. Hypolocomotor effects in rats of capsaicin and two long chain capsaicin homologues. Eur J Pharmacol 2001, 420:123-131.
119. Giang D.K., Cravatt B.F. Molecular characterization of human and mouse fatty acid amide hydrolases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997, 94:2238-2242.
120. Lastres-Becker I., Cebeira M., de Ceballos M.L., Zeng B.Y., Jenner P., Ramos J.A., et al. Increased cannabinoid CB1 receptor binding and activation of GTP-binding proteins in the basal ganglia of patients with Parkinson's syndrome and of MPTP-treated marmosets. Eur J Neurosci 2001, 14:1827-1832.
121. Herkenham M., Lynn A.B., Little M.D., Johnson M.R., Melvin L.S., de Costa B.R., et al. Cannabinoid receptor localization in brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990, 87:1932-1936.
122. Morera-Herreras T., Ruiz-Ortega J.A., Taupignon A., Baufreton J., Manuel I., Rodriguez-Puertas R., et al. Regulation of subthalamic neuron activity by endocannabinoids. Synapse 2010, 64:682-698.
123. Di Filippo M., Picconi B., Tozzi A., Ghiglieri V., Rossi A., Calabresi P. The endocannabinoid system in Parkinson's disease. Curr Pharm Des 2008, 14:2337-2347.
124. Gerdeman G., Lovinger D.M. CB1 cannabinoid receptor inhibits synaptic release of glutamate in rat dorsolateral striatum. J Neurophysiol 2001, 85:468-471.
125. Huang C.C., Lo S.W., Hsu K.S. Presynaptic mechanisms underlying cannabinoid inhibition of excitatory synaptic transmission in rat striatal neurons. J Physiol 2001, 532:731-748.
126. Mathur B.N., Lovinger D.M. Endocannabinoid-dopamine interactions instriatal synaptic plasticity. Front Pharmacol 2012, 3:1-11.
127. Ferrer B., Asbrock N., Kathuria S., Piomelli D., Giuffrida A. Effects of levodopa on endocannabinoid levels in rat basal ganglia: implications for the treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Eur J Neurosci 2003, 18:1607-1614.
128. Fox S.H., Henry B., Hill M., Crossman A., Brotchie J. Stimulation of cannabinoid receptors reduces levodopa-induced dyskinesia in the MPTP-lesioned nonhuman primate model of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2002, 17:1180-1187.
129. Morgese M.G., Cassano T., Cuomo V., Giuffrida A. Anti-dyskinetic effects of cannabinoids in a rat model of Parkinson's disease: role of CB(1) and TRPV1 receptors. Exp Neurol 2007, 208:110-119.
130. Sieradzan K.A., Fox S.H., Hill M., Dick J.P., Crossman A.R., Brotchie J.M. Cannabinoids reduce levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease: a pilot study. Neurology 2001, 57:2108-2111.
131. Piomelli D., Tarzia G., Duranti A., et al. Pharmacological profile of the selective FAAH inhibitor KDS-4103 (URB597). CNS Drug Rev 2006, 12:21-38.
132. De Petrocellis L., Bisogno T., Maccarrone M., Davis J.B., Finazzi-Agro A., Di Marzo V. The activity of anandamide at vanilloid VR1 receptors requires facilitated transport across the cell membrane and is limited by intracellular metabolism. J Biol Chem 2001, 276:12856-12863.
133. Ross R.A. Anandamide and vanilloid TRPV1 receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2003, 140:790-801.
134. Caterina M.J., Julius D. The vanilloid receptor: a molecular gateway to the pain pathway. Annu Rev Neurosci 2001, 24:487e517.
135. Marinelli S., Di Marzo V., Berretta N., Matias I., Maccarrone M., Bernardi G., et al. Presynaptic facilitation of glutamatergic synapses to dopaminergic neurons of the rat substantia nigra by endogenous stimulation of vanilloid receptors. J Neurosci 2003, 23:3136e3144.
136. Mezey E., Toth Z.E., Cortright D.N., Arzubi M.K., Krause J.E., Elde R., et al. Distribution of mRNA for vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (VR1), and VR1-like immunoreactivity, in the central nervous system of the rat and human. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000, 97:3655e3660.
137. Di Marzo V., Bisogno T., De Petrocellis L. Anandamide: some like it hot. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2001, 22:346e349.
138. Lastres-Becker I., de Miguel R., De Petrocellis L., Makriyannis A., Di Marzo V., Fernandez-Ruiz J. Compounds acting at the endocannabinoid and/or endovanilloid systems reduce hyperkinesia in a rat model of Huntington's disease. J Neurochem 2003, 84:1097e1109.
139. Van der Stelt M., Fox S.H., Hill M., Crossman A.R., Petrosino S., Di Marzo V., et al. A role for endocannabinoids in the generation of parkinsonism and levodopa-induced dyskinesia in MPTP-lesioned non-human primate models of Parkinson's disease. FASEB J 2005, 19:1140-1142.
140. Sharma S., Kumar K., Deshmukh R., Sharma P.L. Phosphodiesterases: regulators of cyclic nucleotide signals and novel molecular target for movement disorders. Eur J Pharmacol 2003, 714:486-497.
141. Nishino N., Kitamura N., Hashimoto T., Tanaka C. Transmembrane signalling systems in the brain of patients with Parkinson's disease. Rev Neurosci 1993, 4:213-222.
142. Garau L., Govoni S., Stefanini E., Trabucchi M., Spano P.F. Dopamine receptors: pharmacological and anatomical evidences indicate that two distinct dopamine receptor populations are present in rat striatum. Life Sci 1978, 23:1745-1750.
143. Kebabian J.W. Multiple classes of dopamine receptors in mammalian central nervous system: the involvement of dopamine-sensitive adenylyl cyclase. Life Sci 1978, 23:479-483.
144. Sammut S., Bray K.E., West A.R. Dopamine D2 receptor-dependent modulation of striatal NO synthase activity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007, 191:793-803.
145. Young W.S., Bonner T.I., Brann M.R. Mesencephalic dopamine neurons regulate the expression of neuropeptide mRNAs in the rat forebrain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986, 83:9827-9831.
146. Lohmann S.M., Vaandrager A.B., Smolenski A., Walter U., De Jonge H.R. Distinct and specific functions of cGMP-dependent protein kinases. TIBS 1997, 22:307-312.
147. Oh J.D., Del Dotto P., Chase T.N. Protein kinase A inhibitor attenuates levodopa-induced motor response alterations in the hemi-parkinsonian rat. Neurosci Lett 1997, 228:5-8.
148. Cooper D.M.F. Molecular and cellular requirements for the regulation of adenylate cyclases by calcium. Biochem Soc Trans 2003, 31:912-915.
149. Håkansson K., Lindskog M., Pozzi L., Usiello A., Fisone G. DARP-32 and modulation of cAMP signaling involvement in motor control and levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Parkinson Relat Disord 2004, 10:281-286.
150. Fernandez E., Schiappa R., Girault J.A., Le Novère N. DARP-32 is a robust integrator of dopamine and glutamate signals. PLoS Comput Biol 2006, 2:1619-1632.
151. Hossain M.A., Weiner N. Dopaminergic functional supersensitivity: effects of chronic l-DOPA and carbidopa treatment in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993, 267:1105-1111.
152. Tenn C.C., Niles L.P. Sensitization of G protein-coupled benzodiazepine receptors in the striatum of 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. J Neurochem 1997, 69:1920-1926.
153. Sancesario G., Giorgi M., D'Angelo V., Modica A., Martorana A., Morello M., et al. Down-regulation of nitrergic transmission in the rat striatum after chronic nigrostriatal deafferentation. Eur J Neurosci 2004, 20:989-1000.
154. Giorgi M., D'Angelo V., Esposito Z., Nuccetelli V., Sorge R., Martorana A., et al. Lowered cAMP and cGMP signalling in the brain during levodopa-induced dyskinesias in hemiparkinsonian rats: new aspects in the pathogenetic mechanisms. Eur J Neurosci 2008, 28:941-950.
155. Picconi B., Bagetta V., Ghiglieri V., Paille V., Filippo M.D., Pendolino V., et al. Inhibition of phospho-diesterases rescues striatal long-term depression and reduces levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Brain 2011, 134:375-387.